Isimiso senkantolo siwumgogodla wanoma yimuphi umphakathi olawulwa umthetho. Sinikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle, eqinisekile yokuxazulula izingxabano, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokubeka abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano icala. Kubafundi bomthetho, abafundisi, noma noma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela engokomthetho, ubambe uhambo lwecala, kusukela ngesikhathi kubekwa isikhalo ekwahlulelweni kokugcina futhi kubaluleke ngalé kwemithetho. Lesihloko siphula isigaba ngasinye sokuxazulula izingxabano esimisweni senkantolo sase United States, sinikeza imephu egcwele, i-mephu enegunya yendlela icala lomphakathi elihamba ngayo ngesimiso somthetho. (Icala lilandela isakhiwo esifanayo kodwa lihilela uhulumeni njengomshushiciso futhi uphethe ezinye isivikelo.)

Ukuqonda Ukwakheka Kwesimiso Senkantolo

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezinyathelweni ze-procedect, kubalulekile ukuqonda isimo lapho icala lisebenza khona. I-United States inesimiso senkantolo samacala amabili: izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngasinye sinegunya laso, kodwa isigaba sesigaba sekhulu siyafana. Esisekelweni kunamacala, lapho amacala ezwakala khona kuqala futhi kunqunywe khona amaqiniso. Ngaphezu kwazo kunezinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zamacala ngenxa yamaphutha angokomthetho. Emvulweni kunezinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu zenkantolo ye-U.Nkanto ephakeme yecala likahulumeni, nenkantolo yenkantolo yezwe ngayinye ephakeme kakhulu (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme noma iNkantolo Yezikhalo).

  • Izinkantolo ze-Trial (umk., izinkantolo zeSigodi, iZinkantolo zeSifundazwe esiPhakeme) – lezi “izifinye zesivumelwano.” Zizwa ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zinikeze izahlulelo. Izenzakalo eziningi ziphelela lapha.
  • Izinkantolo zokudlulisa izigwegwe (umzk., iNkantolo yesifunda ye-U.S. ye-Applications, iNkantolo ye- State of Applers)) - Lezinkantolo aziwathathi amaqiniso. Kunalokho, zibukeza umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zinqume ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini futhi uma amaphutha e-procedatura ethinte umphumela.
  • Izinkantolo zecala (umzk. iNkantolo Ephakeme, iState States) – Lezi izinkantolo ezigcina ngokuzisebenzela. Ngokuvamile zizwa amacala ambalwa kuphela, ngokuvamile ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.
  • Izinkantolo ezihlukene[ - Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo zamacala awile emali, izinkantolo zentela, nezinkantolo zomkhaya. Zisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zezimpikiswano ngezinqubo kanye namakhono.

Ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo enegunya kuyisinqumo sokuqala esingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala ahlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni, ukwahlukahluka kwesabelo sobuhlalisane (izindawo ezihlukene ezinezimpikiswano ezingaphezu kuka-R350 000), kanye nezindaba ezithile ezinjengomthetho ogunyaziwe noma owenziwe ngemikhumbi. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha inqwaba yamacala ezakhamuzi, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nokuxabana kwempahla. Ukuze unyuse kakhulu, bheka isakhiwo se-U.S.

Ukusungula Umthetho: Isitebhisi Sokubila

Isiqalo esingokomthetho sokumangalelana yisiqubulo “sommeli” (noma, kwezinye izimo, isicelo). Lencwadi iveza izinsolo zomphathi wecala, isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho okushiwoyo, futhi ukukhululeka kwafunwa. Isikhalo kumelwe sibe“ esiholwa kahle”"""kusho ukuthi kumelwe sibe nenkulumo emfushane nesobala ebonisa ukuthi umncengi unelungelo losizo, njengoba kufunwa yi-Federal Rules of Civile Procedure (Rule 8) nemithetho efana nayo.

Ukulungiselelwa Kwesikhalo

Ukulungisa isikhalo kokubili kuwubuciko nesayensi. Kumelwe kuhlanganise:

  • Juristivation amacala - - ichaza ukuthi kungani lenkantolo inegunya lokuzwa icala.
  • Isimo samaqiniso[ – ukulandisa okucacile, okulandelana kwezenzakalo, okunikezwa ngezigaba ezinombolo.
  • Ikhokhi losizo [amabala] – izibalo ngasinye sikhomba inkolelo-lwazi ethile engokomthetho (umz., ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukunganaki, ukukhwabanisa).
  • [ Umthandazo wokusiza – isahlulelo noma ikhambi eliqondile elifunwa (ingozi ye-monery, isahlulelo esidalekayo, ukukhipha isahlulelo).

Ama - attorney avame ukuchitha isikhathi eside ebhala la maphepha ukuze aphumelele ekuxosheni futhi amise iqophelo lokuthola.

Ukuvumelana Nomhlengi Wenkantolo

Uma isikhalo sesiqediwe, ummeli we-paltiff usifaka phambi konobhala wenkantolo. Lesi sinyathelo sidinga ukukhokha intela (cishe amakhulu ambalwa amadollar enkantolo kahulumeni; izindleko zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka) futhi unikeze izindleko zokuqala kanye namakhophi anele. Abakhokhi bomfashisi bangacela isikhwama sokukhokha ngokufaka isicelo se-fomapaupers. Umabhalane wabela inombolo yecala nomajaji (ngokuvamile) futhi uvula icala le-portet.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Ngemva kokubhala, ummangalelwa kumelwe azise ummangalelwa ngokusemthethweni. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “inqubo.” Ummangalelwa ulungiselela i-auths (incwadi ekhishwa yinkantolo eyala ummangalelwa ukuba avele futhi aphendule) futhi ayisebenzise kanye nekhophi yecala elikhankanyiwe ummangalelwa. Inkonzo kumelwe yenziwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho eqinile: ukudluliselwa komuntu siqu kummangalelwa, ukudluliselwa komuntu weminyaka efanelekayo endlini yommangalelwa, noma, kwezinye izenzakalo, ngeposi egunyaziwe noma ngenqubo yenkonzo. Inkonzo efanele ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba inikeza igunya lenkantolo lommangalelwa. Uma inkonzo inephutha, icala lingase likhishwe. Imininingwane eyengeziwe ikhona [FL:0] [FLP]

Ukusabela Komlweli Nokuhamba Kwakhe Kwangaphambili

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa uba nesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphendula — cishe izinsuku ezingama - 21 enkantolo kahulumeni (imithetho yezwe iyahlukahluka, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu - 30). Ukusabela kungaba ngezindlela eziningi.

Ukuphendula Isikhalo

Impendulo evame kakhulu isithi “Phendula,” lapho ummangalelwa evuma noma ephika ukumangalelwa ngakunye ekukhonondeni. Impendulo ingahlanganisa futhi uvuma ukuzivikela (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukuvumelana nokwaneliseka, ukubekwa kwengozi) nokwenqabela ummangalelwa. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula phakathi nosuku, ummangalelwa angathola isahlulelo esiphelele ngokungagqibeki ngoba ummangalelwa enqaba ukuhlanganyela.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa angafaka umkhankaso wokuxosha (obizwa nangokuthi “i-demur” kwezinye izifundazwe) ngaphansi koMthetho 12(b). Izimo zihlanganisa ukuntuleka kwesimiso sokulawula izihloko, ukuntuleka kobubusi, ukungahlangani, ukungathathi nkonzo yenqubo, ukuhluleka ukumisa ukuthi isiphi isikhalazo esinganikezwa sosizo, noma ukwehluleka ukujoyina iqembu elidingekayo. Okuvame kakhulu ukunyakazisa ukuhluleka ukubeka imibandela (Rule 12(b)(6), ephikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma zonke izimpikiswano ze-pesenti ziyiqiniso, umthetho awunikezi ikhambi.

Okunye ukunyakaza okunamandla kwangaphambi komthetho yisimo sokwahlulela ngokufushanisiwe. Ngemva kokutholwa, lokhu kunyakaza kubonisa ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela mayelana nezinto ezibonakalayo, nokuthi isigaba esinyakazayo sinelungelo lokwahlulelwa njengendaba yomthetho. Uma sivunyiwe, ukuqulwa kwecala kuyagwenywa ngokuphelele. Ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kuyisisekelo senqubo yomphakathi, ngokuvamile kunquma ikusasa lendaba. Izindinganiso ziqinile, futhi ubufakazi kumelwe bubhekwe ngokukhanyayo kakhulu eqenjini elingahambilene ne-[[FLT].

Ezinye izinqubo zangaphambi komthetho zihlanganisa ukuphoqelela ukutholwa, ukuthatha inyathelo ukuze kuchazwe ngokucace ngokwengeziwe, futhi kuthathwe izimpawu zokushaya indiva ezibangelwa ukuncenga. Lezimpi ze-coded zingabumba izinga kanye nendlela yendaba.

Ukutholakala Kwayo: Ukuthola Amaqiniso

Ukuvubukulwa kuyinto enkulu kakhulu nebucayi kakhulu. Yinqubo evamile ebangela ukuba abantu batshelene ngokwaziswa nobufakazi obuvumelana nezimfuneko zokuvikela. Umgomo uwukuqeda izimangaliso ezikhona lapho kuqulwa futhi uvumele womabili amacala ukuba ahlole amandla nobuthakathaka bezenzakalo zawo. Ukuhlola kungathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka eyinkimbinkimbi.

Imithetho ka-Federal ye-Civil Procedure ivumela ukutholakala kwezindawo ezibanzi: noma yiziphi izinto ezingahlelekile ezivumelana nokusho noma ukuzivikela kwanoma yimuphi umuntu futhi ezilingana nezidingo zecala. Amathuluzi okuthola isihluthulelo ahlanganisa:

  • Izinqumo [ - imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Imithetho ehlangeneyo ilinganisela inani elingu 25 (kuhlanganise izingxenye ezingaphansi). Iwusizo ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo njengamagama ofakazi, ukuba khona kwezincwadi, nemibono engokomthetho.
  • Izicelo zokuveza amabhukwana - Idili zicelana ukuba zenze amabhukwana abalulekile, amarekhodi emishini (ama-email, amazandishi, imiyalezo yokubhala), nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokuvamile kulapho kuvela khona “isibhamu sokubhema”.
  • Izimo - Umbuzo wobufakazi (ingxenye noma obungekho) obekwe esifungweni, obizwa yintatheli yenkantolo. Izikhokhi zivumela abameli ukuba bahlole indaba yofakazi, bahlole ukuthembeka, futhi bafake isitshixo sobufakazi obungasetshenziswa ekumangaleleni. Banamandla kodwa babiza kakhulu.
  • Iziqu ze-Actives - izitatistiki ezilotshiwe zeqiniso ukuthi omunye kumelwe avume noma aphike. Imvume isetshenziselwa ukuvala izimpikiswano zokuqulwa.
  • [ Ukuhlolwa okungokomzimba nokungokwengqondo - ezimweni lapho isimo somzimba noma sengqondo somunye siphikisana, inkantolo ingayala ukuba kuhlolwe ngokwayo (IME).

I-Eûdififiey (ukwaziswa okugciniwe ngemishini) iye yaba yingxenye enkulu. Ama-paries kufanele akhiqize imetameter, amakhasethi esisekelo, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi. Ukwehluleka ukulondoloza ubufakazi kungaholela ezivumelwaneni ezinzima, kuhlanganise nemfundo enzima noma ngisho nokuxoshwa. Emikhubeni emihle kakhulu e-eûdificayo, i-Federal Procedure (Kakhulu Imithetho 26, 34, kanye ne- 37) inikeza uhlaka.

Ingqungquthela Yangaphambi Kwezimo Nemizamo Yokuzinza

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo ivame ukuba nengqungquthela yangaphambi kwecala (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ingqungquthela yesikhundla) ngaphansi koMthetho 16. Amajaji nabameli baxoxa ngokuphatha icala, ukuthola isikhathi, ukuthatha uhambo, nethuba lokulungisa. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna amaqembu ukuba azame ukuzama ukukhipha iziqu noma ezinye izinhlobo zesinqumo sempikiswano (ADR). I-Mediation ihilela iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elivumela ukuxoxa ngezingxoxo, kodwa ummeli akakwazi ukumisa isinqumo. Uma amaqembu ethola isigwebo, alahla icala ngesahlulelo esimisiwe noma isivumelwano. Icala lomphakathi elingaphezu kuka-95% lihlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ngakho lelizinga ligcina icala.

Ngisho noma icala lingaxazululwa ngokuphelele, ingqungquthela yangaphambi kwenkantolo isiza ekunciphiseni izimpikiswano, ukushintshana kwemibukiso, nokubhala amafayela amafushane ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Inkantolo ingase inikeze umyalo wangaphambi kwenkantolo olawula icala.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Ukuwohloka Okuncane Kancane

Uma icala lisinda ngaphambi kokuba kube khona amajaji futhi lihlulelwe, liqhubeke liqulwa. Icala lingaba icala lebhentshi (ukwahlulela ngokunquma kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho) noma icala lokwahlulela (ukwahlulela amaqiniso; ukunquma umthetho). Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo yomphakathi liqinisekiswa yiSichibiyelo seSebelt se-U.S., kodwa kuphela ngesudi emthetho ofanayo lapho isambatho esisempikiswaneni singaphezu kuka-20.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ekuqulweni kwejaji, isinyathelo sokuqala ukubeka ikhemisi endaweni yokuhlala. Umahluleli nabameli babuza abangase babe amajaji ukuba bavulule ubandlululo noma ukuhluleka ukungabi nabulungisa. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingabekela isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sejaji inselele “ngesizathu” (engenamingcele uma kukhona ubandlululo lwangempela) kanye nenani elilinganiselwe ‘ lezinselele zokuhlenga' (ngokuzenzakalela 3 ezicaleni zikahulumeni, akukho sizathu esidingekayo, nakuba bengenakusetshenziswa ngokungakhethi). Umgomo uwukukhetha ijaji elilungile nelingakhethi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Iqembu ngalinye linikeza isici sokuqala `inkulumo efingqiwe yobufakazi elibulindele. I-peacttiff iyahamba kuqala. Izinkulumo zokuvula aziphikisani; ziyi-mapy. Ama-attorney kumelwe anamathele emaqinisweni ahlose ukuwafakazela, futhi agweme ukuveza ingcaca. Isiqalo esinamandla singahlanganisa lonke icala.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi kanye nokuletha izincwadi, imiboniso, kanye nobufakazi obunye. Ngemva kokuhlola kofakazi ngamunye ngokuqondile, ummangalelwa angase anqamule i-preuthemine. Khona - ke ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe, alandelwe ubufakazi obungase buvele kuvela kumphathi womthetho. Ubufakazi kumelwe bungabekeki ngaphansi kwemithetho yobufakazi (umk., i-Federal Reslance of Evinity). Izwi, i-synthia, i-litium, kanye nezindaba ezinelungelo zilokhu zibekwa ngemithetho ephikisayo ephikisayo. Imithetho yokwenqaba ngakusekela noma ukusekela.

Uma icala lomphathi liphela, ummangalelwa angase athathe isinyathelo ukuze “ahlulele njengendaba yomthetho” (eyayaziwa njengesinqumo esiqondisiwe ngaphambili), ephikisa ngokuthi akukho jaji elinengqondo elalingathola i-paltiff. Uma livunywa, icala liphelela ngesinqumo sommangalelwa.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe wonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha, lufushanisa ubufakazi futhi lunxusa abasizi ukuba bathole ukuthi bavumelana nabo. Umphetho uhamba kuqala futhi angase aphikise isikhashana ngemva kwempikiswano yommangalelwa. Izimpikiswano ezidlulisayo zivunyelwe ukuba zikholise, kodwa kumelwe zisekelwe ebufakazini obugciniwe − ama-attney ngeke aveze amaqiniso amasha.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Phambi kwejaji ngamabomu, umahluleli ufunda “iziyalezo zokujezisa”"izindinganiso zomthetho abahluleli kumelwe bazisebenzise emaqinisweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lokunganaki, umahluleli uzochaza umsebenzi, ukugqekeza, ukukhipha izikhalazo, nokulimaza. Ngokuvamile lamaqembu afaka iziyalezo ezihlongozwayo futhi aphikisane ngamazwi. Ngemva kokuthola iziyalezo, abahluleli bathathe umhlalaphansi ngamabomu ekamelweni langasese. Kufanele bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo ekuqulweni kukahulumeni (ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu avumelane); izifundazwe eziningi zivumela iprojectalmajoritys ezication (umz. 9,2, 9 kuleyo emele ijaji). Uma ikomiti ingenakuvuma, icala likhishwe futhi icala lingaphinde livunywe.

Isiyalo

Uma ijaji selifikile isinqumo, babuyela enkantolo, futhi umahluleli ufunda isinqumo ngokuzwakalayo. Uma isinqumo singesesikhulu, singasho umonakalo (ukukhokha isigwebo futhi ngezinye izikhathi). Uma ummangalelwa ethola isijeziso. Isinqumo siwukuphela kwenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Kokwahlulela Nokungena Kokwahlulela

Isinqumo asiqedi icala ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umkhakha olahlekile angafaka uhele wezenzo zangemva kokwahlulela ngaphakathi kwefasitela elimfushane (ngokusho izinsuku ezingu-28 enkantolo kahulumeni). Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhetha ukwahlulela njengendaba yoMthetho (Ivusiwe) – I-Argues ukuthi isinqumo asisekelwe ngokobufakazi obungokomthetho obuphelele.
  • [[NT.0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha [ - Ama-Argue amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umzk., ubufakazi obungafanele, ukuziphatha okubi kokhetho, ukulimala okungaphezulu noma okunganele) agunyaza ukuqulwa okusha.
  • [[I-FLT:0] I-Motion ku-Alter noma ku-memb jump isahlulelo [ – ifuna ukulungisa amaphutha kuqumrhu lokwahlulela noma ukutholwa okungokomthetho.

Uma inkantolo iphika ukuthi kuphucwa yilutho, umabhalane uyakhipha isahlulelo, bese icala ligcina.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Izicelo azikhona ukuphinda udlulise amaqiniso. Kunalokho, inkantolo ihlola irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala ukuze ithole ukuthi inkantolo yenza amaphutha angokomthetho athinta umphumela. Iqembu elikhangayo yi- “appele”; olunye uhlangothi yi-“appelle.”

Le nqubo iqala ngokufaka isaziso sokudlulisa izicelo phakathi nesikhathi esinqunyiwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30 ezicaleni zikahulumeni). Zombili izinhlangothi zifaka izifushaniso ezibhaliwe eziphikisa ukuthi kungani isahlulelo kufanele siqinisekiswe (sithathwe) noma sishintshwe. Isikhalo singahlanganisa futhi impikiswano yomlomo phambi kweqembu labahluleli (ngokuvamile ezintathu ezinkantolo zezicelo zikahulumeni). Indinganiso yokubukeza iyahluka: imibuzo yomthetho iyabukezwa de novo (intsha); okutholwayo kubukezwa ngaphansi kwendisho “ngendinganiso eqondile"; izinqumo ezihlakaniphile zibukezwa ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwezimiso.

Uma inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ithola iphutha, ingasiguqula, ibuye ikhiphe, ilungise ikhambi elisha, noma ilungise ikhambi. Uma lingatholakali phutha, iyaqinisekisa. Amadili angafuna ukubukezwa okwengeziwe inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (umz., iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.), kodwa leyonkantolo inokuhlakanipha kokwamukela isiqephu esincane secala ngokusebenzisa i-cheartiari. Ukuze uthole isici esibanzi, bheka incazelo yenqubo yesicelo .S.

Ukuphoqelela Ukwahlulela

Ukwahlulelwa akufani nokuqoqa. Uma lowo olahlekelwayo engakhokhi ngokuzithandela, onqobayo kumelwe athathe izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla. Umkhokhisi wokwahlulela angathola “isikhala sokubulawa” enkantolo, aqondise ummeli wecala noma i-U.S. ukuba athathe futhi adayise impahla engadingwanga (indawo yangempela, izimoto, amabhange) ukuze anelise isahlulelo. Amanye amathuluzi ahlanganisa:

  • Imali efakwayo [ – Isiyalo senkantolo esifuna umqashi obolekile ukuba agodle ingxenye yomholo futhi awuthumele kumninikhokha.
  • [[[UMTL:0] u-Levi [[UMTL:1] - - Freezing nokuthatha imali ebhange.
  • [ - Ufaka amanga embonini yangempela, ngakho onecala akakwazi ukuthengisa impahla ngaphandle kokukhokha isahlulelo.

Ukuphoqelelwa kulawulwa umthetho kahulumeni, futhi abakweletayo ababolekwayo besahlulelo ngokuvamile kumelwe bathole izinto ezidinga imali kanye nokungangeni endleleni (abakweletayo bavunyelwe ukugcina izidingo ezithile). Enkantolo kahulumeni, isahlulelo singabhaliswa kunoma isiphi isifunda sezwe lapho onecala enakho impahla. Ezinye izikweleti azikho ukukhokhelwa ekuwisweni kwemali (umz., ukukhwabanisa, ukulimala ngamabomu), ngakho ukuphoqelelwa kungaba umzamo omude wesikhathi eside.

Isiphetho

Uhambo olusuka ekuhleleni ukuyokuphetha, futhi ngalé kwesinqumo sokugcina, luyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, ephindaphindiwe edinga inqubo ebhekiswe phambili, ulwazi lwemithetho elandelwayo, nokuqonda umthetho we-productal. Isigaba ngasinye, kusukela ekufakeni isikhalo esiya ngemva kwe komiti yezenqubo ye-STRAP nokugcinwa kwemithetho, inikeza amathuba nezihibe. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqapha lezi zinyathelo kubalulekile ekuqapheleni indlela izinkantolo eziphatha ngayo ubulungisa. Nakuba lesi sihloko sihlanganisa indlela yomthetho womthetho womthetho, izinqubo ezifanayo zisebenza ezicatshalweni zobugebengu (ngemiyangeziwe yezemthetho ekwakheni). Ngokuqonda isimiso sokwakha nokugeleza kwenkantolo, awuzuzi ukuhlakanipha kwemfundo kodwa futhi uyakwazi ukuqonda okusebenzayo ukuhlanganisa izinqubo zomthetho.