Isiqalo somthetho-mthetho we-United States singaphezu nje kokuthi amazwi aqalayo nje encwadini engokomthetho. Siyisibonakaliso esiyisisekelo sokuziqhenya kwesizwe negama laso, isimemezelo esifingqiwe kodwa esijulile sezindinganiso nezifiso ezichaza ukuhlola kweMelika kokuzilawula kwayo. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, amazwi ayo aye ashiwo yizingane zesikole, anxuswa abaholi, futhi acashunwe emibonweni yokwahlulela, ekhonza njengesisekelo salokho okushoyo ukuba yiMelika. Amandla ayo awakho emthethweni ophoqelelwe kodwa embonweni ofanayo owesizwe esiqhubeka siveza futhi sibekela isizwe inselele ukuba siphile ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zaso eziphakeme.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yesandulela

I-Prequot yasungulwa phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787, isikhathi sempikiswano enkulu ngokwakhiwa nenjongo kahulumeni omusha. Udwebo lwakuqala, olwanikezwa yiKomiti Yenkambiso eyayiholwa nguGouverneur Morris, lwaluyikhomba elinamandla le-prosethi yezombangazwe. UMorris wasusa izifiso zeqembu labasebenzi be-frectal zifake emthethweni owodwa, isigwebo esiqinile esasigwema ulimi olungenazobuchwepheshe oluvamile emabhukwini angokomthetho. I-Prequotot ayihloselwenga ukunika imibuso “‘ labo abakhankankanyiwe ezihlokweni ezilandelayo [[FLT:] ngemva komthetho. Yaphendula umbuzo owawuhluphanyeze isizwe kusukela ekuguqukeni kwezweni kwezweyo: isizathu sokuba kube khona isakhiwo esiqinile?

Inkulumo ethi " Thina bantu" ngokwaso sasiyisinqumo sokuguqula isimo. Amadrafti angaphambili ayehlele izifundazwe ngazinye ngegama, ebonisa iZiphakamiso zenhlangano yesifundazwe. Ngokususa "Thina Abantu," Morris wasusa umthombo womthetho ezindaweni ngokwazo. Lolulimi lwesandla lwaqinisa isimiso sentando yeningi sokuthi igunya likahulumeni lisuka emvumeni yokubusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ladala umuzwa osheshayo wokuzichaza ngokweqoqo, ubophe izakhamuzi ze-35 zomthetho wesizwe eyodwa. Umtapola weSivumelwano sinikeza indawo enkulu eqokondweni lomlando [FOLT] [FFF] [3] nolimi lokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

“ Thina Bantu" – Ikhorali Lesibonakaliso Sentando Yeningi

Ngokulindelekile, amagama amathathu okuvula eSingeniso ayaziwa kakhulu emlandweni wezombangazwe zaseMelika. Bagomela ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo (ne-atmenti) owenziwe ngawo u-("umnini"as" futhi uthola igunya lawo kuzakhamuzi, hhayi kumbusi, hhayi isigaba esinelungelo, futhi hhayi iqoqo lemibuso. Lomthetho wawuwuweqisa ngo1787 futhi uhlala ubalulekile namuhla. Inkulumo ethi "Thiwer People" uye wachazwa futhi wachazwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yanda kusukela ekulinganisweni kwayo kwasekuqaleni kubaphathi bempahla yabesilisa, ukuze ihlanganise bonke abantu base-Melika kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, noma izinkolelo zabo. Ukulwa kokuqonda ukuthi embonweni ogcwele kuye kwashukumisa cishe wonke umzabala omkhulu emlandweni waseMelika.

Ukuchaza kwendatshana kugcizelela futhi ukuthi isizwe siyindalo yamabomu. Abantu abazona nje izikhonzi zikahulumeni; bangabaqambi bayo. Lomqondo uqinisa umuzwa wokuba ngumnini kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Uma abantu besho i-Pregnagry, abamane bacaphuna umbhalo − bafaka indima yabo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wobuKhosi. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sombuso sinikeza [ ukuwohloka kwencazelo yesihloko se-Pregnagrowing [ yencazelo yegama nomongomlando.

Imigomo Eyisithupha Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ngemva kwesaziso sokuqala, isandulelo sibala izinjongo eziyisithupha ezihlukene uMthetho - sisekelo oklanyelwe ukufinyelela.

Yakha Ubunye Obuphelele

Umgomo wokuqala wahlanganisa ubuthakathaka obusheshayo beZihlokwana ze-Confederation, ezadala ukuhlangana okukhululekile kwempi yangaphakathi yemibuso futhi ezingakwazi ukusebenza njengeqembu. "Okuphelele kakhulu" kuyisisho esichazayo; abafaki umthetho-sisekelo abathi bangakha isibopho esingenaphutha, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi kungathuthukisa ilungiselelo elinamaphutha elandulelayo. Lomshwana ugcizelela umqondo wokuthi isizwe singumsebenzi oqhubekayo, ngaso sonke isikhathi silwela ukuhlangana nokubambisana okungcono.

Ukumisa Ubulungisa

Isicelo sokuya "Ubulungisa obumisiwe" sabonisa ukunganeliseki okukhulu ngesimo sezindaba zomthetho ngaphansi kweZihlokwana. Abameli bafuna ijaji elinomthetho elikwaziyo ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe nokuqinisekisa ukusebenzisa umthetho ofanayo. Lomgomo futhi uqukethe isilinganiso sokuziphatha: ubulungisa abuyona nje izinkantolo, kodwa ngokungakhethi, ukulingana, nokubusa komthetho. Ukugcizelela kwe-Preastridges ngokulunga kuye kwanxuswa abamele amalungelo omphakathi, kusukela kwabalwi bemithetho yokulwela amalungelo omphakathi, kusukela kwabalweli benhlangano yenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukuvimbela Izinkinga Zasekhaya

Shays's Regault ka 1786-87 yayiyisizathu esinamandla se-Constitution. Ukuhluleka kukahulumeni wezwe ukuqeda ukuvukela kwadalula ubuthakathaka bezihloko. "Intengiselwano esekhaya" isho ukulondoloza ukuthula nokuhleleka phakathi kwemingcele yesizwe. Nakuba lesi sigqebhezana sivame ukuhlotshaniswa namandla kahulumeni okuvimbela ukuvukela, futhi sisikisela umthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha izimo lapho izakhamuzi zingaphila khona ngaphandle kokwesaba isiphithiphithiphithiphithi noma ubudlova.

Siza Ekulahleni Okuvamile

Ukulondeka kwesizwe kwakungesinye isithiyo esiphuthumayo. Izwe elisha labhekana nezinsongo ezivela emibusoni yaseYurophu, emazweni oMdabu waseMelika, kanye nokungahleleki kwangaphakathi. "Isiqinisekiso sokusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuzivikela ejwayelekile" (indlela yokubhala amagama akudala eBrithani "icala") igunyaza uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba alondoloze amabutho ahlomile futhi athathe izinyathelo zokuvikela izwe. Lomusho ukhonjiwe ezimpini zokuncintisana ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali, izibopho zempi, izibopho zezivumelwano zezomthetho, kanye nobukhulu bemibuso yempi.

Ukuthuthukisa Inhlalakahle Evamile

Inkulumo ethi "i-profeta i-Welfare" ibingenye yezincazelo eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho-sisekelo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inikeza amandla amakhulu kahulumeni ukuba amise izimiso ezisiza umphakathi, kusukela emikhankasweni yezezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi kuya ezinhlelweni zezenhlalakahle. Abanye, ikakhulukazi abakhi abaqinile, bayichaza njengesilinganiso esilinganiselwe ekukhokheleni nasekusebenziseni imali. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi impikiswano engokomthetho, inkulumo ithatha ukulangazelela komphakathi woMthetho-sisekelo: uhulumeni awusona nje isici esiphambili kodwa uyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuthuthukisa ukuphila kwabantu bawo.

Siza Silondoloze Izibusiso Zenkululeko Yethu Nenkambo Yethu

Umgomo wokugcina ubheka emuva nangaphambili. "Qondisa izibusiso zeNkululeko" uyavuma ukuthi inkululeko eyazuzwa kuVukelo kumelwe ivikelwe futhi idluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ezizayo ("Ukubuya Kwethu""). Lombhalo ongaphambili uphoqelela isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba silondoloze inkululeko engokomthetho-mthethweni kulabo abangakazalwa. Iqaphela futhi ukuthi inkululeko ayiqinile futhi idinga ukuqapha okusebenzayo.

Isethulo Njengophawu Oluhlanganisayo Ezikhathini Zenhlekelele

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iSingeniso besiyindawo yokuhlanganisa abantu ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka kwesizwe. Phakathi neMpi Yombango, i-Gotysburg kaMongameli u-Abraham Lincoln yananela izihloko ze-Predgetsburg zesihloko sobunye, inkululeko, nokuzinikela esulwini. Amagama athi "Thina bantu" sathola ukuphuthuma okusha njengoba isizwe silwa ukuze sinqume ukuthi abantu abanikezelwe inkululeko bangahlala isikhathi eside. Ngekhulu lama-20, inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yanxusa isiqubulo ukuba ifune ukuba zonke izithembiso zobulungisa nenhlala - kahle zinwenwe nazo zonke izakhamuzi. UDkt. uMartin Luther King Jr.

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwangoSeptember 11, 2001, isaziso sacashunwa kabanzi emakhelini nasemikhosini yomphakathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubunye nempi. Izikhulu zomphakathi nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo zaphendukela olimini lwazo ukuze zibonise ukuzimisela kwazo ukuvikela nokulondoloza isizwe. Lokhu kulandelana okuphindaphindiwe kubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi wesiqalo njengombhalo wezwe ohlanganisa amaMelika angenawo amandla okuhlanganisa amazwe ahlukene ngokwezombangazwe ngezikhathi zenhlekelele.

Isiqalo Semfundo Nemikhuba Yemibimbi

Isiqalo siyisisekelo semfundo yomphakathi waseMelika. Kusukela emabangeni amancane kakhulu, abafundi bafundiswa ukukhumbula nokukusho ngekhanda, ngokuvamile kanye neSifungo sokuphimisela. Lomcimbi ugxilisa kokubili ulwazi lwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nomuzwa wokuba yingxenye yomphakathi wezwe. Lemigomo eyisithupha inikeza uhlelo olulula kodwa olunamandla lokuxoxa ngezinjongo zikahulumeni. Othisha basebenzisa isiqalo sokuqalisa izingxoxo ngezenzakalo zamanje, bebuza abafundi ukuthi izimiso zanamuhla zivumelana kanjani noma zifinyele kangakanani nezifiso zabaholi.

Ngalé kwekilasi, isaziso sivela emikhosini engokomthetho, ezifungweni zemvelo, nasezincwadini zikahulumeni. Izakhamuzi ezintsha zifunga ukwethembeka ezimisweni zoMthetho-sisekelo, nemikhosi eminingi yemvelo ihlanganisa ukufundwa kwe-Pregnator. Iphinde ishiwo ngekhanda ekunikezelweni komongameli, ekhelini lesifunda, nezenzakalo zokushisekela izwe. Lokhu kwenza umphakathi uqinise isikhundla sawo njengophawu lwesizwe. I-United States Citizenticationship ne-Immigration Services inikeza izinto ezihlanganisa i-Pregquotry yezakhamuzi ezintsha.

Isimo Esingokomthetho: Akufaneleke Kodwa Okushukumisayo

Ngokwemithetho, i-Preggy isendaweni ekhethekile. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokungaguquki iye yathi i-Pregnational ayifaki mandla noma amalungelo angaphansi. Kuthathwa njengokungalungi − kungokomthetho . Akukho sizathu sesenzo esingasekelwa kuphela olimini lwayo. Endaweni yesibonakaliso Marbury v. Madison [180] [1] [iSiphathi-kakhulu] uJohn Marshall waphawula ukuthi i-Preagent ayinakusetshenziswa ukwandisa incazelo yoMthetho-mthetho. Kamuva izinqumo ezifana ne [[FLT:] Jacobson v[FLD]. [FLD:] [5] [0], (1910], phindaphinda ukuthi izinkulumo ze-Preglaywordsting'eod'e.) azikhonjisi izihlo ezinikeza izinjongo ezizi izihlobo ezizi.

Noma kunjalo, iGama eliphambili liye lasetshenziswa abahluleli nama-liging njengethuluzi lokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Lisiza ukuba umoya ukhanye futhi uhloselwe ukubeka izinombolo ezithile. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Transport Corp] [193] [196], uMahluleli George Sutherland waveza ithonya eliqhubekayo lokusekela umbono wezindaba zangaphandle zobumongameli, ephikisa ukuthi ubukhosi (nekhono lokuqhuba ubuhlobo bangaphandle) busuka ngqo kuHulumeni ukuya "Thi thina bantu""". Nakuba ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kuphikisana phakathi kwezazi ezingokomthetho, babonisa ithonya le Pregatoring liqhubeka ngisho nasenkantolo.

Ukuphefumulelwa Nethonya Lembulunga Yonke

Ithonya lesandulela lidlulela ngalé kwemingcele yaseMelika. Amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi lawo avela ekubuseni noma emibuso ye-pholicist, aye aboleka ulimi lwawo nokwakheka. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-Indiya, Ireland, ne-South Africa wonke uqukethe izimemezelo ezinanelayo "Thina bantu" futhi abhale imigomo efanayo yobulungisa, inkululeko, nenhlalakahle. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo Obuntu siqala ngenkulumo ethi "Ndebesiqaphela isithunzi esingokwemvelo..." kodwa ukuchaza kwayo izinjongo eziyisisekelo kubonisa icebo elifanayo lokuphendula.

I-Pregagery futhi ishukumisele izinhlangano zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Ezikhathini zoshintsho lwezombangazwe, abashisekeli baye badweba ulimi lwabo ukuze bafune ohulumeni ukuba balandise kubantu. Inkulumo ethi "Thina bantu" siye savela ngezimpawu zokubhikisha, ezinkulumweni, ngisho nasezibhalweni ezingokomthetho zeZizwe Ezihlangene. Le nguquko yomhlaba wonke ifakazela ukuheha kwezindinganiso ezicaciswe emhlabeni wonke ngo-1787. I-Pregnation ayisona nje uphawu lwaseMelika oluyisibonakaliso sentando yentando yentando yeningi yonke indawo.

Izinselele zesikhathi esizayo ezizalweni zesiqalo

Nakuba i-Pregagery isalokhu iwuphawu olunamandla, izinhloso zayo eziphakeme zivivinywa njalo ngamaqiniso ezombangazwe nawezenhlalo. Impikiswano enjengokungalingani kwezomnotho, ukungalungi kobuhlanga, ukunqanda ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga, nezinsongo ezisemihlanganweni yentando yeningi zibangela ukungabaza ukuzimisela kwesizwe "ubulungisa obumisiwe" no"ukuhlanganisa iNguquko evamile" ukuphikisana ngenqubo yokufuduka kubekela inselele umbono ogcwele "Thina Abantu". Ukungavumelani nobukhulu bamandla ombuso kanye nencazelo yenkululeko kuyaqhubeka nokuthukuthela.

Kodwa lona kanye iqiniso lokuthi lezimpikiswano zivame ukubuyela kulimi lwendatshana luwubufakazi bokubaluleka kwazo okuhlala njalo. Linikeza amagama avamile okuxoxa ngenjongo yesizwe. Uma izakhamuzi ziphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni uhlulekile ukuqinisekisa "ukuthula kwasekhaya" noma "ukulondoloza izibusiso zenkululeko," zigcina isizwe sinomthwalo wokulandisa ezithembisweni zaso ezisunguliwe. Ngakho isiqalo asisebenzi nje njengomthombo wokuzidla kodwa njengendinganiso yentuthuko elinganiswa ngayo. Kuyinselele ukubuza amaMelika ukubuza: Ingabe siphila ngokuvumelana nombono obekwe ngalowomusho owodwa?

Isiphetho

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States sisalokhu siwuphawu oluphilayo lokuzidla kwesizwe nokwaziwa. Amazwi aso afakwa esikhathini sokungaqiniseki nokuyekethisa . ayaqhubeka ezwakala ngoba akhuluma ngezifiso ezingaphelelwa isikhathi: ubunye, ubulungisa, ukuthula, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko. Njengophawu, ahlanganisa izizukulwane zamaMelika ezibophaneni ezibophelene lezizinhloso. Njengoba indinganiso, ibiza isizwe ukuba sithuthuke ngokuqhubekayo. Isiqalo asisona isigqebhebhezana sakudala kodwa isikhanyiso esiqondisayo sesikhathi esizayo, sikhumbuza bonke abasifundayo ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lisezandleni zabantu, nokuthi injongo yalowohulumeni iwukukhonza abantu abavamile. Uma bekhumbula, amaMelika akhumbula kakhulu kunasenzi abaqhubeka nomsebenzi wokusebenza.