Ukuqonda Izimfuneko Ezinhle Esigebengwini SoMbuso Ziyaqhubeka

Ama-Warrant asebenza njengesisekelo senqubo yobugebengu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, alinganisele isidingo sikahulumeni sokuhlola ubugebengu ngokumelene nelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokukhululeka ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni. Imvume ingumthetho ogunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba uthathe isinyathelo esithile. Ngokungathi ungena ekhaya, ubambe ubufakazi, noma ubambe ukuphathwa kwecala, noma ukuboshwa okusekelwe ekuboniseni ngesizathu esilindelekile. Ukuhluleka ukulandela izimfuneko ezingokomthetho kungafaka engozini ukuhluleka kobufakazi, ukuququlwa, noma kuholele ekubekeni icala lomthetho. Lesiqondiso sihamba phakathi kwezinyathelo ezidingekile nezindinganisweni ezibalulekile zezomthetho ezilawula izigebengu zezomthetho, ngokuqonda okuwusizo kwabameli, abashushishisi, umthetho, noma yisiphi isimiso somthetho.

Siyini Isikhalo?

Imvume iwumyalo obhaliwe okhishwa umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi nongabodwa. Imithetho-mthetho enika umthetho amandla okwenza isenzo esingenza ukuba singasebenzi ngendlela engafanele ukulindela komuntu ukuba abe wedwa noma abe nenkululeko. Isisekelo esingokomthetho sokugunyaza izimfuneko zisuka eSimisweni sesine ukuya eMthethweni we-U.S., esivikela ekuhlolweni okungakholekiyo nokuquleka. Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ivame ukunikeza isivikelo esifanayo noma ngisho nesikhulu. Ukuze igunya elifanele, kumelwe lihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezintathu: kumelwe linikezwe ngesizathu esifanelekile, lisekelwe ngenkani, futhi lichazwe kakhulu indawo yokuphenywa noma ukuthathwa.

Abakhokhi abakho nje ukuqashwa. Basebenza njenge-checks ephethe, beqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu sokwahlulela sihlola amaqiniso ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni angene endlini yomuntu, emaphepheni, noma emiphumeleni. Emacaleni kahulumeni, inqubo yokugunyaza ilawulwa yizo zombili izimiso zezwe nemithetho yenkantolo, okungase kuhlukane ngokulawula kodwa ngokuvamile kuvumelane nemithetho elinganiselwe kahulumeni.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Thola Imbangela Efanelekayo

Imbangela efanelekile indinganiso engokomthetho evumela ukuvunyelwa kwesiqinisekiso. Ikhona uma ukugcwala kwezimo ezaziwayo kumthetho kungaholela umuntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu bebukhona, bukhona, noma buzokwenziwa, noma ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni ethile. Imbangela efanelekile idinga okungaphezu kokusola okusobala kodwa okungaqiniseki kakhulu ngaphandle kobufakazi obunengqondo.

Ukuze kutholakale imbangela okungenzeka ibangelwa yilokhu, izikhulu ziqoqa ubufakazi emithonjeni eminingi:

  • Ukuphawula: Isikhulu esibona umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ngokusobala, esiwukuthengiselana izidakamizwa epaki lomphakathi /-alusebenzisa ulwazi lwaso ukusekela isiqinisekiso.
  • [ Izihloko eziguquguqukayo: Ulwazi oluvela kubaqapheli abayimfihlo noma izakhamuzi lungasetshenziswa, kodwa kumelwe luqinisekiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthembekile. Izinkantolo zihlola ubuqiniso bomamukeli, isisekelo solwazi, kanye nezinga amaphoyisa aye aqinisekisa ngalo isihloko.
  • [[Ubufakazi obuphathekayo: Izinto ezinjengeminwe, i-DNA, noma i-stache ezihlobanisa umsolwa nobugebengu.
  • [ Izinkulumo zoFakazi: izisho ezivela ezisulwini noma kofakazi ezinikeza imininingwane ethile mayelana nobugebengu.

Isibonelo Sezenzakalo: Ukunemba Kwe - Informants

Ku Illinois v. Amasango, 462 U.S. 213 (193), iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yamukela "ubungakanani bezimo" ukuhlolwa kokuhlola izihloko zokwaziswa. Lendlela eguquguqukayo yenza imantshi acabangele zonke izici, kuhlanganise nomlando wendlela kamentshisi nesilinganiso semininingwane enikeziwe, ukuze ithole ukuthi izimbangela zikhona yini. Izinkantolo eziningi zezwe zilandela lesici.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Lungisa Iqembu Elinemisebe Emnandi

Uma nje isitholakele isizathu, isikhulu kumelwe sinciphise ukubhala e-affidavit − isifungo esifuhiwe esifunwe noma isijeziso se-pefidavit. I-affidavit iyisizinda sohlelo lokusebenza kobufakazi; itshela imajistala lokho isikhulu esikwaziyo nokuthi kungani kuthethelela ukungenwa. I-affidavit kumelwe iqukethe imininingwane eqinisekile eyanele umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi ukunquma ngokwayo ukuthi imbangela ikhona. Ukuphindaphinda nje iziphetho ("ngikholelwa ukuthi izidakamizwa zikhona") akwanele.

Ingxenye eyinhloko ye - affidavit esebenzayo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuboniswa kwe-affianet: Igama lomphathi, isikhundla, nomnyango.
  • Ukuchaza indawo: Ikheli noma incazelo ethile yesakhiwo okumelwe sihlolwe, kuhlanganise nanoma iziphi izimoto noma izitsha ezisemzimbeni uma zikhona.
  • Ukuchaza izinto okumelwe zithathwe: Uhlu lobufakazi obufunwayo (umz., izinto ezilawulwayo, izibhamu, amabhukwana).
  • Imisebenzi esungula imbangela okungenzeka: Ukulandisa kokuphawula, izinkulumo, noma ubufakazi obusekela isiqinisekiso.
  • Ufulema lwesikhathi: Uma izenzakalo zenzeka, ngoba ulwazi oludala alukwazi ukusekela imbangela ngokunokwenzeka.

Yazisa Ukunemba Nophawu Oluhle

Abaphathi-mahhovisi kumelwe babe neqiniso futhi baqonde emaqenjini abo. Ngokwazi noma ngokunganaki ukwenza izinkulumo ezingamanga zingasebenzi futhi zingaholela ekucindezelweni kobufakazi ngaphansi Firadars v.Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1788]). Nokho, uma isikhulu sikholelwa ngokunengqondo ukuthi i-affidavit ilungile, ngisho noma iqukethe iphutha langahlosiwe. Ubufakazi busengaba busekhona ngaphansi kwe-"ukholo oluhle" olusungulwe . U.[FLT] U.U.U.U-8 .U-8 .

Isinyathelo 3: Phatha Iqhawe Kumahluleli Noma KuMatshi

Isikhulu sinikeza umahluleli noma imantshi i-applidavit efungele ukufushaniswa i-pajaji noma i-jaji elingathathi hlangothi. Ngokusho ukuthi isikhulu sihlola ukuthi imbangela ikhona yini. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi iphuzu lihlukile, okusho ukuthi isigqebhezana siphoqelelwe ukuba sincintisane nesicelo kuleliqophelo. Uma senelisiwe, uma isikhulu singabuza imibuzo noma sicele ukwaziswa okwengeziwe. Uma senelisekile, uma imajisi ufaka imvume, kanjalo ugunyaze ukuseshwa noma ukuboshwa.

Izimo Ezibi Nezinzima

Izicelo eziqinile zingafakwa phakathi namahora avamile enkantolo noma ngesimiso samajistala esidlalwayo. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ukuzithoba ngomshini ngefax noma nge-imeyili kuyavunyelwa. Uma kunesidingo esisheshayo sokuthatha isinyathelo − njengengozi yokubhubha kobufakazi noma ingozi ekuphileni . Izikhulu zingaqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphansi "kwezimo". Nokho, ngemva kokuhlola okusemthethweni kuyasebenza, futhi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi isimo siphuthuma.

Isinyathelo 4: Yeka Iqhawe

Ukwenziwa komthetho-sisekelo kumele kuvumelane nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo nanoma yiziphi izimfuneko eziqondile ezibekwe umthetho wezwe. Umthetho ovamile uthi izikhulu kumelwe zingqongqoze futhi zimemezele ukuba khona kwazo nenjongo ngaphambi kokungena endlini. Lomthetho uvumela abahlala khona ukuba bavumelane ngokuzithandela futhi banciphise amathuba okulwa kobudlova. Nokho, iNkantolo ePhakathi Yomthetho e-U. i-Hudson v. Michigan[, 547 U.S.586 (2006), u-mgathelela akudingenzeki ukuvinjwa okunga komcinyo okuzenzaka okungazenzaka ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze kuwiswe futhi kuviswe, nakuba amanye amaphuzu angase asebenzise amakhambi.

Izinga Lokufuna

Izikhulu zingase zifune izindawo ezichazwe kulencwadi kuphela bese zithatha izinto ezihlelwe. Uma zithola ubufakazi bobunye ubugebengu ngokukhanyayo, zingabuthatha ngaphansi kwemfundiso esobala. Kodwa azikwazi ukunweba ukuphenywa okungaphezu kwamagama obufakazi ngaphandle kokulunga okuhlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume yokufuna igalaji lezinsimbi ezebiwe ayigunyazi umthumbi ohamba ngamashalo ngaphandle kokuba umsekeli we-odavita osekela ukuphenya lezozindawo.

Isikhathi Esilinganiselwe Nokubuya Kwenkonzo

Ama-warrant ngokuvamile asebenza ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, cishe izinsuku eziyishumi kuya ku-14. Ngemva kokubulawa, isikhulu kumelwe sibhale "ukubuya kwenkonzo" nenkantolo, sihlele ukuthi yini eyabanjwa. Lokhu kubuya kuba ingxenye yerekhodi lenkantolo. Ukuhluleka ukubuyisa isiqinisekiso kungase kungakukhiphi amandla ukuphamba kodwa kungathonya ukuthobela imvume.

Ukunakekela Okungokomthetho Okubalulekile

Izimfuneko Zokucacisa

Imvume kumelwe ichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi kuthathwe izinto. Imithetho ebanzi kakhulu . ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "imvume zomthetho"" / inqatshelwe yiSichibiyelo Sesine. Imvume egunyaza ukuseshwa "noma ibuphi ubufakazi bobugebengu" ayisebenzi ngoba inikeza izikhulu ukwahlulela okungalawuleki. Kunalokho, imvume kufanele ibhale izigaba ezithile, njenge-"cocaine, ama-akhithini, izinto zokuhlohla, nemibhalo yemali ehlobene nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa."

Abalindele

Isiqinisekiso esingaphambili singeso esithatha ukusebenza kuphela lapho kwenzeka isenzakalo sesikhathi esizayo [1] ngokwesibonelo, "lapho isiphakamiso esinezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni sithunyelwa endlini." Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zisekela izimpawu ezinjalo uma isenzakalo esivusa impoqo singenzeka futhi isikhulu sibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isizathu sokuthola ubufakazi ngalesosikhathi. Imithetho kahulumeni iyahluka ngokuthi isimo sokuvusa kumelwe sichazwe kanjani.

Ukuhlola Okungenamagovu: Okuvamile

Ngisho noma kunemfuneko enamandla egunyaziwe, izinkantolo ziqaphela okuhlukile okuningana okuvumela ukuphenywa ngaphandle kwemvume:

  • Isenzakalo sokufuna ukubopha:[ izikhulu zingase zifune umuntu oboshiwe ngokomthetho nendawo elawulwayo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuphepha futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi.
  • I-Conict:[ Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa, akukho justamenti edingekayo.
  • umbono oPlain: izikhulu zingathatha ubufakazi obusobala uma bekhona ngokomthetho.
  • Ukuhamba ngemoto okuzenzekelayo:[ Uma kungenzeka ukuthi kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imoto iqukethe uphazamiso olubi, ingaseshwa ngaphandle kwemvume ngenxa yokuhamba kwayo.
  • [ Izimo eziguquguqukayo: Izimo eziphuthumayo njengokulandela ngokushesha noma ingozi esheshayo yokulimala zingathethelela ukungena ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.

Enkantolo yombuso, abameli bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi lokhu akusebenzi, kudinga ukucindezelwa kobufakazi obungafanelekile.

Imiphumela Yokubulala Abaphangi Abangekho Mthethweni

Ikhambi eliyinhloko lokwephulwa kwemvume liwumthetho owenqabela ukukhishwa kwemvume, owenqabela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise ubufakazi obutholakala ngenxa yokuseshwa okungekho emthethweni noma ukuthatheka. Lo mthetho usebenza ekuhlolweni kwemithetho ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane nenye indlela yokubulala. Nokho, ngaphandle "lokholo oluhle" nokuthola okungenakugwenywa kungavumela ubufakazi ukuba buvunywe. Iseluleko sokhuselo kumelwe sihlolisise ngokucophelela i-affidavit ngokukhutshazwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo noma ngokushintshwa okungeyikho, ukuchazwa kwale mvume eqondile, nenqubo yokubulala. Ukuhamba okuphumelelayo kokuvimbela icala lomthetho kungavimbela ukuququlwa kwecala.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo

Nakuba izindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho ngokomthetho zibeka iphansi, izifunda eziningi zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifunda zidinga indinganiso eqinile yokwethembeka kokwaziswa, noma zingaqapheli "ukholo oluhle" ekuthatheni izimfuneko ezikhubazekileyo. Izimiso zikahulumeni zingamisa futhi izinqubo ezengeziwe, njengokufuna isiqinisekiso sazo zonke izingeniso ezingenisiwe emakhaya (i-avdiv exvision) noma ukufuna ukuba kubhalwe ngekhamera yomzimba. Imithetho ye-Proctition kumele ijwayelene nemithetho yazo siqu.

Amacebiso Awusizo Ezilwane Ezinenjini Zokuzivikela

  • Cela isiqinisekiso ne-affidavit kusenesikhathi. Ngokushesha uma indaba ihilela ukuseshwa, faka umshini wokuthola isiqinisekiso nezinto zokusekela. Bheka amakhasi alahlekile, izignesha ezingaphelele, noma izimpikiswano zosuku.
  • qhatha ubudala. Uma ukwaziswa okuse-affidavit kusenamasonto noma izinyanga kudala, kuphikisa ukuthi kungenzeka imbangela iqediwe.
  • Hlola ukuqeqeshwa nokuhlangenwe nakho komphathi. Ama-affidavit avame ukuthembela ebuchwepheshini besikhulu ukuze achaze ubufakazi; uma isikhulu singakutholi ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile, iziphetho zingangatshazwa.
  • Igunyaza ukubulawa kwemininingwane. Ithola imibiko yamaphoyisa, i-pane yekhamera, kanye nofakazi ukuze babone ukuthi umthetho wokungqongqoza nowokungena walandelwa yini, ukuthi ukuseshwa kwedlula isilinganiso semvume, nokuthi iziphi izinto zathathwa ngaphandle kohlu.

Amacebiso Awusizo Emithetho Egunyazwa

  • [[Umthetho:0] Uxwebhu lonke. Gcina amanothi aningiliziwe okuqashelwa, izitatimende ezinikeza ulwazi, kanye nezinyathelo ezivumelanayo.
  • Fumana umqondisi noma isimemezeli esingokomthetho ukuze ubukeze i-affidavit. Isethi sesibili samehlo singabamba iziphazamiso noma izimpawu ezinganele.
  • Izinhlelo zikahulumeni eziqonde ngqo. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga imfuneko yokukhishwa phakathi nenkathi ethile nangaphansi kwamahora athile; hlola imithetho yendawo.
  • Ungenciki emkhubeni. Ngisho noma umahluleli eye wavuma ama-affidavit afanayo esikhathini esidlule, incwadi ngayinye kumelwe ithethelelwe ngokwayo.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile ekumangalelweni komthetho zibonisa ukulinganisela kokunakekela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nokuyimfihlo komuntu ngamunye. Kusukela ekumiseni isizathu okungenzeka ukuba senze lo mthetho ngokusemthethweni, isinyathelo ngasinye siphethe imiphumela engokomthetho enganquma umphumela wecala. Kubameli abavikelayo, ukuqonda lezi zimfuneko kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abathengi. Ukunamathela ngokucophelela ekuqinisekiseni izinqubo kuqinisa ubuqotho bobufakazi futhi kunciphise ingozi yokucindezelwa. Njengoba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqhubeka zichaza kokubili izindinganiso zombuso nomthetho womthetho, ukuhlala zinolwazi ngezenzakalo zokufuna nokuthatha impatho kudingekile kubalulekile kubo bonke abahlanganyela esimisweni sobulungisa bobugebengu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-National Institute of National Center for State Courts , [[FLT:]] i-ABA Criminal Justice Standard on Search and Seizture[[FLT:], kanye nezincwadi zebhentshi-zombuso ezitholakala ngeNational Center for State Courts. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:] i-Cornell Legin Information Institute i-Crectorograph’s [ inikeza iphuzu eliqinile lokuqala imibandela eyisisekelo. Okokugcina, .