Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo: Kungani Kunamagatsha Amathathu?

Uhulumeni wase-United States wakhiwe phezu kwesakhiwo esiklanywe ngokucophelela yiziNqanda eziFundayo ukuze zivimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa. Iphefumlelwe yifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa ye-Montesquieu kanye nokukhathazeka okuwusizo kokungaqondi kwesizwe ngokuqapha ukubusa, uMthetho-sisekelo ka 1787 wasungula amagatsha amathathu alinganayo: ukumiswa kwemithetho, isikhulu somthetho, nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamandla, kuhlangene nesimiso esiqinile sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kwakha izinga elinamandla eliye laqondisa isizwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo ehlukene yemithetho, ukwenza imithetho, ukubeka imithetho, nokuchaza imithetho, futhi kuhlanganisa, ngalinye liphethe amathuluzi asebenzayo. Ukuqonda indlela lalamagatsha asebenza ngayo futhi asebenza ngayo ngokomuntu ngamunye.

Igatsha Elisemthethweni: Izwi Lezwi Lesizwe ekubekeni imithetho

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka wonke amagunya omthetho eSishayamthetho eSishaya - mthetho, esihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Leligatsha linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho yesizwe, ukumemezela impi, ukuqondisa ukuhwebelana, nokulawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Isakhiwo salo sibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kwe 1787, ukulinganisela ukumelelwa okusekelwe emphakathini (Indlu) kanye nomfanekiso olinganayo wezwe ngalinye (iSanta).

Indlu Yabameleli: Iseduze Nabantu

Ngamalungu okuvota angu-435 ahlukaniselwa phakathi kwezifundazwe ezisekelwe ekubalelweni kwabantu kwamuva, i House of Messages iklanyelwe ukuba iphendule ngokuqondile kumavoti. Abameleli basebenzisa izinqumo zeminyaka emibili, zibaphoqelela ukuba basondelene nezidingo ze-Elel College, nemibono yabo. Indlu inamandla akhethekile okusungula zonke izikweleti zemali (a) ukuhlola ikhono lesikhulu sokukhokha intela ($a) kanye nokungamela izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli. Esenzeni esingavamile se-Elctoral Colleget, indlu inquma i-precity, kanye nenkwehhotela i-octive.

  • [ imisa umthetho wentela kanye nentela [ - zonke izikweleti zokuphakamisa inzuzo kumelwe zivele e House (I-Artle I, Ingxenye 7).
  • [ Amandla okulawula [ - Indlu ivotela ukuthi ingaletha amacala angokomthetho kumongameli, isekela likamongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ze "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nabaphangi-macala."
  • Ikholiji elibonakele livumelana [-- Uma kungekho mbhalisa womongameli othola amavoti amaningi akhethiwe, i House ikhetha umongameli kwabathathu abaphezulu.

Indlu futhi inesimiso esinamandla sekomiti − kuhlanganise ne-Mission Committee, emisa izinkulumo zengxoxo − ehlela inqubo yokushaya umthetho. Iminyaka yamuva iye yabona ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho kwanda endlini, kodwa indima yayo eyisisekelo njenge- ihlala ingashintshiwe.

Funda okwengeziwe ngomlando nangamalungu amanje endlu e ingosi yendlu esemthethweni.

ISigele: Indiza Epholisa Itiye

ISigele, esinamalungu ayikhulu (isifundazwe ngasinye), sathathwa njengendikimba elula kakhulu. Abasizi basebenzisa izinombolo zeminyaka eyisithupha, ezinezihlalo eziyisithathu zokhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili, zinikeza ukuqhubeka nombono owengeziwe. Amagunya ayingqayizivele eSigodlweni ahlanganisa ukumiswa komongameli (omabhalanethi, abahluleli bombuso, amanxusa) kanye nokuvumelana negatsha lesikhulu ngenani elikhulu eliyisithathu. Sibuye siqhube isigwebo, iSikhulu seNkampathi yeNkantolo Ephakeme esahlulele inkantolo lapho umongameli equlwa icala, nevoti ezimbili ze-3 ezifunekayo ukuze ivume.

  • Isicelo nemvume ekumiseni - iziphakamiso zikamongameli zegatsha lejaji nelesikhulu kumele zithole ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa [ – izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zidinga ukuvunyelwa komamente ababili-sithathu abakhona.
  • Icala lokuqulwa kwecala [ - ISigele sisebenza njengejaji ekuhlolweni kwemithetho; ukuqulwa kususa isikhulu ehhovisi.

Umthetho weSigele we-monibbuster − uvumela isigele esisodwa ukuba sibambezele ukuvota ngaphandle kokuba ama-senea angu-60 avotela ukuvuselelwa kwehlulel----(iyisici esihlukanisayo esikhuthaza ukuvumelana kodwa futhi esingaholela ekunyukeni kwe-rock. UMongameli ongummeli ongummeli weSigele, uvota ngokuvala iqhina uma kudingeka. Indima yeSigele njengesehlo samandla kamongameli iye yabonakala ekuqinisekiseni izimpi zezikhulu zeNkantolo nezikhulu zezikhulu ze-katherpt kulo lonke elaseMelika emlandweni.

Hlola ukwakheka kwamanje kweSigele kanye namarekhodi omlando .gov.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lisebenzisa UMthetho

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli wase-United States. Umongameli ukhonza njengesikhulu, umphathi kahulumeni, umphathi-sikhulu wamabutho ahlomile, futhi umklami oyinhloko wesimiso sangaphandle. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa futhi uMongameli ophethe, iKhabhinethi (inhloko yeminyango engu-15) nesikhulu sikahulumeni esiphethe imithetho yezinsuku zonke.

UMongameli: Umkhuzi-Sikhulu noMphathi oPhakeme

Umongameli, eqanjwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine edlula e-Electoral College, unenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yemibuso engokomthetho. Ngaphandle kokwenza imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu, umongameli unegunya lokuthi:

  • Uphawu noma umthetho weveto - Umongameli angalahla izikweletu ezidluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu, nakuba ama-3 ahamba phambili kuzo zombili izingosi zingayisusa i-veto.
  • Iziqondiso eziphethe i-ISP - Leziqondiso zilawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni futhi zinamandla omthetho, kodwa zingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela nokuxhaswa kwe-conoration.
  • Izintethelelo ezikhululekile – Kumacala kahulumeni, umongameli angakhipha intethelelo nokuxolelwa, amandla avame ukusetshenziswa ekubekeni imingcele.
  • Izindaba zangaphandle – umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigele nangemvume), uqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle, futhi ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu wezwe.

Indima kamongameli njengomphathi-nhloko iye yakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuhlolweni koMthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi enkathini yanamuhla yesibopho sezempi sembulunga yonke. ISigqi seMpi soMbuso seMizamo ka-1973 ngokufuna ukuba umongameli azise iSishaya-Mkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 ekwenza amabutho ahlomile nokulinganisela ukubophana izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwesivumelwano.

Umongameli Oyisekela Nekhabethe

Umongameli ongumsekeli we-Ece, okhethwe ethikithini elifanayo nomongameli, uqala emgqeni wokulandelana futhi ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele. I-VP futhi ithatha izabelo eziphathiswe umongameli, njengabengamele izinyathelo ezithile zezimiso noma imele ukuphatha kwelinye izwe. IKhabhinethi .(ihambisana nomongameli ongumongameli kanye nomphathi weminyango yesikhulu (Izwe, i-Cetaffery, i-Defense, iJastice, njll).

Isimiso sikahulumeni esingaphansi kweKhabhinethi sihlanganisa izinhlangano ezinjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency, i-Federal Bureau of Investigation, neNkonzo Yezentengiselwano. Lezi zinhlangano zimisa imithetho ngokumisa imithetho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, nokufushaniswa kwezivumelwano, zisebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamongameli kodwa futhi zicindezelwa yi-Administrative Procedure Act kanye nokwengamela kokwahlulela.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi yegatsha eliphethe, vakashela incazelo engokomthetho yendlu emhlophe [.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha lokwahlulela, elichaza imithetho futhi liqondise ubulungisa. Indima eyinhloko yejaji iwukuxazulula izimpikiswano eziphakamayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho nezenzo zokuphatha zivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme ihlala esiqongweni, nesigaba sezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezingaphansi kwayo.

INkantolo Ephakeme: INkantolo Ephakeme Kunazo Zonke

INkantolo Ephakeme inezahlulelo ezingu-9(a izahlulelo eziyinhloko) kanye namajaji angu-8 ahlangeneyo amiselwe ukuphila ngumongameli futhi aqinisekiswa yiSigele. Lokhu kuphila kuhloselwe ukuvikela ijaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuvumele abahluleli ukuba bachaze umthetho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela. Amandla eNkantolo abaluleke kakhulu ukubukeza , igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zesikhulu, ukugobeka ku- umbhikishongo wokuqala [[FLT:]] Marbury v.[5] [FLD:3] [18]]

  • Ithatha uMthetho-sisekelo – iNkantolo inquma amacala aphakamisa imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, imisa izicathulo eziqondisa zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.
  • Ibheka imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni – Uma umthetho udluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma isenzo sikamongameli siphula uMthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo ingawushaya phansi.
  • Ixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifunda [ – iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokuqala ezicini ezihlanganisa izigaba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, njengomngcele noma izingxabano zamalungelo amanzi.

INkantolo yamukela ingxenye encane kakhulu yamacala acelwa unyaka ngamunye, ngokuvamile ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo ephansi ezingqubuzanayo, noma izindaba zokubaluleka kwesizwe. Izinqumo ze-Landmark ezinjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]), [[FLT]] [[FLT] v [[FLT] [3] [777], kanye [[FLT] no-OFLT] fell. Hodges[FLD:5] [20] [20]

Funda ngomlando weNkantolo ePhakeme nedokisi lamanje I-Supreme Court.gov.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi Zokwahlulela: Amahhashi Obulungisa Asebenzayo

Ngezansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme kunezinhlalo ezimbili eziyinhloko: izinkantolo zezifunda nezinkantolo zesifunda zezikhalo. Izinkantolo zesifunda ziyizinkantolo zamacala zesimiso sikahulumeni, lapho kuqulwa khona amacala, kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, futhi kukhishwa izinkantolo zejaji. Kunezinkantolo zesigodi ezingu-94 ezweni lonke, ngayinye ikhonza indawo ethile. Izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ziya kwenye yezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-13 zokudlulisa amacala angokomthetho. Izinkantolo zesifunda zivame ukuba yizinkulumo yokugcina emacala kahulumeni amaningi, njengoba iNkanto ephakeme izwa isilinganiso esincane.

  • 94 [ - Ukusingatha ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nobugebengu ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni.
  • 13 Izinkantolo zesifunda ze Intambulo – izinqumo zokubukeza ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezifundeni zazo; izinqumo zazo zibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi kulesosifunda.
  • [[INkantolo:0] Izinkantolo ezikhethekile – Hlanganisa iNkantolo ye-U.S. ye-International Trade, iNkantolo ye-Federal, neNkantolo yeTaxi yase-U.S.

Amajaji angokohulumeni kuzo zonke lezinkantolo amiswe ukuze aphile, aqinisekise ukuzimela kokwahlulela.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela Kuyasebenza

Ukuhlakanipha koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. akukho nje ekuhlukaniseni imibuso kodwa nasekunikezeni amathuluzi egatsha ngalinye ukuze kuhlolwe amanye. Lokhu kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla futhi kukhuthaze ukuyekethisa nokucabanga. Nakhu ukuhlola okuyinhloko igatsha ngalinye eliphethe:

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • ISishaya - mthetho singathatha indawo kamongameli ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuzo zombili izintambo.
  • ISigele siqinisekisa noma silahle ukumiswa kwababusi kubahluleli, izikhulu zamakhabethe, namanxusa.
  • UKhongolo - mthetho lulawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni; ayikho imali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle komthetho wokukhipha izicelo.
  • UMkhandlu unamandla okuqeda umongameli, isekela likamongameli nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi.
  • UKhongolose angahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe ngokuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti nangabaphathi.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

  • Umongameli angakhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa uMkhandlu, ephoqelela abashaya umthetho ukuba bazilungise noma bazame ukuzilawula.
  • Umongameli angabiza uMkhandlu ukuba ube isimiso esikhethekile (nakuba lo mbuso awuvamile ukusetshenziswa).
  • Isekela likamongameli, njengoMongameli weSigele, linganqamula amavoti.
  • Iziqondiso eziphethe zingaqondisa indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, ngezinye izikhathi zigweme ukusabela kwemithetho.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

  • Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho ngokungekhona kwesimiso, iqede ukumiswa kwenhlangano.
  • Izinkantolo zingashaya indiva izenzo zezikhulu eziphula igunya lomthetho - sisekelo noma ezephula amalungelo.
  • Amajaji angohulumeni, ake aqinisekiswa, asebenza ukuphila konke futhi awakwazi ukususwa ngaphandle kokuyekelela, evikela ukuzimela kwawo kwamanye amagatsha.

Ukulinganisela Okungeziwe

  • Isishaya - mthetho singashintsha inani lamajaji kahulumeni aphansi noma sihlele ububanzi bezinkantolo (nakuba imvume yokuqala yeNkantolo imiswe uMthetho-sisekelo).
  • Umqondisi ophethe uphoqelela ukuba kumiswe izinkantolo; uma umongameli enqaba ukuphoqelela umthetho omisiwe, kungaphakama inkinga yomthetho-sisekelo (isib., Worcester v. Georgia isehlakalo esingaphansi kukaMongameli Andrew Jackson).
  • Abantu, ngokhetho, babheka wonke amagatsha amathathu enecala: amalungu endlu njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, izikhulu zikamongameli njalo ngemva kwesithupha, njalo ngemva kwemine, futhi ngokungaqondile ngokumiswa nokuqinisekiswa.

Lo mdlalo waboniswa ngokucacile phakathi nenhlekelele yaseWatergate: ISishaya - mthetho sahlola futhi sasongela ukukhishwa kwe - White House, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayala ukuba kukhishwe amakhasethi eWhite House, futhi uMongameli uNixon wasula, ebonisa indlela isimiso ekugcineni esibeka ngayo icala lokubusa.

Isiphetho: Ukunconywa Okuhlala Njalo Kwamandla Ahlukene

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nahluleli akusona nje isenzakalo esingokomlando esinelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi, kodwa kuyisimiso esiphilayo esiqhubeka sibumba ezombangazwe zaseMelika, umthetho, nomphakathi. Igatsha ngalinye liye lazivelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokukhula kukahulumeni, ukukhula kwezwe lokulawula, nokukhula okukhula kwezombangazwe ezihlukene. Nokho ukuhlelwa kwezindawo eziyisisekelo zezombangazwe kusekhona: iSishaya-Provior sibhala imithetho, umongameli uyayiqeda, futhi izinkantolo ziyayichaza. Lesimiso, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi sibhidliza futhi sicotha, siklanyelwe ngamabomu ukuvikela inkululeko ngokwenza noma yisiphi iphuzu elilodwa noma umuntu ngamunye angakwazi ukulawula ingqikithi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngomthetho-sisekelo, hlola umthetho-sisekelo weZinqolobane zesizwe [ futhi uhlole imithombo yezemfundo yomphakathi ehlelwe yizinhlangano zezemfundo njenge i-Legal Information yolwazi eCornell Law School.