Izakhiwo Zomkhandlu

I-United States Congress iyinhlangano ye-bamaral, okusho ukuthi ihlukaniswa yaba amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli ne SATE[. Lesakhiwo sasiwukuhleba ngamabomu eSivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo, sihlanganisa izithakazelo zezwe elikhulu nelincane.

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu ayizi-455 okuvota, ngalinye elimele isifundazwe sobukhonya esisesifundazweni. Inani lezifunda ngokwesifunda ngasinye linqunywa inani labantu, livunwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi kufundwa abantu. Indlu ivame ukubhekwa njengegumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu ngoba amalungu ayo asebenzisa imiyalelo yeminyaka emibili futhi kumelwe alwele ukuphinde athathwe. Indlu inamandla ayingqayizivele okusungula izikweletu zemali (intela) kanye nokungagunyazi izikhulu zikahulumeni.

ISigele sinezigebengu eziyikhulu, ezimbili ezivela esifundazweni ngasinye, ziphethe amagama anezinhlokwana ezithatha iminyaka eyisithupha ukuze cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele ziphinde zikhethwe njalo eminyakeni emibili. Leligama elide nokuzimisela okukhulu kwakuhloselwe ukwenza iSigele sibe yindikimba ekhubazekayo, evikelekile ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi ngokushesha. ISigele siphethe amandla akhethekile okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, abahluleli, amanxusa) nokuthola izivumelwano zokukholisa izikhulu ezimbili.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho

Inqubo yomthetho iyinhloko yomsebenzi woMkhandlu. Isiphakamiso somthetho omusha, ``impoqo'',' kumele sithathe izinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphambi kokuba kube ngumthetho. Ukuqonda le nqubo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani izinqumo.

Ukusungulwa Nokuvuselelwa

Ilungu ngalinye leKhongolo lingase lifake isikweleti. E House, isikweleti sifakwa “endaweni.” ESigeqeni, isikweleti siqalwa yi-senetary phansi. Uma senziwa, isiphakamiso sinikezwa inani futhi sibhekiselwe ekomitini ephethe indaba yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezokwelapha ungayi eMnyango we House Committee on Energy and Commerce okanye i-Ex Education, Education, i-Lower, i-Al, ne-Pensions Committee.

Isenzo Sekomiti

AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe uyenzeka khona. Ikomiti ingaba nokuqulwa kwecala lapho ochwepheshe, abagcini bezimali, nezikhulu zikahulumeni befaka khona ubufakazi. Ngemva kokulalela, ikomiti ithatha “uhlelo lokuphawula” lapho amalungu ehlongoza futhi evota olimini lwemali. Uma ikomiti ivumela lomthetho wemali, kubikwa egunjini eligcwele ngombiko obhaliwe ochaza iziphakamiso zekomiti. Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini; ingxenyana kuphela ephumela phansi.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Kule House, impikiswano ilawulwa kakhulu yiKomiti yeMiyalo, emisa imingcele yesikhathi futhi enquma ukuthi yikuphi ukulungisa okungase kucatshangelwe. USpeaker wesimiso se House uhlela umsebenzi waphansi. ESigeqeni, impikiswano ivame ukuba sobala, futhi ababambi be-senator bangalinganisela amahora angeziwe. Ngemva kwengxoxo, ivoti enkulu yokuvimbela noma ukuvota ngokukhuluma isikhathi eside. I-Dibosbuster ingaphela ngokukhuphula [[FL: 0] ngokufaka isikhala , okudinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze kuvinjelwe impikiswano ngamahora angu-30 angeziwe. Ngemva kwalokho, ivoti elula (51 eGenear, 218) iyadingeka ukudlulisa izimephulo, ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezithile zezivumelwano noma zezivumelwano ezifana ne-uniglobalthma.

IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izimvume ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela ("iqoqwe yamalungu asemagumbini]) ihlangene ukuze ivumelane nalokhu kungafani. Umbiko wengqungquthela kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi afanayo ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma womabili amagumbi edlulisa umthetho ofanayo, uthunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli angasayina umthetho, awufake (uwubuyisela eSixukwini ngempi), noma awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (amaSonto adlule). UKhongolo lungakhipha i-veto ngevoti eyisithathu kuzo zombili izingxenye zomkhandlu.

Indlela Izinqumo Ezenziwa Ngayo

Ukwenza izinqumo eSivumelwaneni kuthonywa izici eziningi: ukuhola kweqembu, izakhiwo zamakomiti, abagqugquzeli bezindaba, izithakazelo ezihlangene, nemithetho ehleliwe. Ukuqamba akuvamile ukuba indaba kanembeza womuntu ngamunye; kuwumphumela wengxoxo, ukuyekethisa, nokuyala kweqembu.

Ukuhola Nezimbotshana Zeqembu

Iqembu ngalinye elikhetha abaholi abamisa uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho nesiyalo seqembu eliphoqelelwe. Endlini, uSikhulumi seNdlu [ ungumuntu onamandla kakhulu, olawula izimiso zaphansi, izabelo zamakomiti, nekhalenda lemithetho. Abaholi abaningi nabambalwa kuwo womabili amakamu balawula icebo eliphansi. Abaholi banomthwalo wokubala amavoti nokunxusa amalungu ukuba avote emigqeni yeqembu, ikakhulukazi ezikwelenzweni zemithetho ephezulu.

Amandla Amakomiti Nesihlalo

Izihlalo zamakomiti, ngokuvamile ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke, zinethonya elikhulu. Banquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithola ukulalelwa, lokho ofakazi ababizwa ngakho, nokuthi zihamba kanjani. Ukuba unyundeli kwakusetshenziswa njengekuphela kwezindawo ezilawula imikhumbi kasihlalo, kodwa manje izintambo zeqembu ngokuvamile zivota ezihlalweni, futhi imingcele yesikhathi esithile iye yaveliswa kwamanye amakomiti. Izikhulu zifeza indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi eNdlu, lapho zisingatha khona izindaba ezikhethekile.

Imisebenzi Yokusakaza

UKhongolo lusebenzisa izinhlobo eziningana zamavoti. Amavoti ezwi ashesha futhi asetshenziselwa izinyathelo ezingekho ngokomthetho. Amavoti amavoti ahlukene acela amalungu ukuba ame. Ivoti erekhodiwe ingathatha uhlobo locingo olungenazingcingo eSigeqeni noma ekuvoteleni kwemishini esendlini. Amavoti aqoshiwe abalulekile ukuze aphendule; abameleli bangabona ukuthi abameleli babo bavote kunoma isiphi isimemezelo. ISishaya-Nkakhulu futhi isebenzisa izivumelwano zemvume eqenjini lenqubo yezimiso, okungadingeki kuphikiswa yinoma yimuphi umsizi we-senetamfene.

Indima Yobunye Beqembu

Ubunye beqembu buye banda kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Emthethoni omkhulu, amalungu amaningi avota neningi leqembu lawo. Nokho, imifelandawonye ephambanayo isakha izimpikiswano ezinjengohwebo, inkululeko yomphakathi, noma isisekelo sesisekelo. Isidingo sokuvikela amavoti angu-60 eSigeqeni ukuze kuphulwe amabutho alwa nezikweletu eziningi, ngoba iningi leqembu alivamile ukuphatha iningi le-nfinbuster.

Olunye Usizo nemisebenzi

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, uMkhandlu uqondisa futhi uhlela izinto eziwumsebenzi kahulumeni.

Inqubo Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

UKhomishane ulawula isikhwama semali samandla kahulumeni ngokusebenzisa lesi sikhwama. Le nqubo iqala ngesiphakamiso sohlelo lwemali kaMongameli ngoFebruary, kodwa iSishaya-mthetho saso sohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali, ipulani ehlela izisulu zokusetshenziswa kwemali nemali ngonyaka ozayo. I House ne-Gate Ballat Committee ihlela isinqumo, okumelwe sidluliswe ngawo womabili amakamu (kodwa asayinwe nguMongameli). Ngokulandelayo, ama-athoricria angaphansi angu-12 egumbini ngalinye aveza izindleko ezikhokhwa zezinhlangano ezithile ezizonyaka ozayo. Uma lezo zingazange zimiswe ngesiqalo sonyaka we-fiscal (Otober 1), uKhomishane kumelwe kudlule isinqumo esiqhubekayo sokugcina izimali zikahulumeni, noma ukuvingqwalasha.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

Congress uqondisa igatsha eliphethe ikomiti equlwayo ngekomiti, ukuhlola, nezicelo zamaphepha. Ihhovisi le-Government Accounting (GAO) ne Congational Bacture Office (CBO) inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho. Ukuzwa okungaphezulu kungathonya ukuziphatha kwenhlangano nombono womphakathi. I-I-FLTPlatement iyithuluzi lokugcina: i-partment yokwambula (ivoti enkulu), futhi i-Sishaya-mthetho siphethe ukukhipha isikhulu (i-9-9 zezikhulu).

Iseluleko Nokuvumelana

Indima yeSigele ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli kanye nezivumelwano zokugunyazwa kuyi-secondation i-chesters egunyeni. Ukuthunyelwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, izinkantolo zikahulumeni, nezikhundla zekhabethe kubhekiselwa eKomitini yeSigele yeSishaya-mthetho noma ikomiti efanelekile, ephethe ukuqulwa kwecala bese itusa umnyunyana eSigeqeni esigcwele. Abaningi baqinisekisa abameleli abaningi, nakuba abanye befuna ukuba kube khona ukuvelela okukhulu ngaphansi kwalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “inguquko yenuzi” eyenziwa ngo-2013 no-201717, ukuqeda zonke izinguquko ze-filipsss ngaphandle komthetho oweNkakhulu ngaphambi kuka-20171717.

Izivumelwano

Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zidinga amavoti amabili-sithathu eSigele ukuze kuthathwe impoqo. Abaholi basebenzisa kakhulu izivumelwano zokuphatha esikhundleni, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSigele kodwa ezingabophi abaqondisi abaphethe esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kushintsha kunciphise indima yeSigele esimisweni sangaphandle kodwa akuliqedi igunya laso lokwengamela.

Izindlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngazo

Ukuqonda indlela iziNkathi Ezisebenza Ngayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

  • Hlangana nabameleli bakho. Ukushaya ucingo, ukubhala, noma uku-imeyili yehhovisi lendawo lelungu lendlu yakho noma le-senator kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu yokuveza ukuma kwakho esibhakabhakeni. Izincwadi ezihambelanayo, futhi kumavoti aseduze, izingcingo eziningi zingakhomba isinqumo.
  • Imihlangano yehholo yedolobha ehlangene nezindaba zomphakathi. Amalungu amaningi aba namahholo edolobha ezifundeni zawo phakathi nekhefu. Ukuya kukuvumela ukuba ubuze imibuzo ngokoqobo futhi uzwe. Ukuqulwa kwamakomiti nakho kuvulekele umphakathi; ungawabukela ehlala eSifundeni.
  • Izindaba ezilandela ukuhlelwa kwengqungquthela nokulandelelwa kwemithetho. Sebenzisa .Gov ukuze ubone umbhalo ogcwele wemali, imibiko yamakomiti, nemibhalo yokuvota. Ama-website afana ne-GovTrack. u-Publica’s Immele inikeza incazelo engathathiwe ngxenye nezingqhinga.
  • Ukhetho lwe-Congregational luyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Ukhetho lwe-Midterm (phakathi kokhetho lukamongameli) luvame ukubona u-cription ophansi, nokho banquma ukulawula i-Congress futhi kanjalo uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho. Hlola imikhawulo yokuvota nezidingo ku-USA.gov.
  • Amaqembu afuna ukubhalisa noma imikhankaso. Izinhlangano zagxila ezindabeni ezithile (izehlakalo, indawo ezungezile, amalungelo omphakathi) ziqondisa iSishaya-mthetho futhi zixhumanise imizamo yotshani. Ukuvolontiya nalamaqembu kuqinisa izwi lakho futhi kunikeze ulwazi ngaphakathi lomthetho osele.
  • [ Ihlolwa emacaleni noma inikeze ukukhulumela komphakathi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukwamukela ukukhulumela komphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo esuka emithethweni ye-communi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi amakomiti amema izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zifakazele emacaleni asensimini; ungacela ukukhuluma ngehhovisi lommeleli wakho noma ngewebhusayithi yekomiti.

Izinselele Nezimo Zamuva Ekwenzeni Isinqumo Senhlangano

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho ihlelwe kanjani futhi kuhloselwe ukumisa imingcele.

I - partisan Polaryation

Amaqembu amabili amakhulu aye ahluka kakhulu ngokwemibono ehlangene ngaphakathi nangokwezinqumo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imingcele kunciphisa inani lamalungu alinganiselayo angakha iziphambano ezixhumene. Ngenxa yalokho, umthetho omkhulu udluliswa njalo emigqeni yeqembu (umz., i-Affordcable Care Act, inguquko yentela) kunokuba kuvumelane ngokubanzi. filibuster [[ eSigeqenjinini seNgqungqutheleni sivame ukusetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni izikwele zemali eziningi ezisekelayo, kuholele ekukhungathekeni nasekubizeni inguquko.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe “Reconsiation”

Inqubo yokubuyisana kwemali yenza ukuba izikweleti ezithile ezihlobene nemali zidlulise izikweleti ezihambelanayo eSigeqeni neningi, zidlula i-banster. Ukubuyisana kuye kwasetshenziselwa ushintsho olubalulekile lwenqubo, njengo 201717 Trust Cuts ne Jobs Act no 20222 I-Inflatection Reduction Act. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubuyisana kululaza isimo esiwe-gede, kuyilapho abasekeli bethi kuyindlela kuphela yokudlulisa umthetho we-Rocet eqenjini elihlukene.

Ukusetshenziswa Okwandayo Kwezimiso Eziqondisayo

Uma i-Congress inqanyulwa, amongameli bavame ukuthembela eziqondisweni eziphetheyo nasekumisweni kwezinhlangano ukuze kufinyelelwe izinhloso zenqubo. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kwesinqumo esithathwa uMkhandlu, kodwa lezi zenzo zingashintshwa umongameli olandelayo noma zibekelwe inselele enkantolo. Ukuqonda ukuhlobana phakathi kwezenzo zomthetho nezokuphatha kubalulekile ekuhloleni imiphumela yezombangazwe.

Indima Yokuphanga Imali

Iminikelo yezimali nezindleko zokugunyaza izimali zezezimali zinethonya elikhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo zomhlangano. Nakuba ukufumbathisa okuqondile kungekho emthethweni, amalungu athonywa yizigebengu, amaKomiti ePolitical Action (ama-PAC), namaqembu enzalo avunyelelwe kahle. I-Displasurence Act ifuna ababheki ukuba babhalise futhi babike imisebenzi yabo, kodwa izikhala. Izakhamuzi zingacwaninga iminikelo ezindaweni ezinjenge-Opensecrets.org ukuze zibone ukuthi izimboni namaqembu asekela abameleli bazo.

Isiphetho

ISishaya-mthetho siyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi elinganisela ukumelelwa, ukwenza umthetho, ukuphatha, nokuhlelwa kwemali. Isakhiwo sayo sinezitemu ezimbili ezineziphakamiso ezihlukene nezindawo ezihlukene.("inqubo yokubekwa komthetho"iklanyelwe ukunciphisa umthetho futhi ikhuthaze ukuhlehliswa. Inqubo yokubekwa komthetho ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi lapho izindleko zingacwengisiwa, zinqanyulwe, zinqotshwe, noma zinqotshwe. Izinqumo zithonywa abaholi beqembu, izihlalo zamakomiti, nesidingo sokuvota. Izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokungenela, kusukela ekuxhumaneni nabameleli bazo ukuze bahlanganyele ekuzweni nasekukhetheni. Nakuba izinselele zanamuhla ezifana nokubekwa kwemali ezombangazwe zibangela ukuba lukhuni isimiso, isisekelo sokhetho esisemthethweni sobuphathiswa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola imithombo engokomthetho enjenge Ikhonthi.gov ne[FLT] .gov. Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Congress Congregational Research (CRS) inikeza imibiko engeyona yemithetho ekhona nge-CRP [FLT]CRSS Refects.conv.