Table of Contents

Amalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo esingokomthetho kuyisisekelo somphakathi onobulungisa nobulungisa, kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unamathuba alinganayo nokuphathwa kungakhathaliseki isizinda sakhe, ukuthi ungubani, noma izimo. Lamalungelo ayisisekelo avikela abantu ekucwaseni futhi anikeze izinqubo zokufuna ubulungisa lapho lawomalungelo ephulwa. Ukuqonda amalungelo omphakathi kanye nezisekelo ezingokomthetho eziwasekelayo kunika abantu amandla okuqaphela ukuthi isivikelo sabo sincishwa nini nokuthi bangazisekela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo bona ngokwabo nemiphakathi yabo.

Ayini Amalungelo Omphakathi?

Amalungelo omphakathi ayisisekelo avikela abantu ekucwaseni nasekuphathweni ngokungafanele okusekelwe ezicini ezithile ezinjengohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, umsuka wesizwe, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izigaba ezivikelwe. Lamalungelo aqinisekiswa ngemithetho, imithetho engokomthetho, nezivumelwano zezizwe zonke eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukulingana futhi aqinisekise ukuthi bonke abantu bayakwazi ukuthola amathuba afanayo nesivikelo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ngaphakathi, amalungelo omphakathi amelela isimiso sokuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe ukuphathwa ngenhlonipho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungubani noma uvelaphi. Ahlanganisa izivikelo eziningi ezithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela lapho abantu bengase basebenze khona futhi baphile ngendlela abathola ngayo imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi.

Amalungelo omphakathi ahlukile enkululeko yomphakathi, nakuba amagama esetshenziswa kakhulu ngokufana. Nakuba inkululeko yomphakathi ibhekisela ezinhlwini eziyisisekelo eziqinisekiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo `njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, neyokuhlangana) (ilungelo lokukhuluma) eliqondene ngokuqondile nokunikeza impatho nesivikelo ekucwaseni. Zombili izizingo zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe uhlelo lwamalungelo nenkululeko yomphakathi ochaza izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Umlando Wamalungelo Omphakathi

Umqondo wamalungelo omphakathi uye wavela kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando. E-United States, uhambo lokuya ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo omphakathi olubanzi luye lwaba lude futhi lunzima kakhulu. Izincwadi ezisungulwayo zezwe ekuqaleni zasusa amaqembu amaningi ekuhlanganyeleni okugcwele emphakathini, noMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ubugqila futhi ulinganisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu abamhlophe.

IMpi Yomphakathi nenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo yaletha izinguquko ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuqedwa kobugqila nokudluliselwa kweSichibiyelo sekhulu leshumi nanye neleshumi nanye neleshumi nanye kuMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kulungisa kwaqeda ubugqila, kwaqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi kwavikela amalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki uhlanga. Nokho, lezi zivikelo zomthetho zenza ukuba kuthonywe uhulumeni owedelela ubugqila nemithetho yendawo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu, lapho imithetho yezinhlanga uJim Crow yamisa khona ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga cishe ngekhulu leminyaka.

Umzabalazo wanamuhla wamalungelo omphakathi weminyaka yawo - 1950 nawo - 1960 waletha ukunakekela okuvuselelwe esidingweni sesivikelo esingokomthetho esiqinile ekulweni nobandlululo.

Imithetho Engokomthetho Yamalungelo Omphakathi Enkulu

Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye eziyinhloko zomthetho kusiza ekucaciseni izinga nezindlela zokuzivikela ezingokomthetho ezitholakalayo kubantu ababhekene nobandlululo.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 iwumthetho ophawulayo wamalungelo omphakathi nowezisebenzi e-United States owenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, nasemsuka wezwe. Inqabela ukusetshenziswa okungalingani kwezimfuneko zokubhalisa, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni nasezindaweni zomphakathi, kanye nokucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Lesisenzo sibhekwa njengesinye sempumelelo evelele kakhulu yezemithetho emlandweni waseMelika.

Lesisenzo, esasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Lyndon Johnson ngoJuly 2, 1964, savimbela ukucwaswa ezindaweni zomphakathi, salungiselela ukuhlanganiswa kwezikole nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi, futhi senza ukuba ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi kube okungekho emthethweni.

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 ihlukaniswa yaba iziqu eziyishumi nanye, ngasinye sikhuluma ngezici ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo nezokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

Isihloko I: Ukusakaza amalungelo

Isihloko Ngikhuluma ngokungagunyazi ukumiswa komvoti ofanele ngokusekelwe ngokohlanga. Ngokukhethekile, isihloko I salungisa amalungiselelo okuvota e-Civil Rights Act ka-1957 ukuze sivale ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso ezihlukahlukene ezifanelekela ukuvota, izindlela ezithile zokubhala nokubhala noma "ukuchaza" ukuhlola izinjongo zokubhalisa, kanye nokungagunyazwa kwabavoti abafaka isicelo esisekelwe emaphuthani angasho lutho ekubhaliseni noma kwenye incwadi yokuvota.

Isihloko II: Indawo yokuhlala yomphakathi

Ingxenye 201 yesihloko II ikhuluma ngokuhlukaniswa nokucwaswa kwezindawo ezihlukene futhi ngokucwaswa kwabaxhasi abasekelwe ohlazweni, ebalazweni, enkolweni, noma ekukhonzeni kwabo ezinhlotsheni ezine zezindawo zamabhizinisi. Isenzo sokuhlukaniswa okungekho emthethweni emabhizinisini njengezindawo zokudlala, izitolo zokudlela, namahhotela. Yayinqabela imisebenzi yokuhlukanisa abantu emsebenzini futhi yaqeda ukuba sendaweni yomphakathi enjengezidleke zokubhukuda, imitapo yezincwadi, nezikole zomphakathi.

Isihloko VI: Izinhlelo Ezikhokhelwayo Ezingondleko

Isihloko VI samiswa njengengxenye yomthetho ka-1964 we-Civil Rights Act. Inqabela ukucwaswa ngesisekelo sohlanga, imibala, nemvelaphi yobuzwe emikhankasweni nasemisebenzini ethola usizo lwezimali zikahulumeni.

Isihloko VII: Ukucwaswa Komsebenzi

Isihloko VII mhlawumbe siyingxenye eyaziwayo kakhulu nevame ukucelwa kakhulu ye-Civil Rights Act ka-1964. Sinqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, nemvelaphi yesizwe. Lesi siqu sisebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu - 15 noma ngaphezulu, kuhlanganise nohulumeni abaphethe, nohulumeni bendawo, kanye nezinhlangano zemisebenzi nezinyunyana zezisebenzi.

Isihloko VII samisa i-Auncili Opportual Opportunity Commission (EOC) yokuhlola izikhalo zobandlululo nokuphoqelela amalungiselelo omthetho. I-EEOC ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezisebenzi nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abaqashi bavumelana nezimfuneko ezimelene nobandlululo.

Isinyathelo Esifanele Sezindlu

Idlula ngo-1968 njengengxenye yoMthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1968, i-Fair Howation Act inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisekelwe ohlalweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, ebuzweni, ekuhlaleni, nasekukhubazekeni. Lo mthetho ukhuluma ngesinye sezici eziyisisekelo zokuphila kwansuku zonke, lapho abantu bengaphila khona ngo-(ne) futhi besebenzela ukulwa nobandlululo lwezindlu.

IFair Honging Act ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zezindlu, kuhlanganise nezindlu, nezindawo zokuhlala. Inqabela imikhuba yobugebengu enjengokunqaba ukuqasha noma ukuthengisela othile ngezindlela ezivikelekile, ukumisa amagama ahlukene noma izimo zokuhlala, ukukhangisa okubonisa ukuthi amaqembu athile ayathandwa, futhi akuvunyelwe ukuthi indawo yokuhlala iyatholakala uma ikhona ngempela.

Abantu BaseMelika Abanomthetho Wokukhubazeka (ADA)

Ngo - 1990, i - ADA ivimbela ubandlululo olubangelwa ukukhubazeka emsebenzini, izinkonzo zomphakathi, izindawo zokulala zomphakathi nokuxhumana.

I - ADA ifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze izisebenzi ezifanelekayo indawo yokuhlala efanelekile ezikhubazekile, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile, futhi kuyala ukuba abantu abakhubazekile bafinyelele izindawo zomphakathi, okuholela ezinguqukweni ezisakazekile zokwakha, izimiso zokuhamba, nezindlela zokuxhumana.

Lo mthetho uchaza ukukhubazeka ngokuthi kuhlanganisa ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo okulinganisela kakhulu inqubo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ebalulekile yokuphila.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

IVoing Rights Act ka - 1965 yamiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe amalungelo okuvota aqinisekiswe iziNguquko ze - 14 ne - 15 kuMthetho - sisekelo. Lomthetho ophawula izenzakalo zakudala wawukhuluma ngokulahla okuhleliwe kwabavoti baseMelika, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseNingizimu, ngemikhuba yokukhipha ubugebengu enjengokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, kanye neminye imigoqo yokubhalisa nokuhlanganyela.

Lo Mthetho wawuhlanganisa amalungiselelo akhethekile ayedinga imibuso ethile ewumlando wobandlululo ukuze ithole imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota noma izinqubo. Nakuba amanye alamalungiselelo eye ashintshwa noma apheliswa ngezinqumo zenkantolo ezalandela, iVoting Rights Act iseyithuluzi elibucayi lokuvikela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvota.

Izinhlobo Zokuzivikela Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuqonda izigaba ezihlukahlukene zesivikelo kusiza abantu ukuba baqaphele ukuthi amalungelo abo angase ephulwe nini nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi angokomthetho angase atholakale.

Isivikelo Ekukhetheni

Umthetho kaFederal wenqabela ukubandlululwa ngenxa yezinhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganise ukukhulelwa, ukukhuliswa ngokobulili, ubulili), imvelaphi yobuzwe, iminyaka yobudala (40 nangaphezulu), ukukhubazeka nokwaziswa okuphathelene nezakhi zofuzo.

Lezi sivikelo zisebenza ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi, izindlu, imfundo, ukuthenga ngesikweleti, nokuthola izindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nokuzilawula. Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ivikela lelilungelo ngokunqabela ubandlululo ekubhalisweni kwamavoti, ezinqunyweni, nasekuqondiseni amavoti. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zingahlanganyela enqubeni yokuvota ngaphandle kokubhekana nemingcele noma ukwesatshiswa okusekelwe ohlazweni lwazo, ibala, noma amalungu eqenjini elimbalwa lolimi.

Ukunikeza isivikelo samalungelo kudingida futhi izimfuneko zovota, ukuhlola ukutholakala, usizo lolimi lwabavoti abakwaziyo ukuhlukanisa isiNgisi, kanye nokudwetshwa kwemingcele yesifunda esinemingcele ye-vota. Lokhu kuvikela kusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuvota ilungile, iyafinyeleleka, futhi ayinakubandlululwa.

Ukufinyelela Imfundo Elinganayo

Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi iqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamathuba emfundo alinganayo kuwo wonke amazinga, kusukela esikoleni sabaqalayo kuya esikoleni esiphakeme. Lezivikelo zivimbela ubandlululo ezivumelwaneni, ezingokwezimali, ezifundweni zemfundo, nasezinkonzweni zabafundi ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, nokukhubazeka.

Isihloko esithi IX seZichibiyelo Zemfundo zango - 1972 sinqabela ngokuqondile ukucwaswa kobulili ezimisweni zemfundo nasemisebenzini ethola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni. lomthetho uye waba usizo ekwandiseni amathuba emfundo kwabesifazane namantombazane, ikakhulukazi emidlalweni yezemidlalo, futhi uvikela abafundi ekuhlukunyezweni nasekuhlaseleni ngokobulili.

Abantu abakhubazekile abanoMthetho wezemfundo (IDEA) baqinisekisa ukuthi izingane ezikhubazekile zithola imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile mahhala endaweni elinganiselwe. Lo mthetho udinga ukuba izikole zithuthukise izinhlelo zemfundo (IEP) kubafundi abakhubazekile futhi banikeze izindawo zokulala nezinkonzo ezidingekayo.

Amalungelo Omsebenzi

Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zinamathuba alinganayo ekuqasheni, ekukhushuleni, ekukhokheleni, nasekutholeni izinxephezelo, nezinye izimo zemisebenzi. Lezisivikelo zihlanganisa izikhangiso zemisebenzi, izinqubo zokufaka isicelo, izingxoxo, ukuqasha, amathuba okuqeqesha, ukuhlola umsebenzi, izenzo, nokuqeda.

Abaqashi benqatshelwe ukwenza izinqumo zemisebenzi ezisekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe futhi kumelwe banikeze izisebenzi izindawo zokulala ezifanele ezenzweni ezingokwenkolo nezikhubazekile, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile. Izisebenzi zivikelekile futhi ekuphindiseleni imikhuba yokuphikisa ubandlululo noma ukuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni noma ekuhlolweni kobandlululo.

Amalungelo Ezindlu

Imithetho yezindlu elungile ivikela abantu ekucwaseni kuzo zonke izici zezindlu, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukuthenga, ukuthola imali, nokufuna usizo lwezindlu. Lesivikelo siyasebenza kumninindawo, kubaphathi bempahla, abanikazi bezindawo, ababolekisi, izinkampani zabaninikhaya, nezinye izinhlangano ezihilelekile ekuhwebeni ngendawo yokuhlala.

Ubandlululo lwezindlu lungahlukahluka ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekwenqabeni ngokuqondile ukuqasha noma ukuthengisela imikhuba efihlekile enjengokuqondisa abazoba abathengi noma abaqashi ezindaweni ezithile ezisekelwe ohlalweni lwabo noma enkabeni yesizwe, noma ukuphoqelela amagama ahlukile noma izimo ezimweni zokuhwebelana ngezindlu zamaqembu ahlukahlukene.

Ukufinyelela Ezindaweni Zomphakathi

Imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi iqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezindawo zomphakathi zokulala, ezihlanganisa amabhizinisi nezindawo zomphakathi, njengezindawo zokudlela, amahhotela, izitolo, izitolo, amabhange, izindawo zokunakekela impilo, nezindawo zokuzilibazisa. Lezi zindawo azinakulahla inkonzo, ukunikeza inkonzo ephansi, noma ukubeka izimo ezihlukile ezisekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe.

Amalungiselelo ezindawo zomphakathi ze-ADA afuna ukuba amabhizinisi asuse izithiyo zokwakha lapho zikwazi ukutholakala kalula khona futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo, imikhuba, nezindlela zawo azibakhethi abantu abakhubazekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza usizo olusizayo nezinkonzo zokuqinisekisa ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo nabantu abezwayo, abanokubona, noma abangakwazi ukukhuluma.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemishini Nezindlela Zokwelapha Ezingokomthetho

Ukuqonda indlela lemithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi atholakalayo kuyabasiza abantu ukuba bavikele amalungelo abo futhi bafune ubulungisa lapho kuba nobandlululo.

Izinhlangano Eziphoqelela Uhulumeni

I - Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice, eyasungulwa ngo - 1957 ngokumiswa kwe - Civil Rights Act ka - 1957, isebenzela ukusekela amalungelo abo bonke abantu e - United States, ikakhulukazi amanye amalungu asengozini kakhulu emphakathini wethu. I - Division iphenya izikhalo, ukumangalelwa kwezindaba, nokusebenza ukuze iqinisekise ukuvumelana nemithetho yomphakathi ezindaweni eziningi.

I-Aumeter Opportunity Commission (EOC) imisa imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi. I-EEOC ihlola ukumangalelwa kobandlululo, imizamo yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokukhipha izikhawu nangokuzivumelanisa, kanye nokumangalela emacaleni uma kudingekile ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ezisebenzi.

I-Derrement of Home and Urban Development (UUD) iphoqelela ukuba kufakwe i-Fair House Act futhi iphenye izikhalazo zokucwaswa kwezindlu. i-Hud ingaqala ukuhlola, izame ukuxazulula izikhalo ngokuphambanisa, futhi ibhekise amacala kuMnyango wobulungisa ekukhokheleni.

I-Divince of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) imisa imithetho engokomthetho yezemfundo, ehlanganisa i-Sihloko VI, i-Title IX, ne-CR ka-504 yoMthetho wokubuyisa izikhalo. I-OCR ihlola izikhalo, ukubukeza ukuthobela iziqondiso, futhi inikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe ezikhungweni zemfundo.

Ukukhononda Ngamalungelo Omphakathi

Abantu abakholelwa ukuthi amalungelo abo omphakathi aphulwe bangakhononda ngokulandelana nenhlangano kahulumeni efanele. Le nqubo ihilela ukuveza isikhalo esilotshiwe esichaza ukuziphatha kobandlululo, sichaze amacala ahilelekile, futhi sichaze indlela lowo okhonondayo alimala ngayo.

Izikhalazo eziningi zamalungelo ezakhamuzi kumelwe zibekwe phakathi nemingcele yesikhathi esithile, ehlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lobandlululo nomthetho osebenzayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngokuvamile kumelwe kubekwe e-EEOC phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 180 zesenzo sokukhipha ubandlululo, nakuba lolu suku ludlulela ezinsukwini ezingu - 300 ezisezindaweni ezinezinhlangano ezimelene nobandlululo.

Uma le nhlangano ithola isizathu esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo lwenzekile, iyozama ukuxazulula lendaba ngokuvuma, ngokuvuma, ngokuvumelana, noma ngokukhipha isikhalazo.

Ilungelo Lezenzo Langasese

Imithetho eminingi yamalungelo abantu ivumela abantu ukuba bafake amacala enkantolo kahulumeni ukuze baqikelele amalungelo abo, esikhundleni sokukhipha izikhalo zokuphatha. Lelilungelo lezenzo lembula amandla abantu ukuba bafune amakhambi ngokuqondile ezinkantolo lapho becwaswa.

Ezimweni zokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, abantu kumelwe bafake icala nge-EEOC ngaphambi kokufaka icala. Ngemva kokuphenya i-EEOC noma ngemva kwesikhathi esithile selidlulile, inxusa lizokhipha incwadi "enelungelo lokuqulisa" evumela umuntu ukuba aqhubeke nokumangalela enkantolo kahulumeni.

Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi kungafuna amakhambi ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezingozi zokukhokha ngokufa kwezomnotho nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, isijeziso sokujezisa ukuziphatha okungafanele, ukukhulula ukunqanda ukucwasana okuqhubekayo, izindleko zommeli nezindleko. Amakhambi akhethekile axhomeke emthethweni osebenzayo nohlobo lokwephulwa.

Izenzo zesigaba kanye nenhlendla yomahluleli

Lapho ubandlululo luthinta abantu abaningi, ukumangalelwa ngeziqu zamacala ezigaba kwenza amaqembu abantu ahlangane ukuze afune usizo.

UMnyango wobulungisa ungaletha futhi "isibonelo noma inqubo" izenzakalo lapho iveza ubufakazi bokucwaswa okusakazekile noma okuhlelekile umqashi, umgcini wezindlu, noma enye inhlangano. Lamacala afuna ukubhekisa ezimisweni nasemikhubeni ethinta wonke amaqembu abantu, kunokuba abonise izenzakalo ezihilela izisulu ngazinye.

Izinselele Zamalungelo Omphakathi Esikhathi Esidlule

Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omphakathi nokuvikelwa ngokomthetho, kusenezinselele eziningi.Ukuqonda lezi zindaba zanamuhla kusiza ekubekeni izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo abantu nesidingo sokuqhubeka siqaphile ekuvikeleni le nkululeko eyisisekelo.

Ukugunyaza Amalungelo Nokutholakala Kwamalungelo

Iminyaka yamuva kuye kwaba nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngezimfuneko ze-ID yomvoti, izinkathi zokuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota ngeposi, izinqubo zokuvota zokubhalisa, nokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuvota abantu abanezinkolelo zobugebengu.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi eminye imingcele yokuvota ithinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yedlanzana, abavoti asebekhulile, abafundi, nabantu abakhubazekile, badala imingcele ephumelelayo yokuthatha iqhaza. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo ezithile zidingekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondeka kokhetho futhi kuvinjelwe ukukhwabanisa. Lenkulumo - mpikiswano iyaqhubeka iveza ukubekwa kwamalungelo okuvota kanye nomthetho kokubili ezingeni likahulumeni nesombuso.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi se-LGBTQ+ abantu baye bakhula kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, nakuba kusenezikhala nezinselele. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2020 eBostock v. Clayton County sacacisa ukuthi umthetho ka-Sihloko VII owenqabela ukucwasa ngokobulili uhlanganisa ukucwasa okusekelwe ekufuneni ubulili kanye nasekuzibonakaliseni kwabesilisa, ukunikeza izikhungo ezibalulekile zemisebenzi ye-LGBTQ+ izisebenzi.

Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngomkhakha wesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi kwezinye izindawo, kuhlanganise nezindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, nokungadingi nkululeko engokwenkolo.

Amalungelo Okuwohloka Nokutholakala Kwawo

Naphezu kwesivikelo esibanzi se-ADA, abantu abakhubazekile bayaqhubeka bebhekene nezithiyo zokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini. Izihloko ezinjengewebhusayithi yokuthola imvume, izinto zokuhamba ezifinyelelekayo, ukucwasana ngemisebenzi, nokuthola izinkonzo zosizo lwempilo kusenezinselele eziqhubekayo.

Umqedazwe we - COVOVAD-19 waqokomisa kokubili ukukhubazeka kwabantu abakhubazekile kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe lokwandisa ukutholakala. Umsebenzi okude, i - telehealth nemfundo ye - Internet kwabonisa ukuthi izindawo eziningi zokulala ngaphambili ezazibhekwa njengeziwumthwalo noma ezingasizi ngalutho zingasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo uma kudingeka.

Ukwahlulela Kobugebengu Nezenzo Zobuphostoli

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nokwahlulela kobugebengu kuye kwathola ukunakwa okwengeziwe eminyakeni yamuva, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokungalingani kwezinhlanga embusweni wamaphoyisa, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokuboshwa. Ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwempoqo, ukuthundeza izinhlanga, nokungalingani esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu kuye kwabangela ukudingidwa kwenguquko nokulandisa okukhulu.

Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi inikeza isivikelo esithile kulendawo, kuhlanganise nemithetho evimbela ukuvinjelwa kwemikhuba yamaphoyisa engekho emthethweni kanye nekhono lokufuna amakhambi okunqanda ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukufuduka Nokucwaswa Kwesizwe

Nakuba imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu ivikela abantu ekucwaseni abantu ngenxa yesizwe sabo, ngezinye izikhathi imisebenzi yokuphoqelela ukufuduka ingabangela ukuba abantu ababhekwa njengabazalwa kwamanye amazwe baphathwe ngobandlululo noma baphathwe kabi.

Ukulinganisela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abo kudinga ukuqashelwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imisebenzi yokuphoqelelwa ayizephuli amalungelo abantu angokomthetho noma ibangele ukuba abantu babe nobandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ezinhlangani noma enkabeni yesizwe.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ezakhamuzi Nesendawo

Nakuba imithetho kahulumeni elwela amalungelo abantu inikeza isivikelo esiyisisekelo, amazwe amaningi nezindawo kuye kwamisa imithetho yawo siqu yamalungelo abantu enikeza isivikelo esengeziwe noma izindawo ezisembozweni ezingabhekiswe emthethweni kahulumeni.

Amakilasi Akhuselwe Awenziwe Avikelekile

Imithetho kahulumeni neyomphakathi ivame ukuvikela ezinye izici ngaphandle kwalezo ezihlanganiswa umthetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi anqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ekubukekeni kobulili, ubulili, isikhundla somshado, noma ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe. Amanye amagunya avikela futhi ekucwaseni okusekelwe emthonjeni weholo, okungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukucwa kwabantu abasebenzisa izingqwembe zezindlu.

Izincwadi Ezibanzi

Imithetho kahulumeni ingasebenza kubaqashi abancane noma amabhizinisi kunemithetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba i-Title VII isebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu-15 noma ngaphezulu, eminye imithetho kahulumeni imboza abaqashi abambalwa njengezisebenzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okubanzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi eziningi zivikelekile ekucwaseni.

Imithi Efakiwe

Eminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu yamazwe inikeza amakhambi angekho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, njengesijeziso esingenamkhawulo, noma imithetho ehlukene yokulinganiselwa enikeza abakhononda isikhathi esengeziwe sokubhala izikhangiso. La makhambi athuthukisiwe anganikeza izisusa ezinamandla zokulalela nokukhokhela izisulu ezicwathile.

Ukusebenza Kwamalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi eUnited States siphakathi kwesimiso sezizwe zonke samalungelo abantu. Izivumelwano nezimemezelo zezizwe zonke, njengeSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu neSivumelwano sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nawokulwela Izombangazwe, ziveza amalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo bonke abantu okufanele bawajabulele.

Nakuba umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ungawakhi ngokuqondile amalungelo agunyaziwe ezinkantolo zaseU.S., uthonya ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zamalungelo omphakathi futhi unikeza uhlelo lokuhlaziya isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi. Izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zingazisa nemizamo yokulwela amalungelo abantu futhi zinikeze izimemezelo zokuhlola intuthuko ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho Omphakathi

Ukuqonda amalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo esingokomthetho kubalulekile, kodwa ukwazi indlela yokuwasebenzisa nokuwavikela kubaluleke ngokufanayo.Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo abantu abangazenza ukuze balondoloze amalungelo abo omphakathi futhi basabele ekuphulweni okungase kwenzeke.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho ezakhamuzi ukuqonda ukuthi unawo yini amalungelo. Zijwayeze nemithetho kahulumeni, kahulumeni neyamalungelo abantu esebenza esimweni sakho. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zinikeza imithombo yemfundo, amaphepha eqiniso, neziqondiso ezichaza isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngolimi olutholakalayo.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kukusiza ukuba uqaphele ukuthi ubandlululo luyokwenzeka nini futhi kukunika amandla okuthatha isinyathelo esifanele, futhi kukusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezinengqondo ngomsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, imfundo nezinye izici ezibalulekile ekuphileni.

Bhala Yonke Into

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uke wacwaswa, bhala phansi okwenzeka, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, izikhathi, izindawo, namagama abantu abahilelekile noma ababone lesi senzakalo.

Izincwadi ezibhalwe ngokuningiliziwe zibalulekile ekufakeni izikhalo noma emacaleni. Zisiza abaphenyi nabameli ukuba baqonde ukuthi kwenzekani futhi zinikeze ubufakazi bokusekela lokho okushoyo. Uma ubhala imininingwane eminingi futhi ubhala ngesikhathi esisodwa, icala lakho liyoba namandla kakhulu.

Bukeza Ngokushesha Ubuhlanga

Imithetho eminingi yamalungelo abantu inezikhawu eziqinile zokuququzelela izikhalo noma ukumangalelwa. Uma ucwaswa, kwenzela inxusa elifanele ngokushesha. Ungalindi kuze kube yilapho isikhathi sisondela, njengoba ukuqoqa ubufakazi nokulungisa isikhalo kuthatha isikhathi.

Abaqashi abaningi, izikole, nezinye izinhlangano zinezimiso ezingaphakathi zokukhononda ngokusingatha ubandlululo.

Funa Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi ungayinkimbinkimbi, futhi inkambo engcono kakhulu ixhomeke ezimweni ezithile zesimo sakho.

Izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo abantu zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile noma oluphansi kubantu ababhekene nobandlululo. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, imitholampilo yesikole, nezinhlelo zeprobo zingakwazi futhi ukusiza. Eminye imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ivumela abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhombayo ukuba baphinde bathole izindleko zommeli, okungenza kube lula ukuthola izimpawu ezingokomthetho.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nezinhlangano Zezemvume

Lezi zinhlangano zinganikeza ukwaziswa, ukusekela nengcebo kubantu ababhekene nobandlululo, futhi zingakwazi ukukuhlanganisa ngosizo olungokomthetho, zikusize ukuba ulawule inqubo yokukhononda noma ukukumelela.

Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi zisiza futhi ezingxabanweni zesimiso sokulawula, ngokukhipha imvume yezomthetho, nangemfundo yomphakathi.

Indima Yabasekeli

Ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi akuwona nje umthwalo wemfanelo walabo abacwaswayo, kodwa izihlobo nabasekeli bale mibuso banendima ebalulekile ekwenzeni umphakathi onobulungisa nokulingana ngokusekela isivikelo samalungelo abantu nangokumelene nobandlululo.

Ukuqaphela Nokucwasa Okuyinselele

Lokhu kungase kuhilele ukuveza izinkolelo zakho lapho ubona izenzo zobugebengu, ubika ukwephulwa kweziphathimandla ezifanele, noma usekela osebenza nabo, abangane noma amalungu omphakathi acwaswayo.

Ukubandlulula okuyinselele kudinga isibindi nokuzimisela ukuba nezingxoxo ezinzima, kodwa lokhu kungenela kungaba nomehluko omkhulu ekwenzeni izindawo lapho wonke umuntu ephathwa ngenhlonipho.

Ukusekela Imikhuba Nemikhuba Ehlanganisa Abefundisi

Abasekeli bangasebenzela ezinhlanganweni nasemiphakathini yabo ukuthuthukisa izimiso nemikhuba ethuthukisa amalungelo abantu futhi ivimbele ukucwaswa, lokhu kungahlanganisa ukusekela ukuhlukahlukahluka nokuthatha izinyathelo zokusekela, ukukhuthaza izindawo ezitholakalayo nezinkonzo, noma ukulwela ukuqeda izimiso nemikhuba yokukhipha ubandlululo.

Ukwakha izindawo ezihlanganisa abantu kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo nokunakwa. Akuhileli ukugwema ubandlululo kuphela kodwa ukuzikhandla ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unamathuba alinganayo nokuthola imithombo yemali.

Ukufundisa Abanye

Imfundo iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu, futhi izinhlangano ezingasiza ngokuzifundisa bona nabanye ngezindaba eziphathelene namalungelo abantu, umlando wobandlululo nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibhekene nemiphakathi ehlulwayo.

Lemfundo kufanele iqhubeke futhi ihlanganise ukulalela nokufunda kubantu abanokuhlangenwe nakho kobandlululo. Kufanele futhi ihlanganise ukuhlola ubandlululo lwalowomuntu namalungelo akhe nokusebenza ekukhulumeni nabo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kunemithombo eminingi yabantu abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omphakathi nangezokuvikela okungokomthetho.

Imithombo Kahulumeni

I-U.S. Department of Civil Rights Division inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngemithetho kazwelonke yenkululeko nendlela yokubhala izikhalo. Iwebhusayithi yabo ihlanganisa amaphepha ayiqiniso, izincwadi eziqondisayo, nokwaziswa okuphathelene nemisebenzi yokugcinwa kwamandla eqikelelwa eqhubekayo. Hamba ngemithombo yabo ehttps [//wwwwww.g.gov/crt.

I-Aumence Opportunity Commission inikeza ukwaziswa ngemithetho yokucwasa ngomsebenzi, inqubo yokukhononda, namalungelo ezisebenzi. Iwebhusayithi yabo ihlanganisa izinto zemfundo zomsebenzi zodwa zabaqashwa.

I - Commission on Civil Rights yase - United States iyinhlangano ezimele, ezimele, efaka imibiko ngezindaba zamalungelo abantu.

Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Izinhlangano ezinjenge - American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), NACP Legal Defense Fund, I - American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF), i - Asian Amelika Department Justice, iLambda Esemthethweni, ne - Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund zisebenza ukuze zivikele futhi zithuthukise amalungelo omphakathi nge - litigation, ukulwa kwezemfundo.

Lezinhlangano zivame ukunikeza abantu ababhekene nobandlululo, kuhlanganise nabaqondisi abakwaziyo ukukunikeza usizo olungokomthetho, nezinkonzo zokusekela. Zisebenza futhi ezingxabanweni zezimiso ngemiphumela yempi kanye nesimiso sokulawula.

Imicebo Yemfundo

I - Library of Congress, National Archives, neminyuziyamu ehlukahlukene nezingosi ezingokomlando zinikeza izinto ezikhuluma ngomlando wezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu nokusungulwa komthetho wenkululeko.

Lezi zincwadi zingasiza abantu ukuba baqonde futhi bathuthukise amakhono abo okuvikela amalungelo abantu futhi bathuthukise amalungelo abo.

Ikusasa Lamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuqonda izimo nezinselele zamanje kusiza ekulungiseleleni izinkinga namathuba esikhathi esizayo amalungelo abantu, kuqhubeke kuvela ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo, izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo nobuchwepheshe.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omphakathi

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele zamalungelo omphakathi. Kwesinye isandla, ubuchwepheshe bungandisa ukutholakala, bukwazi ukukhulumisana, futhi bunikeze amathuluzi amasha okuthuthukisa nokuhlela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubandlululo lwemithetho, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, kanye nokucwasa kwamanani kuphakamisa izinkathazo ezintsha zamalungelo omphakathi.

Izindaba ezinjengobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso, ukuhlakanipha kokuqasha nokuboleka izinqumo nokuhlukunyezwa nge - Internet kudinga izindlela ezintsha zokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukungezwani Namalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuqaphela ukuhlangana kwezindawo, umqondo wokuthi abantu banezinto eziningi, ezihambisanayo ezingahlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho kobandlululo − kuya kubaluleke kakhulu ekubekeni amalungelo omphakathi nasekubekeni umthetho. Ukuqonda indlela uhlanga, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, ukuthambekela kobulili nezinye izici okuphakathi kwabantu okusiza ngayo ukuba kulwe nobandlululo.

Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi nesimiso sezokulungisa ukucwasana okungcono futhi siyaqaphela ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu akunakuncishiselwa ezigabani ezihlukene. Lokhu kuqonda okuguquguqukayo kungaholela ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo omphakathi okubanzi nokuphumelelayo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

Izinselele zamalungelo ezakhamuzi azizona kuphela e - United States. Emhlabeni wonke, abantu babhekana nobandlululo nokulwela amalungelo alinganayo nesivikelo. Ukufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezizwe zonke nokubambisana emingceleni kungaqinisa izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu futhi kuholele ekuvikeleni okungcono kuwo wonke umuntu.

Ukuhlanganyela nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zembulunga yonke kunganikeza imibono emisha, amacebo, nobunye emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuthuthukisa isithunzi sobuntu nokulingana.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo esingokomthetho yizisekelo ezidingekayo zomphakathi onobulungisa nonokulingana. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu banamathuba alinganayo futhi baphathwa ngenhlonipho, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo noma ukuthi bangobani. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu ekumiseni nasekuqiniseni isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi, izinselele eziqhubekayo zidinga ukuqapha, ukuphatha imvume, kanye nokuzibophezela.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho, ukwazi ukuthi angawavikela kanjani, nokusekela abanye ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo kuyimithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokukhononda lapho ucwaswa, ukhuthaza isivikelo esiqinile, ukufundisa abanye, noma ukusekela izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, umuntu ngamunye angasiza ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omphakathi futhi abangele umphakathi onobulungisa.

Ngokufunda esikhathini esidlule, ngokusingatha izinselele zamanje, nangokulungiselela izihloko zesikhathi esizayo, singaqhubeka siqinisa isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi futhi sisondela emgomweni wobulungisa obulinganayo nethuba kubo bonke.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omphakathi nendlela yokuvikela amalungelo akho, vakashela iSivumelwano soMahlulelo Ongamele Amalungelo Omphakathi , iKhomishane yezemisebenzi ye-Option Opportunity [, noma ukuxhumana nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi emphakathini wakini. Khumbula ukuthi ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi kuyinqubo eqhubekayo edinga ukuhlanganyela nezibopholo zabo bonke abakholelwa ekulinganiseni, ebulungisani, nasesithunzini kwabantu.