I-Electoral College ivame ukubonakala njengensalela eyinkimbinkimbi yabahleli bezombangazwe bekhulu le-18 abathengiselanayo, kodwa imisebenzi yayo ilawulwa ngokuqinile uhlelo oluqinile lwemithetho ehlanganisa uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., izimiso zikahulumeni, nemithetho kahulumeni. Nakuba ukuvota okuthandwayo kunquma umnqobi ezizweni eziningi, ekugcineni abavoti abangu-58 banqunywa. Ukuqonda isisekelo esingokomthetho salesimiso — kusukela ekusekelweni kwaso somthetho ngokomthetho kuya ekunqumeni kweNkantolo yanamuhla ephakeme — kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela i-democralizimu eMelika esebenza ngayo nesizathu sokuba imizamo eyisisekelo yokulungisa ibhekane nezithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo Wekholiji Le - Electoral

Umklamo we-Framers: Isihloko II, Isiqephu 1

Ipulani yokuqala ye-Electoral College itholakala eSiphakamisweni II, isiqephu 1 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sagunyazwa ngo-1788. Lengxenye ifaka amandla okulawula kuMongameli futhi ichaze indlela yokukhetha. Esikhundleni sokuvota okuthandwa ngokuqondile noma ukukhethwa yi-Congress, amaFramers adale indikimba yabavoti. Isigaba ngasinye sombuso sanikezwa igunya lokumisa abavoti "kuManner njenge-Legislature," inkulumo eyisihluthulelo enikeza ukulawulwa okubalulekile kwenqubo.

Inani labakhethi ngokwesifundazwe lilinganiswe nengqikithi yenani lamaSenator nabameleli abakhona kuhulumeni osohlangothini lwengqungquthela. Lesi sakhiwo sasiwumphumela oqondile wokuhlehla kwe-Connecticut, ukuhlanganisa ukulingana kwesizwe esiSigebengwini nomelo olusekelwe ezakhamuzini zendlu. Isimiso sokuqala sakhetha abavoti ababili; umvoti nabavoti abaningi baba uMongameli, futhi umgijimi-phezulu waba uMongameli. Lomklamo wawuhloselwe ukukhetha abantu abafanelekayo kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthembela ekwahluleleni okuqondile komphakathi, ukubonakaliswa kokungabaza kombuso wentando yeningi.

Amashumi Amathathu Amathathu Ayekethisa Anamandla

Isici esibucayi semvelaphi engokomthetho ye-Electoral College yi-octal yayo ehlangana ne-Finths Ehlayo. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 2, ukumelelwa kwendlu — futhi ngenxa yalokho inani lamavoti akhethiwe — lanqunywa ngokubala bonke abantu abakhululekile kanye "abayimithathu babo bonke abanye abantu," isho abantu abagqilaziwe. Lelungiselelo landisa kakhulu amandla akhethiweyo ezindawo eziboshiwe zezigqila eNingizimu, libanika amavoti acishe abe ngu-40% evoti evoti ekhethelo ekhethelo enziweyo kunaleyo eyayingasekelwe kuphela kubantu abakhululekile. Lelilungiselelo elingokomthetho lalo lilolonga ngokuqondile imiphumela yokhetho lwakuqala lwezwe futhi lihlala liyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando womthetho wesimiso sezomthetho wezwe.

Ukuvuselela Isimiso: ISichibiyelo Se - 12

Ukuvela kwamaqembu ezombangazwe kuma-1790 kwadalula iphutha elibucayi esimisweni sokuqala. Kukhetho lwango-1800, uThomas Jefferson nomngane wakhe asebenza naye u-Aaron Burr bathola inani elifanayo lamavoti avoti abavoti, baphonsa ukhetho eNdlunkuluni yabameleli. Lenhlekelele yaholela eSimisweni seshumi nambili, sagunyazwa ngo-1804. Ukulungisa kwayiguqula ngokuyisisekelo inqubo ngokufuna abavoti ukuba bavotele umongameli ohlukene noMongameli. Lokhu kwahlukanisa amahhovisi amabili futhi kwavimbela iqhina le-logstica ka-1800 ekuphindekeni. ISichithi se-Premplete se-opera sisekelo somthetho sihlala singumbhalo ophethe ivoti ye-voti ye-mu yanamuhla.

Isakhiwo Esingokomthetho Sokukhetha I - Elector

Igunya LoMbuso Ngaphansi Kwesimiso II

Inkulumo ethi "iZwe ngalinye lizomisa, eMansini njengaseMthethweni owenziweyo" ingumanxusa angokomthetho abaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokuvota. Ekuqaleni, izifunda zazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene: ezinye izishaya-mthetho zikhethe ngokuqondile, kuyilapho ezinye ziphethe amavoti asekelwe emfundweni wesifunda. Ngeminyaka engu-1830, isigaba sentando yeningi "igenaltime" — ukuthatha-zonke — kwaba yithonya elivamile, njengoba landisa ithonya likahulumeni kukhetho. Izindlela ezithi ngazo zisebenzisa lo msebenzi ongokomthetho zisahluka kakhulu namuhla. Ezizweni eziningi, amaqembu ezombangazwe aphethe izikhungosi noma asebenzisa lapho abavoti bekhetha khona umnyukeli abathandekayo. Khona umbangowamukela ibhodi laba abakhethiwe. Lawo abahlawulwa yizikhulu abakhethiwe abambalwa abambalwa abambalwa.

Ingxenye yempumelelo-yonke/ithatha ama-vs. Izimiso zesigodi

Namuhla, amazwe angu-48 neSigodi saseColumbia asebenzisa indlela yokuwina yonke. I-Maine ne-Nebraska bangabadlulisi-mfundazweni, basebenzisa indlela yesifunda sesifunda. Kulezi zifunda, abavoti ababili banikezwa umnqobi wevoti othandwayo esizwe, futhi oyedwa okhethayo unikezwa umvuzo wesifunda ngasinye sombhishobhi. Lokhu ukuguquguquka okungokomthetho kubonisa ukuguquguquka okugcinwe amazwe ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo. Lemithetho elawula ukuhanjiswa kwamavoti abavoti abavoti ngokuvamile ithathwa njengomthetho-mthetho-siseko, uma nje bengaphulanga umthetho oMvikeli ovamile ka-Clabelus noma ezinye izibophono. Imithetho inquma imikhawulo yokumisa ivota ethandwayo, ukuvota abavoti, nokuthumela imiphumela esemthethweni eMthethwe ku-National Archivesssss. Le mithetho esemthethweni isho inqubo yomthetho yokuhlela i-mthetho esemthethweni.

Abaphehli Abangenalukholo Nabahlaziyi BeNkantolo Ephakeme

Inkinga Engokomlando Yabaphehli Abangenalukholo

Nakuba abavoti belindeleke ukuba bavotele umuntu ophumelele ezwe labo, uMthetho-sisekelo awusho lutho ukuthi bangaphoqelelwa ngokomthetho yini ukuba benze kanjalo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela esicini sa "abakhethi abangenalukholo" — abantu abavotela omunye umuntu ongekho abathembileyo. Phakathi nomlando waseMelika, abavoti abangenalukholo abafuna ukuvota abangazange bashintshe umphumela wokhetho lukamongameli, kodwa amandla abo okwenza kanjalo aye aphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ephawulekayo. U-2016 wabona isandi esiphezulu kukhetho olungenalukholo njengengxenye yomzabalazo "Hamilton Elector", owawufuna ukuqinisekisa abavoti bamaRepublican abavote ukuze bavote ngenye indlela elinganiselwe. Ngokuphelele, abayisikhombisa baphula izifungo zabo. UHulumente oncome abathathu abavoti bayo bawuvotiwe.

IChiafalo ngakolunye uhlangothi lweWashington (2020)

Icala elicacile elingokomthetho elizungezile labavoti abangenalukholo laxazululwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2020 ecaleni Chiafalo v. Washington. INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi inegunya elingokomthetho elifuna abavoti ukuba bavotele abavoti ababoshelwe ukuba babophe izivumelwano ababophelwe futhi baphoqelele ukuba kuqikelelwe ukuba kuthathwe leyo mfuneko ngokukhipha izijeziso noma ukususwa. IJaji elibhalelwe iningi, u-Elena Kagan lagcizelela ukuthi abavoti bamaFramens babehlo ukuba basebenze njengezithunywa zikahulumeni, hhayi izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizimele. Lesi sinqumo saqinisa ukugcinwa okugcinwa okungokomthetho kwemithetho yezivumelwano, ngokuphumelelayo siphetha ingxoxo ngokuthi abavotiwe ngomthetho womthetho.

[[UMTH: 0] Ukuhlanganisa 1:[ Funda isifushaniso se-Oyez se-Chiafalo v. Washington.

Izinselele Ezinkulu Ezingokomthetho Nezindaba Ezingokomlando

McPherson v Blacker (1892)

Lelicala eliyisisekelo labekela inselele isimiso sesifunda saseMichigan sokukhetha abavoti. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izishayamthetho zinamandla okukhetha abavoti, zingaphansi komthetho-mthetho kuphela. Mcherson v. Blacker ivame ukukhonjwa njengencazelo eqinisekile yegunya lendlu yomthetho ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II. Yasungula ukuthi indlela yokukhetha abakhethi isebenza ngokwemithetho-mthetho ye-computallment ukuthi i-evolution ayikwazi ukulawula ngaphandle kokuba igunyaziwe ngokukhethekile. Lendaba inikeza i-Blackerroot engokomthetho yokulawula uhulumeni phezu kokhetho.

Gore (2000)

Mhlawumbe icala le-Electoral College elidume kakhulu, Bhush v. Gore wanquma ngokuphumelelayo ukukhethwa kukamongameli ka 2000. INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ikhawula i-State i-Frial Protection Clausle elandela inqubo ye-Elctore College. Isinqumo silokhu siphikisana ngokuthi izindinganiso zokubala eziguquguqukayo phakathi kwemibalo. Nakuba iNkanto yagcizelela ukuthi ukubusa kwayo kwakuthi "kuhlelelwe ezimweni zamanje," icala eliqokomisa ukunqamuka komthetho wokhetho, izimiso zikahulumeni, izimiso ezingokomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kanye nesimiso esicinezelwe senqubo ye-Elctoral Collegery. Isinqumo sihlala siphikisana futhi siwumbhalo oyinhloko ekuqondeni komthetho wokukhetha. Indaba ibheke ngqo "isiphephe esilondekile" esichazwe emthethweni esisemthethweni, isho ewumthetho omisiwe.

[[UMTH: 0] Ukuhlanganisa 2:[[[UMTL:1] [[UMTL:2] Funda isifushaniso se-Oyez se-Bush v. Gore.

Indlela Yomthetho - sisekelo Yokushintsha

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Ngaphansi Kwesihloko V

Indlela eqondile kakhulu yokuqeda noma ukuhlela kabusha i-Electoral College iwukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V. Lokhu kudinga abantu abaphindwe kathathu kokubili eMzini naseSihlalweni, kulandelwe ukuhlaziywa ngezakhiwo ezintathu zezindlu zomthetho. Ukunikezwa kwezindawo zezombangazwe ezihlukene kanye nenzuzo yokwakha isimiso esinikeza amazwe athile nezinhlangano, ukufinyelela lomnyango omkhulu we-majority kuye kwabonakala kuyisithiyo esingenakunqotshwa. Ngaphezu kwamakhulu amashumi eminyaka angamashumi amahlanu ahlukene ukuguqula noma ukuqeda i-Eltaral Collegement kuhlolwe eNgqungquthele. Isiphakamiso sanamuhla esivelele yi-"Isimiso samanje esinikeza uMongameli i-Counts Amest Revicence," esiyongakhetha ngokuqondile ngokuvota okuthandwayo. Nokho, i-galelo eliphezulu leSigqeqeqephu liveza ngisho nokusekelwa kwe-V yesigaba esivamile.

ISivumelwano Sesizwe Esithandwayo SaseVote Interstate (NPVIC)

Kungekho ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo, abashisekeli benguquko baye baguqula i-palment yaba yi-complist ehlangeneyo njenge-octives. Isivumelwano se-National Popular Vote Interstate Community (NPVIC) sisivumelwano phakathi kwezifundazwe ezihlanganyelayo ukuba zinikeze imiklomelo yazo yonke yamavoti athandwayo evoti. Ukuhlanganiswa kuthatha kuphela uma kulawula ivoti ehlukene, ingqikithi engu-70. I-NPVIC ibhekene izithiyo ezibalulekile. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi i-Clauslaus yeSivumelo seSishayamthetho I, okudinga ukuvunyelwa kwezivumelwano ezihlukene kwezivumelwano ezihlukene eziguqula izinga lamandla ezombangazwe. Abanye baphikisa ukuthi imvume enikezwa ngaphansi kweSiphakathi seSiphakathi II. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi i-NCOM.

[[UMTH: 0] Ukuhlanganisa 3:[ Ufunda okwengeziwe ngeSivumelwano seNational Popular Vote Interstate [.

Izinguquko Zamuva Zezomthetho

Itheku Eliphephile LangoDecember

Umthetho we-Federal, ohlanganiswe ku-Sihlokwana 3 seKhodi lase-U.S., umisa isikhathi esingu-"itheku elilondekile" sokuqinisekisa imiphumela yokhetho kanye nokukhetha. Uma uhulumeni uxazulula zonke izimpikiswano zokhetho futhi umise abakhi balo ngalolosuku — ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba i-Elctoral College Angane — i-Congress kumelwe yamukele leso sigqebhezana sabavoli njengo "abahlangane". Loluhlelo olungokomthetho ludala ukucindezela okukhulu kokuxazulula izinselele zokhetho kanye nezinselele ezingokomthetho ngokushesha, okunamandla okubonakala ngokucacile v. Gore. Ilungiselelo elilondekile lihloselwe ukuqinisekisa okokugcina nokuqiniseka ngenqubo ekhethekile, kodwa futhi linganqamula nempikiswano engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho.

I - Electoral Count Reform Act ka - 2022 (ECRA)

I-Electoral Count Act ka-1887 yaklanyelwa ukubusa indlela iziNgqungquthela ezisingatha ngayo amavoti aphikisanayo. Nokho, ulimi lwazo olungacacile lwaholela ekudidekeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi nomphumela wokhetho lwango-202020. Ekuphenduleni, iSivumelwano sadlula i-Electoral Country Reformation Act ka-20222 (ECRA), inguquko enkulu ethinta i-Electal Collegementsting College engokomthetho ekhulu leminyaka. Le nguquko eqinile yabekwa i-ECRA i-Mongameli wendima njengenkonzo nje kuphela, yaphakamisa umnyango wokuzivota eKholiji eyodwa (ECRA), ephethe igumbini ngalinye, futhi yaqinisekisa ukuthi ababusi balelo-hulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa abavotiwe. Lezi zinguquko ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kokukhomba isakhiwo somthetho, i-abhumwini ekwayaluni ekwambusweni ye-20.

[[UMTH:0] Isivumelwano 4:[ Funda umbhalo we-Electoral Count Reform Act ka-2022.

Umbono Ongokomthetho Ohlala Njalo Nokuphoqelela Ushintsho

Amandla Esimiso Samanje

Abasekeli bomthetho wamanje baphikisa ngokuthi yenza ukuqina, ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kobunye, futhi ivimbela ukuhlatshwa kwemibono yesizwe ngokuphikisana nezindawo ezithile. I-Federalist No. 68, eyabhalwa ngu-Alexandro Hamilton, yaphikisa ngokuthi lesimiso sasiyoqinisekisa ukuthi "icebo lenziwe ngabantu abakwazi kakhulu ukuhlaziya izimfanelo ezivumelanayo nalesi sikhungo." Amandla esizwe afuna ukulwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kunokuba agxile ezikhungweni zasedolobheni eziphezulu kuphela, ngokucatshangelwa athuthukisa isibopho sesizwe.

Ukugxekwa Nokunxusa Inguquko

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isisekelo esingokomthetho se-Electoral College siphula isimiso se- "umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa" ngokunikeza isisindo esingalinganiyo kubavoti ezifundazweni ezincane. Isimiso esiwinayo ngokuphumelelayo sithulisa izigidi zabavoti ezifundeni eziphephile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simiso sidala ithuba lokuthi umuntu ozuza ivoti ethandwayo ezweni lonke angalahlekelwa yi-Electoral College, njengoba kwenzeka ngo- 2000 nango-2016. Le nqubo icela ukuphehla ulwazi oluqhubekayo lwezemthetho nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezihloselwe ukuguqula inguquko, kusukela ku-NPVIC ukuya ku-mjikelezomthetho.

Isisekelo esingokomthetho se-Ellectoral College sisokhiwe ngokuqinile nangokuyinkimbinkimbi kusukela eSiphakamisi II, iSichibiyelo seshumi nambili, imithetho yesizwe, nezimiso zeNkantolo ePhakamileyo njenge . [ ne[FLT] [FLT]MCherson v. Black . Isimiso siye sabonisa ukuqina okuphawulekayo okungokomthetho, izimpikiswano zamanje ezizungeze i-NPVIC kanye ne-ECRA zibonisa ukuthi umthetho awufingqiwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi nge-mendment, comple, comple, noma ngokuqhubekayo, ukuhlelwa okungokomthetho kwe-ElClatellector ziyoqhubeka ukuguquka.