Table of Contents
INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ime njengevelele yesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, isebenzisa amandla angavamile ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi ilololonga isimo somthetho wezwe. Njengoba umsunguli wokugcina womthetho kahulumeni, izinqumo zeNkantolo zinyakaza kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni, zithinta ukuphila kwezigidi zamaMelika. Ukuqonda indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme esebenza ngayo . Kusukela ekukhetheni izinqumo zezehlakalo ezingokomthetho obalulekile kuvela kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ubulungisa busetshenziswa kanjani ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu e-United States.
Indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme idlulela ngalé kokuxazulula nje izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu. Isinqumo ngasinye sibeka inqubo engokomthetho emelwe izinkantolo eziphansi ziyilandele, iveza indikimba yencazelo engokomthetho eqondisa umthetho waseMelika ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Amandla eNkantolo yokwahlulela, asungulwe ecaleni eliyingqophamlando uMarbury v. Madison ngo-1803, ayivumela ukuba ishaye imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu noma izenzo ezithathwa igatsha elikhulu uma liphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwenza iNkantolo Ephakeme ibe yinhlolo olubalulekile kwezinye izigaba zikahulumeni nomqondisi wamalungelo omthetho.
Icala Negunya LeNkantolo Ephakeme
UMthetho-sisekelo umisa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme inendawo yokuqala nengamele. Ukulawula kwakuqala kusho ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme inguwokuqala, futhi kuphela, iNkantolo yokulalela icala. UMthetho-sisekelo ulinganisela ukulawulwa kwamacala kwasekuqaleni kulabo abahlanganisa izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwamanxusa nezinye izikhulu eziphakeme. Lamacala okulawula aqala awavamile, ahlanganisa ingxenye encane kuphela yechweba leNkantolo unyaka ngamunye.
Ukubusa kwenkantolo kusho ukuthi iNkantolo inegunya lokuhlola izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphansi. Icala eliningi enqunywe yiNkantolo Ephakeme liyizikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi. Lo msebenzi wokukhipha isigwebo ulapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa khona ithonya layo elikhulu kakhulu emthethweni waseMelika. INkantolo ihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni zecala lamacala, izinkantolo zesifunda ezisezimweni ezithile, futhi inkantolo ephakeme yezwe lapho lawo macala ehilela imibuzo kahulumeni noma umthetho kahulumeni.
Ngokuvamile, iNkantolo ikhipha amacala aye anqunywa eNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yaseU.S. noma iNkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esifundazweni esinikeziwe (uma inkantolo kahulumeni inquma ukuthi inqunywe umthetho). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibuzo engokomthetho iye yahlolwa ngokuphelele izinkantolo ezincane ngaphambi kokufinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi kuvumela abahluleli ukuba bazuze ekucabangeni nasekuhlaziyweni kwamajaji asezicabangele kakade lezimpikiswano.
Inqubo YeCertiorari: Indlela Yokuya ENkantolo Ephakeme
Iningi lamacala lifinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi isicelo se-certiorari, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi "itshebe." leli gama lesiLatini, elisho "ukutshelwa," limelela isicelo sokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ibukeze isinqumo senkantolo ephansi. Ukuqonda inqubo ye-certiorari kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iphatha kanjani ibhodi layo futhi ikhethe ukuthi yimaphi amacala afanelwe ukunakwa kuyo.
Umqulu Wezicelo
Isicelo ngasinye, izicelo ezintsha ezicishe zibe ngu 7 000 kuya ku-8 000 zifakwa eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Nokho, iNkantolo yamukela amacala ayi-100-150 kwanamacala angaphezu kuka-7 000 ecelwa ukuba abukezwe unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kusho isilinganiso esivunyelwayo sangaphansi kwesigamu sesibili sazo zonke izicelo ezigcinwe. Izinga lokukhokhwa lihambisana nezicelo ezilinganiselwa ku-1% kanye nezingu-3-5%.
Umehluko phakathi kwezicelo ezikhokhwayo nezicelwayo ze-foma pauperers (IFP) ubalulekile. Izicelo ezingaphezu kwesigamu ezifakwayo zivela kubamangalelwa bezelele noma abamangalelwa abakhokhiwe ngecala noma abaqashwa ngomthetho. Njengoba lezi zicelo ziboshelwa ama-attorney angewona ama-atney, zijabulela izinga eliphansi kakhulu. Ukugxila kuphela ezicelweni ezivuselelwe, izinga lempumelelo liseduze kuya ku 6%, izinga elinikeza okungenani umsebe wethemba.
Isimo Sengqondo Sokunikeza I - Certiorari
INkantolo Ephakeme ayiyiniki iCertiorari ngenxa nje yokuthi idivosi yenkantolo ephansi ikholelwa ukuthi yenziwa iphutha. Kunalokho, iNkantolo ifuna amacala anikeza imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho kanye nezici ezibanzi. Nakuba ingekho imithetho ephoqelela iNkantolo ukuba inikeze isiqinisekiso ezicathulweni ezithile, ngokuvumelana noMthetho weNkantolo Ephakeme 10 (kungekhona ngempela okungaphezu kwesandla sesithupha), izingxabano ezinqunyweni ezimbili zezinkantolo zesifunda ziyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuthatha amacala, nakuba kunenqwaba yamacala abawathatha ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa okucacile.
Izigodi zihlukana lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezihlukene zichaza umthetho ofanayo kahulumeni noma ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo ngendlela ephikisanayo. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kudala ukungaqiniseki emthethweni futhi kungaphumela emithethweni ehlukene engokomthetho efakwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukungenela ukuze ixazulule lezingxabano futhi imise incazelo efanayo yomthetho kahulumeni.
Ngalé kokuhlukana kwesifunda, iNkantolo inganikeza i-certiorari uma icala linikeza umbuzo oyinoveli noma obaluleke kakhulu womthetho-mthetho, uma isinqumo senkantolo ephansi siphikisana nesibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme, noma uma icala lihilela impikiswano ebaluleke kakhulu efuna ukunakwa iNkantolo. Amajaji asebenzisa ukwahlulela okubanzi ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe ezwe, futhi awadingeki ukuba achaze ukuthi kungani evumela noma ephika ukuthi i-ceritariari kunoma iliphi icala elithile.
Ukubusa Kwezine
Ukunikeza i-certiorari kudinga ukuvota okuvumayo komajaji abane. Lokhu "Umthetho Wezine" kusho ukuthi ngisho noma iningi leNkantolo lingakufuni ukuqulwa kwecala, amajaji amancane kwamane angaliletha phambi kweNkantolo ukuze ahlolwe ngokugcwele. Lomthetho usiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala abalulekile awashaywa indiva futhi unikeza inqubo yamajaji akholelwa ukuthi icala lifanele ukubukezwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe icala ngisho noma kungekho ukusekela okuningi.
UMthetho ka-One ubonisa ukulinganisela phakathi kwempumelelo nokucophelela. Uvimbela noma yiliphi ikhambi elilodwa noma iqembu elincane ekuvimbeleni ukubukezwa kwamacala abalulekile, kuyilapho usagcina umnyango okhipha izicelo eziningi ezingadingeki ukuba iNkantolo iqaphele.
Uhlu Lokuxoxa Nengqungquthela
Akuzona zonke iziphakamiso ezithathwa yizo zonke izinkantolo ezingu-9. Kunalokho, uMahluleli oMkhulu usakaza uhlu "lokunxusa" lwezicelo ezifanele ukuxoxwa engqungqutheleni yamajaji. Uhlu lokuxoxa akwenziwanga obala, kodwa izicelo eziseduze zingatholakala `_____ababhali, abalondolozi abalandelwa abasekeli beNkantolo Ephakeme eScotusblog. Njengoba uElwood echaza, "[w] icala liphinde lihlolwe, abahluleli abavumi noma abaphindi, kodwa kunalokho bayolihlola icala engqungquthelelweni yabo elandelayo."
Kumashumi amabili22, lokho kungaba izenzakalo eziyi 125. Ukubeka lelonani ngombono oqondile, inani lamacala anikezwa ku-2022 Templog lalingu-60. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxenye encane kuphela yezicelo ezigcinwe njalo yenza ukuba isohlwini oluxoxwe, futhi cishe ingxenye kuphela yalawo asohlwini oluxoxiwe ekugcineni ibuye ibukezwe.
Phakathi nengqungquthela yayo yamasonto onke − umhlangano wangasese wamajaji — inkantolo ihlola izicelo futhi inqume ukuthi izonikeza noma cha. Le mihlangano iqhutshwa ngasese, futhi kunezingathanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela ezikhona. Abekho omabhalane bomthetho, amalungu ezisebenzi, noma ezinye izisebenzi ezivunyelwe endlini, beqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli bangakhuluma ngokukhululekile nangokungagunci ngamacala acatshangelwayo.
Indima Yabameleli Benkantolo Abaphakeme Abanokuhlangenwe Nakho
Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ezinye izici zandisa kakhulu amathuba okuba isicelo sinikezwe. Esinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ungubani futhi unokuhlangenwe nakho kommeli ofaka isicelo. Abameli beNkantolo Ephakeme abavela njalo phambi kweNkantolo banempumelelo ephakeme kakhulu ekutholeni i-cretiorari kunabameli abangavamile ukuyisebenzisa phambi kweNkantolo.
Umkhuba ogunyaziwe phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme uvumela abameli ukuba bathuthukise ulwazi olukhethekile ngoMahluleli kanye nokukhetha kwabo okuqondile, kanye nobudlelwane namaJaji antulayo. Ukubhekiselwa eNkantolo kunikeza abameli ukuqonda ngalokho okumelwe kuhlanganiswe futhi kungangeni ezincengweni zabo. Lobu buchwepheshe buguqulela ezincengweni eziphumelela kakhulu ezihloselwe kangcono ukuthatha ukunakekela komahluleli kanye nezimpikiswano zamanje ngezindlela ezihambelana nezamalungiselelo eNkantolo.
I-Office ye-Solicitor General, emelela uhulumeni wase-United States phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ijabulela impumelelo ephakeme kakhulu. Ihhovisi loMphathi-mikhosi unolwazi olujulile ekusebenziseni iNkantolo Ephakeme nasemacaleni abonisa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokubhala izicelo, okunezela embhalweni walo okhethekile.
Izicelo Zemibono YoJenene WamaKatolika
Inkantolo ngezikhathi ezithile imema uSolicitor General ukuba abhale kafushane asho imibono ye-United States − yaziwa ngokuthi "inxanela imibono kaSolitoritor General" noma CVSG. Lezi zimemo ziyivelakancane kodwa ziwuphawu olubaluleke kakhulu lokunikeza. Uma iNkantolo ikhipha i-CVSG, ibonisa isithakazelo esingathi sína ecaleni futhi ngokuvamile idlulisa imvume ye-ceretiorari, ikakhulukazi uma uSolicitor General etusa ukubukeza.
Inqubo Efingqiwe
Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme isinikeza i-certiorari, icala lingena esigabeni esifushane. Yilapho abahilelekile beveza khona izimpikiswano zabo ezingokomthetho ngokubhalwa, beveza isizinda esiyiqiniso, izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, nokucabanga okusekela izikhundla zabo. Inqubo emfushane ibalulekile ngoba inikeza isisekelo sokuqonda kwamajaji icala kanye nokuhlela izimpikiswano ezizoxoxwa empikiswaneni eshiwo ngomlomo nasesahlulelweni seNkantolo ekugcineni.
Amaphimbo
Ngokwemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme, umceli unesikhathi esithile sokubhala i-ace efingqiwe, hhayi ukudlula amakhasi angu-50, ekhipha icala lakhe mayelana nendaba yenkantolo egunyazwe yiNkantolo. Isicelo esifushane somceli kumelwe siyicacise ngokucacile imibuzo engokomthetho enikezwayo, inikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe yecala elihlanganisa amaqiniso ahlobene nawo kanye nomlando wezendaba, ukuphikisa okungokomthetho okusekelwe ngesandulela nangencazelo engokomthetho, futhi ichaze ukuthi kungani iNkantolo kufanele inqume ngokuvumelana nemvume yomceli.
Ngemva kokuba isicelo esifushane sesibhaliwe, omunye, owaziwa ngokuthi umphikisi, unikezwa isikhathi esithile sokubhala i-peace. Futhi lesi sifushaniso asikona ukudlula amakhasi 50. Impendulo emfushane yomceli empikiswano, inikeza ezinye izincazelo zomthetho namaqiniso, futhi ichaza ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo engaphansi kufanele siqinisekiswe.
Ngemva kokuba izicelo zokuqala sezifakwe, umceli nophendulayo uvunyelwe ukubhala izikhawu zobude obufushane obuphendulayo ngokwesimo somunye umuntu. Lempendulo ivumela uhlangothi ngalunye ukuba luphendule izimpikiswano ezintsha eziphakanyiswe yiqembu eliphikisayo futhi lucwengisise ukuma kwalo ngokucabangela enye ingxenye emfushane.
Amafishane E - Amicus Curiae
Ngaphezu kwemishwana ebekwe yizikhundla ngokwazo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukwamukela i-acicusus curiae ka-(isiLatin) ngokwencazelo emfushane ye-"""""" kusuka kubantu ngabanye noma ezinhlanganweni ezingezona amacala kodwa ezinesithakazelo emphumeleni waso. Uma ingenandaba ngokuqondile, uHulumeni wase-U.S., omelelwa yiSolicitor General, angafaka i-fing emgayni kahulumeni. USolicitener uvame njalo u-ams assicustoms emacala lapho uhulumeni unesithakazelo esibalulekile khona, ngisho nalapho ungenayo iqembu elibalulekile.
I-Amicus ingavela emithonjeni eminingi ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zezentengiselwano, amaqembu ezimboni, ohulumeni bezwe, izazi zomthetho, iziphathi zikahulumeni zangaphambili, kanye nezinye izikhundla ezithakazelayo. Le mifushane ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Inganikeza iNkantolo imibono eyengeziwe ezindabeni ezingokomthetho, inikeza ukucatshangelwa okusekelwe emfushaneni yezemithetho, okungase kungabhekiswa ngokugcwele enqubeni yamaqembu, iqaphelise iNkanto engathi ithinta kakhulu isinqumo sayo, futhi ibonise izinga lesithakazelo somphakathi enkantolo.
Inani lemishwana ebekwe enkantolo ePhakeme likhule kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Amacala aphezulu angaphezulu angadonsa imishwana eminingi emelela amakhulu ezinhlangano nabantu ngabanye. Nakuba amajaji engaboshelwanga yizimpikiswano ezibhalwe ka-amicu, ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi lezi ziphakamiso zingathonya ukucabanga kweNkantolo, ikakhulukazi lapho inikeza ukwaziswa noma imibono engekho emaqenjini amaqembu amafushane.
Ezinye izifushaniso ze-amicus zinethonya kakhulu kunezinye. Izifushaniso ezibhalwe nguSolicitor General zinesisindo esikhethekile, njengoba kunjalo nangezibukeli zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi uma izifundazwe eziningi zihlangene. Amafiji avela ezifundweni ezingokomthetho nakulabhlawuli bangaphambili angaba nethonya futhi lapho zinikeza uchwepheshe ohlaziya imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho.
Izimpikiswano Zemisho Phambi KweNkantolo Ephakeme
Impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo imelela esinye sezici ezibonakala kakhulu neziphawulekayo zokusebenza kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Kuyisikhathi kuphela lapho amajaji, abameli, nezici zihlangana khona enkantolo ukuze zixoxe ngecala. Nakuba lezi zincazelo ezilotshiwe zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe okungokomthetho, impikiswano yomlomo inikeza ithuba lokuhlola amandla nobuthakathaka besikhundla sohlangothi ngalunye ngokubuza ngokuqondile.
Ukuhlelwa Nokuhlelwa Kwawo
Inkantolo ikhipha impikiswano cishe emacaleni angu-70-80 unyaka ngamunye. Izimpikiswano zihlelwa njalo ngoMsombuluko ocaciswe, ngoLwesibili nangoLwesithathu ekuseni kuqalwa ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngo-Okthoba, futhi kuqhubeke ekupheleni kuka-April. Ngokuvamile, iNkantolo ibamba izimpikiswano ezimbili usuku ngalunye kusukela ngo-10:00 ekuseni.
Inqubo yezimpikiswano zomlomo iye yashintsha kakhulu emlandweni weNkantolo. Ngaphambi kuka-1849, izimpikiswano zomlomo phambi kweNkantolo zazingenamingcele. Ngokuvamile, izimpikiswano zaqhubeka izinsuku eziningi futhi zadonsa isixuku esikhulu. Nokho, phakathi kwama-1800 icala leNkantolo lenza ukuba kube nzima ukuqulwa kwecala okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ngo-1970, isikhathi sancishiswa ukuba sisebenze ihora elilodwa ngehora ngalinye lapho inkantolo ibukeza umthetho womlomo ngo 398 U.S. 1058-59.
Namuhla, uhlangothi ngalunye luthola imizuzu engu-30 yokuveza icala lalo futhi luphendule imibuzo evela kumajaji. Lesi sikhathi silinganiselwe kakhulu, futhi izibani zikhanyiswe kuma-rekern lapho isikhathi sawo siphela. U-acer uqala ngokuphikisa, futhi angabeka ingxenye yesikhathi sabo ukuze aphendule ngemva kokuba ummeli ephikisane.
Isimo Sempikiswano Edluliselwa Ngomlomo
Impikiswano ebanzi kufanele igcizelele futhi icacise izimpikiswano ezilotshiwe ngokufushanisiwe ngalokhu okufanelekile. Iseluleko kufanele sithathe ngokuthi bonke oMahluleli baye bafunda iziphakamiso ngaphambi kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo. Kunokuba bamane baphindaphinde okushiwo ngemishwana, abameleli abaphumelelayo basebenzisa isikhathi sabo ekuqokomiseni amaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu, baphendule ekukhathazekeni okuphakanyiswayo okuphakanyiswayo okungacushwa kafushane noma okungaqondani, futhi banikeze imibuzo abahluleli abangase babe nayo.
Lezi zimpikiswano ziyithuba lokuba amaJaji abuze imibuzo ngokuqondile yabameli abamelela icala, futhi abameli bagcizelele izimpikiswano abazibheka njengezibaluleke ngokukhethekile.
Abacwaningi abangajwayelene nenqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme bangase bamangale ukuthola ukuthi amajaji awangabazi ukuphendula imibuzo. Ezinye izimpikiswano ziveza imibuzo eminingi kangangokuthi abameli bazama ukuqeda amazwi abo alungiselelwe.
Uma impikiswano iqala, umsekeli uphazanyiswa njalo ngemibuzo evela ebhentshini. Owezwisayo ophumelelayo uphendula imibuzo evela ebhentshini kuyilapho eluka amaphuzu ayinhloko empikiswano embukisweni. Lokhu kudinga ukuba abameli bakulungele kahle hhayi nje ukunikeza impikiswano yabo ehleliwe, kodwa ukucabanga ngezinyawo zabo futhi baphendule imibuzo engalindelekile lapho begcina intambo yenkulumo yabo yonke.
Umphakathi Uyakwazi Ukubhekana Nezimpikiswano Zemisho
Zonke izimpikiswano zomlomo zivulekele umphakathi, kodwa indawo yokuhlala ilinganiselwe. INkantolo yamanje iqhuba uhlelo lomshayeli lapho amalungu omphakathi engase afake isicelo sokuhlala enkantolo nge-intanethi yelottery. Phakathi nohlelo lomshayeli, indawo yokuhlala enkantolo iyotholakala futhi kumphakathi ngesisekelo sokuqala, sokuqala.
Kulabo abangakwazi ukuya ngokoqobo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza amarekhodi aqoshiwe namazwi empikiswano yomlomo atholakale emphakathini. Kusukela kubhadane lwe-COVID-19, iNkantolo iye yalungiselela ukukhishwa kwemizwa okuthatha isikhathi esifanayo nokugcinwa kwempikiswano okuqhubekayo, ngokuphawulekayo ukunwetshwa komphakathi kulengxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi weNkantolo. Nokho, ngokungafani nezinkantolo eziningi eziphezulu zenkantolo kahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayivumeli ukuqopha ividiyo noma ukusakaza izimpikiswano zomlomo.
Indima Ye - Amicus Curiae Ekuxazululeni Okuvamile
Ngekhefu leNkantolo, futhi ingaphansi kwesigaba 4 saloMthetho, iseluleko se-amicus curiae esibekwe kafushane njengomthetho 37 singaphikisana ngomlomo ohlangothini lweqembu, nemvume yaleloqembu. Nakuba lokhu kuvunyelwe, akuvamile. Izimo eziningi ziveza abameli kuphela emacaleni abalulekile noma ayinkimbinkimbi, nakuba emacalani anzima kakhulu, iNkantolo ingase ivumele isikhathi esengeziwe sokuthatha impikiswano, ngokuvamile kuSolicitor General lapho iUnited States igcina i-ambuqual kafushane.
Inqubo Yomhlangano Nokwenza Isinqumo
Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano zomlomo, abahluleli bahlangana emhlanganweni ukuze baxoxe ngecala futhi bavote kuqala. Lenqubo yomhlangano ingenye yezici eziyimfihlo kakhulu zokusebenza kweNkantolo Ephakeme, enemithetho eqinile eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angakhipha ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokucindezela noma ithonya langaphandle.
Igumbi Lomhlangano
Ngokwemithetho elandelwayo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, amaJaji kuphela avunyelwe ekamelweni lengqungquthela ngalesi sikhathi, “‘ akukho maphoyisa, omabhalane, onobhala, njll. IJaji Elikhulu libiza isimiso ukuba sihleleke futhi, njengesibonakaliso sobukhomanisi benhlangano, bonke amaJaji bayaxhawulana. Lomkhuba owenzelwa ingqungquthela, owenziwa ngaphambi kwayo yonke ingqungquthela, ubonisa inhlonipho phakathi kwabahluleli ngisho nalapho bengavumelani ezindabeni ezingokomthetho.
Ngemva kokudingidwa kwezicelo ze - certiorari, amaJaji aqala ukuxoxa ngamacala aqulwa kusukela eNgqungqutheleni yawo yokugcina. Ingxoxo yamacala aphikisanayo ilandela uhlelo oluhlelwe ngendlela ehlelelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke ubulungisa banethuba lokuveza imibono yabo.
Ingxoxo Nokulungisa Imali
Ngokwesivumelwano seNkantolo Ephakeme, bonke amaJaji banethuba lokuveza imibono yabo ngecala futhi baphakamise noma yimiphi imibuzo noma ukukhathazeka okungenzeka banakho. Ubulungisa ngabunye bukhuluma ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa abanye. UMahluleli Omkhulu wenza inkulumo yokuqala, bese kuthi uMahluleli ngamunye akhulume ngokuhleleka kokukhulela, aphethe ngobulungisa obuncane kakhulu, obuye bakhonza enkantolo iminyaka embalwa kakhulu.
Loluhlelo olusekelwe ekukhulumeni oluphezulu lufeza izinjongo eziningana. Luqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli abanolwazi kakhulu bahlanganisa ingxoxo yokuqala, kuyilapho futhi beqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli abancane abathonywa ngokungafanele ozakwabo abadala ngaphambi kokuveza imibono yabo siqu. Lomyalo uveza futhi amasiko aphakeme eNkantolo kuyilapho ulondoloza ukulingana phakathi kwabahluleli ngokwezingalo zabo zokuvota.
Ngemva kwengxoxo, amajaji avota ngomphumela wecala. Ukuvota okuthathwa engqungqutheleni kungokokuqala futhi kungashintsha njengoba inqubo yokubhala umbono iqhubeka. Nokho, i-voti yengqungquthela inquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi oluzonqoba futhi inikeze isisekelo sombono weNkantolo.
Isabelo Sombono
Uma uMahluleli oMkhulu esemphakathini, banikeza omunye wamajaji eNkantolo umsebenzi wokubhala umbono weNkantolo, noma bangase bakhethe ukuwubhala ngokwabo. Uma uMahluleli oMkhulu ephakathi kwedlanzana, ukwahlulela okukhulu kakhulu kweningi kwenza lesisabelo. Lobu mbuso bubalulekile ngoba buvumela ukuba ukwabelwa kobulungisa kuthonye indlela ukucabanga kweNkantolo okucaciswe ngayo futhi yibuphi ubulungisa obuyoba nomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokwenza umthetho.
Isinqumo sesabelo singathonywa izici ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nobuchule bobulungisa esicini esisemthethweni, isidingo sokusakaza umsebenzi ngokunenzuzo, ukucabangela okuhlelekile okungahlanganisa umphakathi, nesifiso sokunika amasheya athile amathuba okubhala ezimweni ezibalulekile.
Ukubhala Imibono Nokusakaza Izindaba
Inqubo yokubhala nokulungisa imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ingathatha amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga. Ijaji elabelwe ukubhala umbono weningi lilungiselela ukuthatha imvume futhi liyidlulisele kwabanye abahluleli ukuze babukeze futhi baphendule. Lenqubo yokusakazwa kwezincwadi iwukuchaza, kanye namajaji asikisela izinguquko, aphakamisa izinkathazo, noma abonise ukuthi bazohlanganyela kulowombono.
Izinhlobo Zemibono
Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zemibono. Umbono ongathi ulungile umelela umbono wamajaji okungenani amahlanu futhi ukhanyisa isinqumo seNkantolo. Lombono unenani eliyikhonzi futhi ubopha izinkantolo eziphansi. Umbono wabaningi uchaza indlela yeNkantolo ecabangelayo, usebenza izimiso zomthetho ezithintanayo, futhi umemezela umthetho ozolawula amacala afanayo esikhathini esizayo.
Umbono ophicothayo ubhalwe ngumahluleli ovumelana nomphumela ofinyelelwa iningi kodwa ophikisanayo nezici ezithile zomqondo weningi noma ifisa ukugcizelela amaphuzu ahlukene. Imibono ekhona ayinaso isisindo esifanayo sombono weningi, kodwa ingaba nethonya ekulolongeni indlela izinkantolo eziphansi neziNkantolo eziPhakeme ezichaza ngayo lesi sinqumo.
I- ibhalwe ngomthetho owodwa noma ngaphezulu ophikisana nesiphetho seningi. Nakuba ukungavumelani nomthetho kungenawo amandla asheshayo, bafeza imisebenzi ebalulekile. Bangaqokomisa amaphutha ekucabangeni kweningi, bagcine ezinye izincazelo ukuze bahlolwe esikhathini esizayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi babeke isisekelo sezinguquko ezamuva emthethweni. Ezinye izimpikiswano ezidumile ziye zaba umbono weningi ezilandelayo.
Umqondo wobubanzi uyenzeka lapho kungekho noyedwa oyala ingxenye enkulu yeNkantolo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isahlulelo seNkantolo sinqunywa ngezizathu ezimngcingo lapho iningi livumelana khona, kodwa awukho umbono weningi ochaza ukucabanga kweNkantolo. Imibono esekelwe emfundisweni idala ukungaqiniseki ngokubaluleka kwesinqumo futhi ingabangela imizamo enzima yezinkantolo eziphansi ukusebenzisa isinqumo.
Ukujikeleza Nokubukeza
Ngemva kokuba umshini udlulisiwe, abanye abahluleli bangathumela imisebenzi esikisela izinguquko, ukubuza izindinyana ezithile, noma ukubonisa ukuthi bazohlanganyela umbono kuphela uma kwenziwa ushintsho oluthile. Umlobi wemibono kumelwe alinganisele ukukhathazeka nokukhetha okuncintisanayo lapho ezama ukugcina izinhlangano eziningi. Ngezinye izikhathi amajaji aqale avotela iningi emhlanganweni angase ashintshe amavoti awo uma enganelisekile ngemibono yawo.
Le nqubo yokuxoxisana ingaphumela ekushintsheni okukhulu embonweni. Ama-pass anganezelwa, acinywe, noma abhalwe futhi ukuze axoxe ngezinkinga eziphakanyiswe abanye abahluleli. Kwezinye izimo, umbono ungancishiswa ukuze uqinisekise amavoti engeziwe, noma wandiswe uma umlobi ekholelwa ukuthi amazwi anamandla agunyaziwe futhi angalondoloza ukusekela okuningi.
Imibono ephikiswayo nephikisanayo ihamba ngenqubo efanayo, uma amajaji ejikeleza izinhlelo futhi ehlanganisa izivumelwano ezihlangeneyo noma eziphikisanayo. I-panel-parse phakathi kwamajaji iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho yonke imibono igcinwa futhi ilungele ukunyatheliswa.
Isaziso Nokusakazwa
Uma imibono isilungile, imenyezelwa enkantolo esobala. Ngokwesiko, umahluleli owabhala umbono wabaningi angafunda izingxenye zayo ebhentshini, futhi abahluleli ababhala ukungavumelani nabo bangase bayifingxezele imibono yabo. Eminyakeni yamuva, iNkantolo iye yaqala ukunikeza izimemezelo ezifingqiwe, nemibono egcwele etholakala ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Imibono ikhishwa eUnited States Reports, intatheli esemthethweni yezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Itholakala ngokushesha engosini yeNkantolo nakumaphepha ahlukahlukene angokomthetho. Incwadi yemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme iphawula isiphetho senqubo okungenzeka ukuthi yaqala eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili lapho icala libekwa enkantolo ephansi.
Izinhlobo Zezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme
INkantolo Ephakeme ingalahla amacala ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene, ngalinye linemiphumela ehlukene engokomthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo zemibono ezihlukene kubalulekile ekuqondeni ithonya leNkantolo esimisweni somthetho.
Ukuqina
Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi, ivumelana nesinqumo saleyo nkantolo nokucabanga. Isinqumo senkantolo ephansi simile, futhi izimiso ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswa yileyo nkantolo zivunyelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuqina kunikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwendlela yenkantolo ephansi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi incazelo yayo yomthetho ilungile.
Ukuvukela
Inguquko iyenzeka lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ingavumelani nesinqumo senkantolo ephansi futhi isigumbuqe. Inkantolo yanquma amacala angu-67, yabuyisela inkantolo ephansi ngo 47 (74,6%). Lelizinga lokuhlenga liphakeme libonisa iqiniso lokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ithambekele ekunikezeni i-certiorari ezimweni lapho ikholelwa ukuthi inkantolo ephansi kungenzeka ukuthi iye yaphambuka. Phakathi naleyo nkathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasilahla isinqumo esiphansi senkantolo izikhathi ezingu-891 (71,3) futhi yaqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi izikhathi ezingu-37 (27,8).
Uma iNkantolo iphendula isinqumo, inikeza incazelo eningiliziwe echaza ukuthi kungani ukuhlaziywa kwenkantolo ephansi kwakunganembile. Ukuguqulwa kwale mithetho kumisa umthetho omusha ongokomthetho noma kucacisa incazelo efanele yomthetho okhona, inkantolo ephansi okumelwe ilandelwe emacalani azayo.
Remand
Ezimweni eziningi, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibuyisela icala emuva enkantolo ephansi ukuze kuqhutshwe ezinye izikhalo. Ummeli angahambisana nokuvuma noma ukubuyiselwa. Uma iNkantolo iphikisa futhi iphinde ibuye ilungise, iyala inkantolo ephansi ukuba iphinde ihlole icala ngokucabangela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme futhi ithathe isinyathelo esengeziwe esivumelana naleso sinqumo.
Abaqondisi bangathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Inkantolo ingase iphinde icele inkantolo ephansi ukuba isebenzise indinganiso elungile engokomthetho, ukwenza okunye okutholiwe okuyiqiniso, ukuphinde ihlole izindaba ezingabhekiswanga kahle, noma ukungena esahlulelweni esivumelana nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme. Lomyalo wokuphinda usho ukuthi inkantolo ephansi kufanele yenzeni, nakuba inkantolo ephansi igcina isinqumo ekufezeni umyalo weNkantolo Ephakeme.
Vacate
Inkantolo ePhakeme ingalahla isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi, okusho ukuthi sichitha leso sinqumo ngaphandle kokusihlehlisa. I-Vacatur ivame ukusetshenziswa lapho isinqumo senkantolo ephansi sisekelwe emthethweni osewashiywe, lapho sekukhona ukungalingani kwemiqondo, noma uma icala selibe yize. Isinqumo esithathelwe eceleni asinamphumela wesiqalo.
Esulayo
Ngezinye izikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhipha icala ngemva kokunikeza i-certiorari, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi icala seliye laba yisisulu, amaqembu anquma, noma iNkantolo inqume ukuthi i-certiorari yavunyelwa ngokungenamdlandla (ngoba iNkantolo akufanele ivume ukulizwa icala kuqala). Ukuxoshwa akuvamile kodwa kwenzeka.
Umphumela Nokubaluleka Kwezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme
Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zinemiphumela efinyelela kude edlulela nangaphandle kwamaqembu akhona aphethe icala. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zinqumo ezithonya ngayo isimiso somthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqapheleni indima yeNkantolo ekubuseni kwamaMelika.
Ngenisa isiyaluzi solwembu
Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokubuka idecis − isiLatin ngokwesi-"ukuma ngokwezinto ezinqunyiwe""""Izinqumo zeNkantolo yaseNkantolo ePhakamileyo zizezezezezesibonelo ezimelwe zilandelwe izinkantolo eziphansi. Uma iNkantolo ePhakeme ichaza ilungiselelo lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho kahulumeni, leyo ncazelo iba umthetho wezwe. Izinkantolo zesifundazwe lonke kumelwe zisebenzise ukucabanga kweNkanto yeNkantolo Ephakeme emacaleni afanayo, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zilandele izincazelo zeNkantolo ePhakakhulu zomthetho kahulumeni.
Lesimiso esiyisibonelo sikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela emthethweni. Izinkonzo zingathembela ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze ziqonde amalungelo nezibopho zazo ezingokomthetho, futhi izinkantolo eziphansi zinesiqondiso esicacile sokuxazulula izingxabano ezifanayo. Ukubaluleka kwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kuzenza zibe amathuluzi anamandla okuguqula imfundiso engokomthetho phakathi kwezimpikiswano eziningi.
Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo
Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo, isinqumo sayo singapheliswa kuphela ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eyalandelayo noma ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwenza izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zibe ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi zingapheli. Icala lezwe elinjengeBrown v. Board of Education (esekela isikole), Miranda v. Arizona (imalungelo e-Mirnda), kanye ne Roe v. Wade (eqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo-mthetho ekukhipheni isisu, kamuva yagumbuqele eDobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization) iye yalungisa umphakathi nemithetho yaseMelika.
Amandla eNkantolo okuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo awenza ube umdlali obalulekile ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene namalungelo abantu ngabanye, uhulumeni, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, neminye imibuzo eyisisekelo yokubusa. Izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho ngokuvamile zibonisa izimpikiswano ezibanzi zezenhlalo nezombangazwe, futhi izinqumo zeNkantolo zingasheshisa noma zivimbele ushintsho lwezenhlalo.
Incazelo Eyisisekelo
Lapho iNkantolo ePhakeme ichaza imithetho kahulumeni, uMkhandlu ulondoloza amandla okudlula ukuchaza kweNkantolo ngokulahla umthetho. Nokho, isenzo somhlangano sidinga ukudlula kokubili ngezindlu zomkhandlu nophawu lomongameli (noma i-veto) okungaba nzima ukukufinyelela. Ngenxa yalokho, izincazelo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme zisebenza iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka, ngisho noma iSishaya-mthetho singavumelani nazo.
Indlela yeNkantolo yokuchaza imithetho iye yashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi iyahlukahluka phakathi kwamajaji. Abanye abahluleli bagcizelela umbhalo ocacile wemithetho, kuyilapho abanye bebheka umlando wemithetho nenjongo. Lokhu kungafani kwezindlela kungaholela ekuchazeni okuhlukene kolimi olufanayo olungokomthetho futhi kufake iqhaza ekungavumelani phakathi kwabahluleli.
Ithonya Ezinkantolo Eziphansi
Izinkantolo eziphansi ziqaphelisisa izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme futhi zisebenzele ukuzisebenzisa ngokwethembeka. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme imemezela umthetho omusha noma icacisa umthetho okhona, izinkantolo eziphansi kumele zilungise izindlela zazo ngokuhambelana. Lokhu kungadinga ukulahla amacala asele, ukuphinde ucabangele izinqumo zangaphambili, noma izinqubo ezingcono ukuze zivumelane nomyalo weNkantolo Ephakeme.
Ubuhlobo phakathi kweNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi abuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ingashiya imibuzo ethile ingaphendulwa, ifuna ukuba izinkantolo eziphansi zigcwalise izikhala futhi zisebenzise izimiso ezivamile ezimweni ezithile ezingokoqobo. Izinkantolo eziphansi zingase futhi zihlukanise izenzakalo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ziphikisa ngokuthi ukungefani ngamaqiniso noma ezindabeni ezingokomthetho kwenza isenzakalo esivumelana necala esikhona sibe isibonelo esizwakalayo.
Ithonya Elandile Emphakathini Nakwezombangazwe
Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yayo engokomthetho, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile ziba nezici eziphawulekayo zezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Izinqumo ezindabeni eziphikisanayo njengokukhishwa kwezisu, ukuvuma, amalungelo ezibhamu, umkhankaso wezezimali, nenkululeko engokwenkolo zibangela impikiswano enkulu yomphakathi futhi zingathonya okhethweni, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, nesimiso somphakathi.
Izinqumo zeNkantolo zingagunyaza noma zikwenze kube yizenzwe ezisemthethweni noma zishicilelwe izenzo zikahulumeni, zigunyaze noma zinqande izinhlangano zomphakathi, futhi zilolonge ukuqonda umphakathi ngezindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba iNkantolo ingenawo amandla okuphoqelela izinqumo zayo siqu, qha uma kuvunyelwa igatsha eliphethe futhi ukuvunyelwa komphakathi ukuba kubekwe umthetho (igunya lokuziphatha elingokomthetho) kanye nokucabanga okungokomthetho kungaba namandla oshintsho.
Imisebenzi Nezimo Ezikhethekile
Nakuba amacala amaningi eNkantolo Ephakeme elandela inqubo eyisisekelo echazwe ngenhla, kunezinqubo eziningana ezikhethekile nezimo okufanele zicatshangelwe.
Izithobo eziphuthumayo newcuvicet
Ngaphezu kwenzuzo yayo evamile, iNkantolo Ephakeme isingatha izicelo eziningi eziphuthumayo zokuhlala, imiyalo, nezinye iziqalisi. Lezi zinhlelo, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa njenge-"shadowet," zivumela abantu ukuba bafune ukungenela okusheshayo kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngaphandle kokulinda impikiswano ephelele nengasho lutho.
Izinhlelo eziphuthumayo zinqunywa ngokushesha, ngokuvamile ngencazelo encane. Inkantolo inganikeza noma inqabe ukukhululeka ngokuhleleka okufushane, ngezinye izikhathi ihambisana nezinkulumo eziphikisayo ezivela kubahluleli abaphikisana nesinqumo. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-cridget ivelele kakhulu futhi iphikiswana nabagxeki, bethi iNkantolo ivumela ukwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokubona ngokukhululekile nokucabangisisa okuphawula ubuhle obuvamile.
Icala Lokuqala Lokusola
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokuqala ezinhlotsheni ezithile zecala, ngokuyinhloko izingxabano phakathi kwezimo. Lamacala ayivelakancane ngokwesilinganiso kodwa angahilela izimpikiswano ezibalulekile njengamalungelo amanzi, izingxabano zemingcele, noma izingxabano ngemithombo yemvelo.
Emacaleni okuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengenkantolo equlwayo, ithola ubufakazi futhi yenza okutholile okuyiqiniso. Nokho, iNkantolo imisa uMbusi Okhethekile − ngokuvamile umahluleli kahulumeni othathe umhlalaphansi noma ummeli onolwazi − ukuqhuba izikhangiso, ukuzwa ubufakazi, nokulungiselela umbiko ngokuthola okutuswayo neziphetho. Amaqembu angaveza okuhlukile embikweni weNkomkhulu okhethekile, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza isinqumo sokugcina.
Izinqumo Eziyi - Per Curiam
Ezinye izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zikhishwa ngenhlawulo ngayinye, okusho ukuthi "ngenkantolo" ngaphandle kokuthola umlobi othile. Imibono ye-curiam ivame ukusetshenziswa emacala aqondile angafuni ukuhlaziywa okukhulu, ukunqanyulwa kokufingqiwe kwezinqumo zenkantolo eziphansi eziphikisana nenqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, noma iziyalezo zemithetho.
Nakuba imibono ehlukahlukene ivame ukuba mifushane futhi ingacaci kakhulu kunemibono esayiniwe, iseyisibonelo esibophayo. Ezinye izinqumo zesivumelwano zikhuluma ngezindaba ezingokomthetho ezibalulekile, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo eyodwa kungase kube uphawu lokuthi iNkantolo ibheka icala njengeliqondile noma elingagunyazi umbono ogunyaziwe ngokuphelele.
Ukumangalela Nokudumaza
Amajaji angase abeke icala emacaleni lapho bephikisana khona nesithakazelo, njengezithakazelo zezimali emphumeleni, ngaphambi kokuba bahileleke ecaleni, noma ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nabameleli.
Uma inkantolo iquliswa icala, icala linqunywa amajaji asele. Uma iNkantolo ihlukene ngokulinganayo (ngokuvamile i-4-4 lapho ihlulele elilodwa libekwa icala), isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi siqinisekiswa iNkantolo ehlukene ngokulinganayo, kodwa ngaphandle kokumisa isibonelo. Lokhu kushiya isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi esikhundleni samaqembu kodwa asimiseli umthetho okufanele ulandelwe ezinye izinkantolo.
I-Courting Court e-Countain
Izibuko zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kokubili ngokwenani lamacala anqunyiwe nezinhlobo zezimpikiswano ezixoxwayo. Ukuqonda lezi zimo kunikeza ukuqonda ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kweNkantolo kanye nendima yayo eshintshayo emthethweni waseMelika.
I - docket Egobekayo
INkantolo Ephakeme inquma amacala ambalwa namuhla kunalawo eyawenza emashumini eminyaka ambalwa adlule. Ngonyaka ka-1980, iNkantolo yanquma njalo ukuthi amacala angu-150 noma ngaphezulu ngokomthetho. Namuhla, lelo nani liye lehla cishe ngama-60-80 ngenkathi eyodwa. Lokhu kuncishisiwe naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inani lezicelo ezigcinweyo liye lahlala liqinile noma lakhula.
Kuye kwanikezwa izincazelo ezihlukahlukene zetheku elinciphayo. Ezinye izazi zikhomba ekuqedweni kwezicelo eziphoqelelwe kakhulu ngo- 1988, ezanikeza iNkantolo iziqondiso ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhungweni zayo. Abanye basikisela ukuthi amajaji asekhetha kakhulu, akhetha ukunquma kuphela amacala abaluleke kakhulu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezingokomthetho, njengokufana okukhulayo phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda noma izinguquko ezindleleni zokuhlaziyweni, ziye zanciphisa inani lamacala adinga ukungenela kweNkantolo Ephakeme.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izizathu, leli godlela elincane lisho ukuthi iNkantolo isingatha izindaba ezimbalwa ezingokomthetho, okungase kushiye imibuzo eyengeziwe ingaxazululiwe futhi kunikeze izinkantolo ezincane inkululeko enkulu yokuchaza umthetho kahulumeni.
Izinhlobo Zamacala
Isikhulu seNkantolo Ephakeme sihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zecala elihlanganisa umthetho wobugebengu, amalungelo omphakathi, umthetho wezentengiselwano, umthetho wokuphatha, umthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, nezinye izindawo eziningi. Ukuxubana kwamacala kuyahlukahluka ngokwegama kuye ngokuthi iziphi izicelo ezinikezwayo nalezo ezihlukanisayo ezinkantolo eziphansi.
Ezinye izindawo zomthetho ziveza amacala amaningi kunamanye. Inqubo yobugebengu, iziNguqulo Zokuqala, nemibuzo ngesikhundla segunya likahulumeni lokulawula izihloko ezingapheli enqabeni yeNkantolo. Eminyakeni yamuva, iNkantolo iye yakhuluma namacala amaningi ahilela umthetho wokulawula, ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda ukungenwa kwemithetho yenkolo kanye nemithetho yokunqanda ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga.
Izibuko zeNkantolo zibonisa izimo ezibanzi zomthetho waseMelika nomphakathi. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha, kuphakama imibuzo emisha engokomthetho engase ifike eNkantolweni Ephakeme ekugcineni. Njengoba isimo sengqondo sezenhlalo sishintsha, amacala ahilela izimpikiswano ezixazululiwe ngaphambili angabuye abuye abuye avuselelwe. Futhi njengoba amagatsha ezombangazwe ethatha isinyathelo ezindabeni eziphikisanayo, lezozenzo zingase zihilele iNkantolo.
Ukugxekwa Nezinguquko
Izinqubo nemikhuba yeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iye yagxekwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko eziningi phakathi neminyaka. Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuhlola indima yeNkantolo esimisweni sezomthetho waseMelika.
Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa
Abagxeki baye bacela ukuba kubonakale kakhulu emikhankasweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayithonywa uMthetho Wokuziphatha KwabAhluleli base-United States, nakuba abahluleli bethe bahlola i-Connect ukuze bathole isiqondiso. Abanye abashisekeli benguquko basekela imithetho ebophelele yabahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, nezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho ukuze babhekane nokuphulwa.
Ezinye izinto ezibonisa ukuthi amakhamera akhona zihlanganisa ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokubonana enkantolo, ukufihla inqubo ye-certiorari, kanye nokwaziswa okulinganiselwe komphakathi ngenzuzo yezimali yomahluleli nangezinye izinto ezingaphandle. Abasekeli bokubonakala kakhulu baphikisa ngokuthi kungathuthukisa ukwethemba komphakathi eNkantolweni futhi kuqinisekise ukulandisa, kuyilapho abaphikisi bekhathazekile ngokuthi ingahlehlisa inkululeko yamajaji futhi bawafake ngaphansi kokucindezela okungafanele.
Imingcele Yezikhathi Nokukhula Kwenkantolo
Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko baye bahlongoza imingcele yeminyaka yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, bephikisa ngokuthi ukuphila kuholela kumajaji akhonza amashumi eminyaka futhi banika omongameli ababa nezindawo eziningi phakathi negama labo eliveza ithonya ekwakhekeni kweNkantolo. Izihlongozo zezibalo ezihlukahlukene ziye zasikiselwa, ezihlanganisa amagama eminyaka engu-18 asheshisiwe aqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli ngamunye umisa amajaji amabili ngeminyaka emine.
Abanye baye basikisela ukwandisa inani lamajaji eNkantolo, ukuze kulungiswe kabusha isimo sawo semibono noma kuncishiswe iziphakamiso zokumiswa kwabantu ngabanye. Iziphakamiso zokunwetshwa kweNkantolo ziyaphikisana futhi ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokushintsha iNkantolo nokubangela ukwanda nokuncintisana njengoshintsho lokulawula kwezombangazwe.
Ukukhetha Isifo Nokuthwala Umsebenzi
Ezinye izingqapheli ziye zagxeka izindlela zokukhetha inkantolo zecala, ziphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo inikeza i-certiorari emacaleni ambalwa kakhulu, ishiya imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho ingaxazululwa futhi ivumele ukuhlukana kwesifunda kuqhubeke. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo kufanele ikhethe amacala ngendlela engcono kakhulu, igxile ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni kunokuba igxile ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho.
Izimfuneko zokusingatha lezi zinkathazo zihlanganisa ukwakha inkantolo ephakathi nendawo ukuze kuxazululwe ukuhlukana kwesifunda, ifuna ukuba iNkantolo yamukele amacala ambalwa ngegama, noma ishintshe izimiso zokunikeza i - certiorari ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amacala athile ayabukezwa.
Imithombo Yokuqonda Amacala Enkantolo Ephakeme
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngamacala eNkantolo Ephakeme nalandela umsebenzi weNkantolo, kunemithombo eminingi. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme (https://wwww.supremecourt.gov) inikeza ukutholakala kwemibono, izinkulumo eziphiwe ngomlomo nemisindo, imithetho yeNkantolo, nokwaziswa ngezahlulelo nangomlando weNkantolo.
Izincwadi ezisemthethweni ezinjenge-Weslaw, i-LexisNexis, ne-Google Screen System zinikeza imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme nezinto ezihlobene nayo. Amawebhusayithi amaningi ezezomthetho anikeza imithola-mpilo yeNkantolo Ephakeme noma imisebenzi enikeza ukuhlaziywa nemithombo enikeza ukuqonda umsebenzi weNkantolo.
Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuthuthukeni komlando wemfundiso yeNkantolo Ephakeme, imithombo enjenge-Oyez Project (] https:/wwww.oyez.org) inikeza ukutholakala okuningi kwemisakazo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, kuhlanganise nokuzwakalayo kwempikiswano yomlomo, ukufushaniswa kwezinqumo, nolwazi oluphathelene namajaji. I-Library of Congresssion ne-National Archives igcina iqoqo lezinto zeNkanto ephakeme.
Omagazini abafundisayo njenge Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, ne Stanford Law Review bashicilela njalo izihloko ezihlaziya izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme nemikhuba. Lokhu kuhlola okusekelwe ekujuleni kwendlela iNkantolo ecabanga ngayo kanye nemiphumela yezinqumo zayo.
Isiphetho
Inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yokuqulwa kwecala nokunquma amacala ibonisa ukulinganisela kokucophelela phakathi kokutholakala nokukhetha, phakathi kokubonana nokuzinza, naphakathi kokuzinza nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kusukela ekucelweni kokuqala kwe-certiorari ngempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo nangokubhala umbono kuze kube sekunyathelisweni kokugcina kwezinqumo, isigaba ngasinye senqubo sifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iNkantolo ingafeza indima yayo engokomthetho-mthetho-mthetho njengesekela lokugcina lomthetho kahulumeni.
Ukuqonda indlela amacala afinyelela ngayo eNkantolo Ephakeme nendlela enqunywe ngayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso somthetho waseMelika. Izinqumo zeNkantolo zimisa umthetho womthetho-mthetho, ichaza imithetho kahulumeni, ixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwemibuso, futhi ikhulumele ezinye zezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu emphakathini waseMelika. Izandulela ezamiswa yiNkantolo ePhakeme zithonya umsebenzi wansuku zonke wamajaji, abameli, nezikhulu zikahulumeni kulo lonke izwe.
Nakuba izinqubo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaqala phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, izimiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela umsebenzi wayo zihlala zikhona: ukucabangela ngokucophelela izimpikiswano zomthetho, ukuhlobana komthetho phakathi kwamajaji, ukuchaza okucatshangelwayo, nokuhlonipha incazelo yesidingo sokuvumelanisa umthetho nezimo ezishintshayo. Lezizimiso zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingasebenza njengethonya elizinzisayo eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi kuyilapho iqhubeka isabela ezidingweni ezihlukene zesizwe.
Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqhubeka isingatha izinselele ezintsha nezimpikiswano, ukuqonda izinqubo nezinqubo zayo kuba okubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini, kubameli, abamisi-mthetho, nakunoma ubani onesithakazelo ekubusweni komthetho. Umsebenzi weNkantolo uthinta imibuzo eyisisekelo ngamalungelo omuntu ngamunye, amandla kahulumeni, kanye nokwakheka komphakathi waseMelika, kuwenza ube ngenye yezinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu eUnited States.