Table of Contents
Ukuqonda izisekelo zikahulumeni nomthetho kubalulekile ukuze izakhamuzi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini futhi zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngemiphakathi yazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, isakhamuzi esisha, noma umuntu ofuna ukuqonda kangcono indlela izwe lakini elisebenza ngayo, ukuqonda lemiqondo eyisisekelo kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo nenqubo yentando yeningi, ukuqonda amalungelo nemithwalo yakho yemfanelo, futhi ugcine uhulumeni wakho unecala. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izici ezidingekayo zezakhiwo zikahulumeni, izimiso zomthetho, kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi okufanele wonke umuntu azi.
Uyini Uhulumeni Futhi Kungani Ubalulekile?
Uhulumeni uyinhlangano owenziwa futhi uphoqelele ukuba umphakathi ubeke imithetho, unikeze izinkonzo, futhi uvikele amalungelo nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zawo. Ngezinga lawo eliyisisekelo, uhulumeni ukhona ukuze adale ukuhleleka, axazulule izingxabano, anikeze izimpahla zomphakathi nezinkonzo, futhi avikele umphakathi kuzo zombili izinsongo zangaphakathi nezengaphandle. Ngaphandle kukahulumeni, izinhlangano ziyobhekana neziyaluyalu nokungaqiniseki, ngoba bekungeke kube khona imithetho evumelanayo noma izimiso zokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula.
Umqondo kahulumeni uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo kuwo wonke umlando wesintu. Kusukela emikhandlwini yezizwe yasendulo kuya kumaRepublic entando yeningi anamuhla, imiphakathi iye yazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubusa ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zayo. Ohulumeni banamuhla basukela emikhandlwini emincane eqondisa izindaba zomphakathi kuya ezimisweni zesizwe eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqondisa izigidi zezakhamuzi. Kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu noma isimo, bonke ohulumeni bahlanganyela imisebenzi efanayo: ukwakha nokumisa imithetho, ukulondoloza ukuhleleka, ukulungiselela izinkonzo zomphakathi, ukuvikela izakhamuzi, nokuphatha imithombo yezohwebo.
Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo izinto ngoba uthinta ngokuqondile cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Izinqumo zikahulumeni zithonya izinga lezikole, ukulondeka kwezindawo, isimo semigwaqo nesezisekelo, ukukwazi ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuvikeleka kwendawo ezungezile, namathuba ezomnotho. Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda izinqubo zikahulumeni, zingazisekela ngokuphumelelayo izithakazelo zazo, zihlanganyele ekwenzeni izinqumo, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni ufeza izithakazelo zomphakathi kunokuba ufeze izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe.
Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni: Ukuhlukana Kwababusi
Igama "Ukuhlukanisa i-Powers" laqanjwa yisazi sefilosofi sekhulu le-18 uMontesquieu, futhi lihlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene nezimele. Lesimiso esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi yanamuhla sivimbela noma iyiphi into ukuba ithole amandla amaningi kakhulu futhi iwusebenzise kabi.
Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho
Igatsha lemithetho lenza umthetho futhi ngokuvamile lakhiwa abameleli abakhethiwe abaphikisana, abathatha izivumelwano, nabavoti ekwakheni umthetho. Emazweni amaningi, igatsha lomthetho linamagumbi amabili noma izindlu.
Igatsha lemithetho liphethe amagunya amaningana agxekayo ngaphandle kokwenza imithetho. Igatsha lomthetho linquma ukuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni, limisa amazinga entela, futhi libhale imithetho ngendlela yokubhalisa ukuvota esifundazweni ngasinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igatsha lemithetho line "amandla esikhwameni semali," okusho ukuthi linamandla okumisa umbuso kanye noma uhlelo lwemali. Lokhu kulawula ngokwezimali kumelela okunye kokuhlola okubalulekile kakhulu emandleni esikhulu, njengoba kungekho hulumeni ongakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kokuxhasa imali.
Abameli basebenza njengabameleli abaqondile babantu kuhulumeni. Abakhi bamapulani babeka indikimba yemithetho njengegatsha lokuqala likahulumeni, enemithwalo yemfanelo echazwe eSigabeni I esibanzi kakhulu, becacisa ukuthi igunya aliveli kumuntu oyedwa kumongameli, kodwa kubantu abaningi abahlanganisa iSishaya-Mkhandlu.
Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho
Igatsha eliphethe limisa umthetho futhi liqondiswa umongameli, undunankulu, noma omunye umphathi omkhulu. Leligatsha linomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokuphatha imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho, ukuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni, ukuqhuba imithetho yangaphandle, nokukhonza njengomphathi wamabutho ahlomile.
UMongameli usebenzisa amandla avezayo ukuze avume futhi akhiphe izikweletu futhi enze izivumelwano, futhi ubophekile ngokomthetho-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ifezeka ngokwethembeka. Ngaphandle kwalemibuso ecacile yomthetho-sisekelo, uMongameli usebenzisa amandla ashiwoyo ukukhipha iziyalezo eziphethe futhi angene ezivumelwaneni namazwe angaphandle. Le mithetho ephethe ingaba nemiphumela emikhulu, nakuba kusamelwe isebenze phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.
Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iminyango eminingi nezinhlangano ezisingatha imisebenzi ethile kahulumeni, kusukela ekuvikeleni nasekulawuleni izivumelwano zezentengiselwano kuya ekufundiseni nasekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile. Lezi zikhungo ziqasha izisebenzi zomphakathi ezifeza umsebenzi kahulumeni wansuku zonke, zisebenzisa izinqubo futhi zinikeza izinkonzo ezakhamuzini. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa nezinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho ezinomthwalo wokuhlola ubugebengu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zilalela imithetho nemithetho.
Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho
Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza umthetho ngesimiso sezinkantolo esixazulula izingxabano, sinqume ukuthi imithetho ihlelwe kanjani, futhi siqinisekise ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa ngokufanelekile. ISiphakamiso III, esichaza igatsha lokwahlulela, asinamininingwane eminingi, sinikeza ijaji amandla amancane kakhulu. Nokho, ijaji lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu nokugcina umthetho.
Izinkantolo zinamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela, okuyikhono lokumemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Lombuso, nakuba ungashiwonga ngokucacile kweminye imithetho-mthetho eminingi, uye waba yinhlolo - hlola okuyisisekelo kwamanye amagatsha. Ukuhlola ngo-(-) amandla ezinkantolo okuhlola izenzo zomthetho-mthetho nezikhali zikahulumeni eziphethe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziwumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo / / zenza ingxenye ebalulekile kahulumeni e-United States.
Isimiso sokwahlulela sihlanganisa izigaba eziningi zezinkantolo, kusukela ezinkantolo zendawo ezilalela amacala okuqala ezinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo, futhi ekugcineni ezinkantolo eziphethe noma ezingokomthetho ezisebenza njengomkhandi wokugcina wezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Abahluleli ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi bamiswa kunokuba bakhethwe ukuba bazivikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi bavumele ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemithethweni engokomthetho kuphela.
Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla
Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzithonya kakhulu lezizimiso, ukwahlukana kwamandla kwabaseFramers kwakungaqinile, kodwa kwakuhlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho elinye igatsha lingahlola khona amandla abelwe elinye. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu futhi lingalinganisela igatsha ngalinye elingase liphanjwe ezinye.
Isimiso se-checks and Balances sinikeza igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni elinamagunya alo ngalinye ukuba lihlole amanye amagatsha futhi livimbele elinye igatsha ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Lokhu kwakha ukucindezeleka okukhulu okuthi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ekushicelweni, ekugcineni kuvikeleke ekubuseni ngonya nasekusebenziseni kabi igunya.
Indlela Igatsha Elingokomthetho Elihlola Ngayo Amanye Amagatsha
Igatsha lemithetho linezinqubo eziningi zokuhlola amandla akho kokubili amagatsha aphethe nawahluleli. Igatsha lemithetho linamandla okuvumela ukumiswa koMongameli, ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lingamkhipha uMongameli futhi limkhiphe ehhovisi. Lamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi ngeke athathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezinqumo ezinkulu.
UKhomishane unamandla okudala imithetho, uMongameli unamandla okuzilawula, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingase imemezele imithetho engavumelani nemithetho, kodwa iSishaya - mthetho singayinqoba i-presidential police ngokuvota 2/3 kuzo zombili izindlu. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kuphela osekelwa kakhulu onganqoba ukuphikiswa kwezikhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuqalisa ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, kungathatha izinqumo eziphikisayo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba lenqubo kunzima ngamabomu, idinga izakhiwo ezinkulu kokubili ezindlini nakukwane okuhlanekezelwa yizifundazwe ezintathu, inikeza ukuhlola kwentando yeningi emandleni okwahlulela futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ekugcineni abantu balondoloza ubukhosi.
Indlela Igatsha Eliphethe Eliwahlola Ngayo Amanye Amagatsha
Igatsha eliphethe linemisebenzi ebalulekile yokuhlola. Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela i-Eduzed Orders, efana nezimemezelo eziphethe umthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Lokhu kwenza isilinganiso lapho umphathi angathatha khona isinyathelo esiwujuqu kodwa ahlale engaphansi kokubukezwa komthetho.
Umongameli umisa amalungu eNkantolo Ephakeme kodwa kuphela ngemvume yeSigele, esivumela nezinye izibopho eziphetheyo futhi okumelwe sivume izivumelwano. Lokhu kwahlanganyela amandla ekumisweni kuqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha ezombangazwe anezici ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni kwemithetho yangaphandle kanye nokukhishwa kwesimiso sakwamanye amazwe.
Umongameli we-veto umelela enye yezindlela ezibonakala kakhulu zokuhlola igunya lomthetho. I-veto yomongameli yomthetho ingangahlaliswa yi-Congress ngokuvota okuphindwe kabili-ntathu. Lokhu kwenza ukulinganisela okucophelelayo lapho umphathi angavimbela khona umthetho awubheka njengowungahlakaniphile noma ongekho emthethweni, kodwa ngeke ibhuntshise unomphela intando yeningi lemithetho emisiwe.
Indlela Igatsha Lokwahlulela Eliwahlola Ngayo Amanye Amagatsha
Igatsha lokwahlulela linamandla okubusa ukuthi umthetho uphula amalungelo ezakhamuzi noma ezinye izingxenye zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi uma igatsha lokwahlulela linquma umthetho ngokuthi "awuvunyelwe," ngeke lisaphoqelelwa igatsha eliphethe. Lamandla okuhlola asebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi kumalungelo omuntu ngamunye nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezimelene nesiphambano sabaphathi.
Izinkantolo zingaxazulula futhi impikiswano lapho umongameli esebenzisa igunya elingelilo lweSishaya-mthetho, ngemva kokuba icala lilethwe phambi kwenkantolo libekela umongameli inselele. Lokhu kuvumela abahluleli ukuba babe umsizi ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwamagatsha ezombangazwe, baqiniseke ukuthi ngalinye lihlala lisemikhawulweni yalo engokomthetho.
Isimo sejaji sisenza sithembele kakhulu kwamanye amagatsha, njengoba umsebenzi wezinkantolo uwukuxazulula izinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo; ngaphandle kwesenzo esivela kumphathi-mthetho noma kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho, akukho lutho okumelwe lulawule. Lokhu kuncika kuqinisekisa ukuthi ijaji alinakumane liphoqe intando yalo kodwa kumelwe lilinde amacala angokoqobo nezimpikiswano zivele ngaphambi kokuba lisebenzise amandla alo.
Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zikahulumeni Emhlabeni Wonke
Nakuba isakhiwo esinezintambo ezintathu sivamile embusweni wentando yeningi, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bathatha izindlela eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuka-Yale uJuan José Linz kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezimiso zezombangazwe namuhla: idemokrati, imibuso yobushiqela ne, ihleli phakathi kwalemibuso emibili, yempoqo ye-phostoli nemithetho exubile. Ukuqonda lezizimiso ezihlukene kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele izici eziyingqayizivele nezinzuzo zesimiso sazo sohulumeni.
Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi: Uhulumeni Olawulwa Abantu
Ekujuleni kwayo, idemokrasi imane isho ukuthi abantu benza izinqumo, ngokuvamile ngabameleli ababakhethayo, futhi ohulumeni bentando yeningi bakha imithetho nezinhlangano ukuze bavikele ikhono labantu lokuveza intando yabo: baqinisekisa ukhetho olukhululekile nolulungile, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, nelungelo lokuhlangana nokubhikisha. Idemokhrasi limelela uhlobo olusakazeke kakhulu lukahulumeni ezweni lanamuhla, nakuba lunezici eziningi ezihlukahlukene.
Intando yeningi eqondile ikhona lapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile ekwenzeni imithetho ngemihlangano nangokuvota ngokuqondile ezindabeni, izimiso nemithetho, kodwa ubunkimbinkimbi nezinga lemiphakathi yanamuhla kuye kwenza idemokrasi emelela idemokrasi, eyaziwa futhi njengedemokrasi yentando yeningi, isibonelo esivelele, lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha izikhulu ukuba zisebenze njengeminxusi phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni. Izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi zanamuhla zisebenzisa izimiso zabameleli ngoba ukubusa ngentando yeningi akusizi emiphakathini emikhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi.
Izimiso zedemokrasi zingabekwa ngokwezici zazo ezihlukene. Izimiso zePhalamende zigxilisa amandla aphethe ngaphakathi kwezindlu zomthetho, zikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kombuso ohlangene nokwenza ngokuvumelana, kuyilapho izimiso zomongameli zihlukanisa amagatsha aphetheyo nawabendlu yokushaya umthetho, zidala izimiso ezihlukene. Isimiso ngasinye sinezinzuzo nezingasizi ngokuzinzile, ukusabela, nokuphumelela.
Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, imiqondo yamalungelo nenkululeko ibalulekile, lapho ilungelo umuntu okufanele athole kulo ngoba nje engabantu, futhi inkululeko iwuhlobo lwenkululeko okungekho hulumeni okufanele ayithathe kumuntu.
IRepublic: Uhulumeni Omelela Abameleli
Incazelo evamile eyenziwe lula yerepublic nguhulumeni lapho inhloko yezwe ingekhona inkosi. Ngokukhethekile, esimisweni sikahulumeni werepublic, amandla axhomeke kubantu, njengoba bephethe noma bekhetha umholi wezwe, esikhundleni sokuba umholi amiswe noma azuze ifa, futhi achazwe kabanzi, irepublic iyisimiso sikahulumeni ongenayo inkosi.
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, irepublic iwuhlobo lwentando yeningi emelela ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuvumelana nesimiso sokuhlukanisa imibuso, lapho kunesici esicacile sokuhlukana phakathi kwezikhulu, izikhulu zemithetho, negatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukanisa amarepublic kwezinye izinhlobo zikahulumeni lapho imibuso ingase ihlanganiswe khona noma ihlanganiswe khona ndawonye.
Amazwe amaningi namuhla ayintando yeningi nama - republic, ahlanganisa ubukhosi obuthandwayo nezinhlangano ezimelelayo nemingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo embusweni.
Umbusi: Ukubusa Kwama - Hermary
Ebusweni benkosi, amandla ombuso aba khona ngomkhaya owodwa ozuza ifa lokubusa kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye, futhi umuntu othile emkhayeni wasebukhosini unegunya kuze kube yilapho efa.
Imibuso ingaba imibuso ephelele, engokomthetho-sisekelo, noma ewumthetho, lapho imonarch ephelele ilawula khona wonke uhulumeni. Ngokuphambene, umbuso womthetho-sisekelo wezwe unenkosi noma indlovukazi njengenhloko yezwe, kodwa amandla awo alinganiselwe umthetho-sisekelo futhi iphalamende elikhethiwe linegunya langempela lokubusa, kanti inkosi ifeza indima yemikhosi neyisibonakaliso. Amazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, iJapane, iSpain, ne-Sweden asebenza njengemibuso yezomthetho-monarchy, ihlanganisa izifanekiselo ezingokwesiko nentando yeningi.
Izimiso Zobucukuthwane Nezobushiqela
Isimiso sikahulumeni esicindezelayo esifuna ukulalela kwabantu, lapho amandla aphelele ebambeka khona phezu kokuphila kwezakhamuzi futhi ephoqelelwa ngokwesaba kwamaphoyisa, ukufundiswa, nokushushiswa ukuze kulondolozwe ngokuphelele. Lezizimiso zihluke ngokuphelele ekubusweni kwentando yeningi futhi zimelela ukugxiliswa kwamandla okuhlukaniswa kwemibuso okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela.
Kubushiqela, umuntu oyedwa, umashiqela, unamandla aphelele phezu kombuso ohlobo lukahulumeni olubusa ngempoqo lapho umuntu oyedwa ephethe ukuqasha nokumisa umthetho. Ohulumeni bomashiqela babhekwa njengabadlulele kakhulu, nombusi oyedwa othembele ekwakheni iscinamesme ukukholisa abantu ukuthi ngempela usohlangothini lwabo, futhi unengqondo ewumbuso onamandla, ongaphansi kwefilosofi elawula lesi simiso.
Ukuqonda lezi zimiso zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde inkululeko nesivikelo ezizijabulelayo emiphakathini yentando yeningi futhi ziqaphele ukubaluleka kokulondoloza izinhlangano nezimiso zentando yeningi.
Uhulumeni: Amandla Okuhlukanisa Aphakathi Kwamazinga Kahulumeni
Ngaphezu kokwahlukanisa amandla ngokuqonde phakathi kwamagatsha, ohulumeni abaningi bahlukanisa amandla aqonde phezulu phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Idemokrasi ye-Federal isakaza amandla emazingeni kahulumeni amaningi, ihlalisa izithakazelo zezifunda ezihlukahlukene, kanti izimiso zobunye zimisa igunya libeke isisekelo lapho zilondoloza ukulandisa kwentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlukana okuqinile kohulumeni kuvumela ukusingatha kokubili izinkathazo zesizwe nezidingo zendawo ngokuphumelelayo.
Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States, Canada, Australia, neJalimane, kuhlanganyelwa umbuso phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni wezwe noma wesifundazwe. Izinga ngalinye linezindawo zalo zegunya, eminye imibuso igcinelwe uhulumeni wezwe kuphela (njengesimiso sangaphandle nesivikelo sesizwe), eminye igcinelwe ohulumeni (njengemfundo nokugcinwa komthetho wendawo), futhi eminye ihlanganyelwa phakathi kwezinga eliphakathi (njengentela nesisekelo).
Lesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni sinikeza izinzuzo eziningana. Sivumela ukuhlola kwezimiso ezisezingeni lombuso, nezindlela ezintsha eziphumelelayo ezingase zithathwe ngokwesizwe. Sivumela izifunda ezihlukene ukuba zisebenzise izimiso ezivumelana nezimo zazo ezithile kanye nezinto ezizithandayo. Sinikeza futhi amaphuzu amaningi okungenela ukuze isakhamuzi sithathe igalelo futhi sibangele ezinye izimpawu zokuhlola amandla kahulumeni ngokuhlukanisa amazinga.
Ohulumeni bendawo − kuhlanganise nobala, amadolobha, namadolobha akhethekile — bakha izinga eliseduze kakhulu likahulumeni wezakhamuzi eziningi. Lohulumeni basingatha izinkonzo ezibalulekile njengesivikelo samaphoyisa nomlilo, amanzi nesimiso sokukhuculula indle, imigwaqo yendawo, amapaki nezokuzilibazisa, nokuhlela izindawo nezindawo. Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo bevame ukuthola igunya kuhulumeni bakahulumeni kunokuba babe nobukhosi obungokwemvelo, bafeza indima ebalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi ngokuletha uhulumeni eduze kwabantu.
Isimiso Somthetho Nomthetho
Isimiso somthetho simisa imithetho elawula ukuziphatha emphakathini futhi inikeza izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano nokumisa leyo mithetho. Imithetho echaza indlela uhulumeni okumelwe usebenze ngayo ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo, futhi engahlanganisa isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko yabo bonke, kuhlanganise namaqembu amancane, nohulumeni abalandela umthetho wabo ongokomthetho kanye nemithetho abawuhlonipha ngokuseduze," ukunikeza abantu isivikelo esengeziwe ngenxa yokuthi izinqumo ezenziwa uhulumeni kumelwe zisekelwe emithethweni.
Ukubusa komthetho kumelela esinye sezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu ($$$ingaphansi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni) futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo ngaphansi komthetho. Akekho ongaphezulu komthetho, futhi imithetho kumelwe isetshenziswe ngokulinganayo futhi ngokungakhethi kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo, ingcebo, noma ukuhlobana kwezombangazwe. Lesi simiso sivikela ekuthatheni izenzo zikahulumeni eziwumthetho omisiwe futhi siqinisekise ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nemithetho emisiwe kunemibono yomuntu siqu.
Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zezomthetho
Izimiso ezimbili ezivamile zomthetho emhlabeni namuhla ziwumthetho ovamile nezimiso zomthetho womphakathi, nakuba amazwe amaningi esebenzisa izimiso ezixubene ezihlanganisa kokubili.
Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile ezisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United States, United Kingdom, Canada, nase-Australia, zithembele kakhulu esibonelweni sokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zibheka izinqumo zangaphambili ezicabeni ezifanayo ukuze ziqondise imithetho yazo, zimise umthetho wezezimali ozishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abahluleli ezimisweni ezivamile banendima esebenzayo ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zomthetho ngezinqumo zabo.
Izimiso zomthetho wombango, ezisetshenziswa engxenyeni enkulu yezwekazi laseYurophu, eLatin America, nakwezinye izingxenye eziningi zomhlaba, ngokuyinhloko zincike emithethweni ebanzi ezama ukuhlanganisa zonke izimo ezingase zivele. Abahluleli ezimisweni zomthetho womphakathi banendima elinganiselwe kakhulu, ngokuyinhloko besebenzisa izinhlelo ezingokwesimiso ezihlobene namaqiniso endabeni ngayinye kunokuba bamise izimiso ezintsha ezingokomthetho.
Izimiso ezingokwenkolo zomthetho, njengomthetho wamaSulumane (uSharia) noma umthetho wamaJuda (uHalaka), zithola igunya emibhalweni namasiko enkolo.
Umthetho Wesigebengu uphikisana noMthetho Wasembusweni
Izimiso zomthetho zihlukanisa phakathi komthetho wobugebengu nomthetho wesizwe, osebenza ngezinjongo ezihlukene futhi osebenza ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezihlukahlukene. Umthetho wesigebengu usingatha amacala amelene nomphakathi uwonke, njengokubulala, ukweba, ukuhlasela, nokukhwabanisa. Uhulumeni uqunga icala lobugebengu, nesijeziso singahlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukuboshwa, noma isigwebo sentambo. Abamangalelwa becala babhekwa njengabangenacala kuze kube yilapho benecala, futhi abamangalelwa kumelwe bafakazele icala elingenakungabaza okunengqondo.
Izingxoxo zomthetho womphakathi phakathi kwabantu abahlukene, njengokungavumelani, ukungezwani ngokwempahla, ukulimaza komuntu siqu, nezindaba zomkhaya njengedivosi nelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa (oletha icala) kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe ngokubhekisa phambili ubufakazi − indinganiso ephansi kunasecaleni lobugebengu. Izimemezelo ezisezinkantolo zihilela ukulahlekelwa imali noma iziyalezo zenkantolo ezifuna noma ezenqabela izenzo ezithile.
Umthetho Womthetho - sisekelo Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa
Umthetho woMthetho - sisekelo umi eqophelweni lombuso ongokomthetho, umisa izimiso eziyisisekelo nezakhiwo zikahulumeni futhi uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo. IMithetho - sisekelo yenza imisebenzi eminingi: isungula izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi ichaze imibuso yazo, imisa izinqubo zokwenza nokumisa imithetho, futhi ivikele amalungelo abantu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.
Imithetho eminingi ihlanganisa izindleko zamalungelo noma amalungiselelo afanayo aqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, inkululeko yokuhlangana, inkululeko yezindaba, nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni.
Izinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo noma izinkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukusho okokugcina ngemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo, zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo futhi zinqume ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.
Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi
Ukuqonda kokubili izici kubalulekile ukuze uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini wentando yeningi futhi ulondoloze impilo yezinhlangano zentando yeningi.
Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Ezakhamuzi
Izinhlangano zentando yeningi ziyawaqaphela amalungelo amaningi ayisisekelo izakhamuzi ezinawo, ngokuvamile ahlanganisa amalungelo omphakathi, ezombangazwe, emazweni amaningi, amalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho.
Amalungelo omphakathi avikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi aqinisekise ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuveza, ukuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhulume imibono nokugxeka ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni. Inkululeko yenkolo ivikela ilungelo lokwenza okungokwenkolo noma lokungaqhubeki nenkolo. Inkululeko yokuhlangana nenhlangano ivumela abantu ukuba bahlanganise ngokuthula futhi bakhe izinhlangano ezifuna izithakazelo ezifanayo. Ilungelo lokuvikela imfihlo ngokungemthetho ekungeneni kwezindaba zomuntu siqu okungadingekile.
Amalungelo ezombangazwe enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthatha iqhaza ekubuseni. Ilungelo lokuvota livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abameleli bazo futhi zithonye isimiso sikahulumeni. Ilungelo lokufuna isikhundla liqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abafanelekayo banelungelo lokuhola kwezombangazwe. Ilungelo lokucela uhulumeni livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicele izenzo zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho noma izikhalo.
Amalungelo angokomthetho avikela izakhamuzi ekusebenzelaneni kwazo nesimiso sobulungisa. Ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga liqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bathola inqubo efanelekile, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokubekwa icala, ilungelo lokuthola ofakazi, nesivikelo ekuzivikeleni. Ilungelo lokuvikela isilinganiso esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho livimbela ukucwaswa futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu.
Amanye amazwe ayawaqaphela futhi amalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho, njengamalungelo emfundo, ilungelo lokunakekela impilo, ilungelo lokusebenza, nelungelo lokuthola izinga elifanele lokuphila. Lamalungelo ahlala ephikisana kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa ngokwehlukile emazweni, kodwa abonisa ukuqonda ukuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe idinga izimo ezithile ezibonakalayo.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Nemisebenzi
Izakhamuzi zinemithwalo yemfanelo engokomthetho engaphoqelelwa umthetho nemithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi, leyo, nakuba ingadingeki ngokomthetho, edingekile ukuze kulondolozwe imiphakathi enempilo ebusa ngentando yeningi.
Izivumelwano ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa ukulalela imithetho, eyenza isisekelo sokuhleleka kwezenhlalo futhi ivumela imiphakathi ukuba isebenze ngokuthula. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikhokhe intela ukuze zixhase izinkonzo zikahulumeni nezinhlelo ezizuzisa umphakathi. Emazweni amaningi, izakhamuzi zinesibopho sokukhonza ejajini lapho kubizwa, ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sobulungisa sihlanganisa ukuhlanganyela emphakathini. Amanye amazwe adinga inkonzo yezempi noma enye, acela izakhamuzi ukuba zinikele ekuvikeleni izwe noma ekusizeni umphakathi.
Imithwalo yemfanelo ye-COBIC, nakuba ingagunyaziwe ngokomthetho, ibaluleke ngokufanayo empilweni yentando yeningi. Nakuba kungadingeki edemokrasini eningi, imelela indlela eyisisekelo kakhulu yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Uma izakhamuzi zehluleka ukuvota, zivumela abanye ukuba benze izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwazo nemiphakathi. Ukuhlala benolwazi ngezimpikiswano zomphakathi nangezenzo zikahulumeni kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezifundile futhi zigcine izikhulu zinecala.
Ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye, ngisho nalapho bengavumelani nemibono yabo, kulondoloza isisekelo somphakathi esidingekayo ukuze kusebenze idemokrasi. Ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela, ngokuya emihlanganweni yasobala, noma ngokujoyina izinhlangano zomphakathi kuqinisa imiphakathi nezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi nezingxoxo zobuntando beningi, nakuba kuhlonipha imibono ehlukile, kusiza umphakathi ukuba ubhekane ngokuthula futhi uthole isisekelo esifanayo.
Indlela Imithetho Eyenziwa Ngayo: Inqubo Yokushaya Indiva
Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyakhiwe ngayo kuyasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yezombangazwe nasemikhiqizweni enethonya.
Inqubo yomthetho iqala ngokusungulwa kwesivumelwano somthetho esihlongozwayo. Izincwadi zingasuka emithonjeni ehlukene: izishayamthetho ngazinye, amakomiti emithetho, igatsha eliphetheyo, noma izikhulu zezakhamuzi ezilawulayo ezizivumelayo. Uma sezakhiwe, izikweletu ngokuvamile zabelwa amakomiti anolwazi endaweni ehlobene nendaba.
AmaKomiti anendima ebalulekile enqubweni yomthetho. Anecala lapho ochwepheshe, abagcini bezimali, namalungu omphakathi enganikeza khona ubufakazi nokwaziswa. Amakomiti abukeza futhi ahlaziye izikweleti, ngokuvamile enza izinguquko ukuze azithuthukise noma alungise izikhalo. Izikweletu eziningi zifa ekomitini, zingaphinde zihlolwe, okuvumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zigxile esikhathini esilinganiselwe ezihlongozweni ezibaluleke kakhulu noma ezisebenzayo.
Izincwadi eziphuma ngokuphumelelayo ekomitini zihamba zisiya egumbini eligcwele lemithetho ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano futhi kuvotwe. Abameli baxoxa ngenzuzo nokungavumelani kwesiphakamiso, ngokuvamile banikeza izimemezelo zokusiguqula. Kumaziko omthetho anezintambo ezimbili, isimemezelo kumelwe sidlule zombili izindlwana, ngokuvamile ngendlela efanayo, ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubeke. Uma lamakamu amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, kumelwe alungise ukungezwani, ikakhulukazi ngekomiti yengqungquthela.
Uma isikhwama sesidlulise amagumbi omthetho womabili (noma igumbi elilodwa ezimisweni ze-uncameral), ngokuvamile siya kumphathi omkhulu ukuze athole imvume. Umphathi angasayina isikweleti emthethweni, siwugunyaze, noma kwezinye izimiso, asivumele ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa. Uma sisayinwe, isishaya-mthetho singakwazi ukudlula iveto ngevoti enkulu, nakuba lokhu ngokuvamile kunzima ukukufeza.
Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ikhungathekisa ekubambeni kwayo, ifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile. Iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo icatshangelwa ngokucophelela ngokwemibono eminingi. Inikeza amathuba okuthola ulwazi nokuphikiswa komphakathi. Kudinga ukwamukelana okukhulu ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu.
Ukuhlanganyela: Ngaphandle Kokuhalalisela
Izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuthonya uhulumeni futhi zinengxenye emiphakathini yazo, futhi ukuhlanganyela ngentshiseko kuqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usabela ezidingweni zomphakathi.
Abameleli Abaqanjiwe
Izakhamuzi zingaxhumana ngokuqondile nabameleli bazo abakhethiwe ngezincwadi, ama-imeyili, izingcingo, noma emihlanganweni e-opera. Abaqondisi-mthetho banaka ukuxhumana okuhlangeneyo, njengoba befuna ukuqonda izinkathazo nezintando zabantu abamelelwayo. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nabameleli kuhilela ukuchaza ngokucacile isimo sakho, ukuchaza ukuthi indaba ikuthinta kanjani wena noma umphakathi wakho, futhi bacele isenzo esiqondile.
Ukuba khona emihlanganweni eqhutshelwa ehholo noma kwezinye izindawo zomphakathi kunikeza amathuba okubuza imibuzo, ukuveza ukukhathazeka nokuzwa ngokuqondile okubangelwa izikhulu.
Ukuhlanganyela Enkathini Yokuzwa Nokwazi Ukuphendula
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zivame ukuqulwa icala ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo ezinkulu noma ukwamukela imithetho emisha. Lezi zimemezelo zinikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okunikeza imiphumela yezimiso ezilawulayo.
Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zigcina uhlu lwe-imeyili noma ama-akhawunti ezokuxhumana ukuze zazise izakhamuzi ezithakazelayo ngamathuba okufaka ukwaziswa. Amaphephandaba nezinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukumemezela izindaba ezibalulekile nokwaziswa okubalulekile komphakathi.
Ukuzihlanganisa Nezinhlangano Ezisekelayo
Izinhlangano zezempango zihlanganisa abantu abahlanganyela izifiso ezifanayo noma abakhathalelana ukuze bakhulise izwi labo futhi bathuthukise ithonya labo.Lezinhlangano zisukela ezinhlanganweni zendawo kuya emaqenjini esizwe agxile ezindabeni ezithile. Ngokujoyina izinhlangano ezinjalo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganisa imithombo yengcebo, zihlanganyele ubuchwepheshe, futhi zihlele imizamo yokufinyelela imigomo efanayo.
Izinhlangano eziphumelelayo zifundisa amalungu azo ngezindaba, zikhuthaza abasekeli ukuba bathintane nezikhulu noma baye ezenzakalweni, benze ucwaningo ukuze basekele izikhundla zabo, futhi bakhe imifelandawonye namanye amaqembu ukuze bandise ithonya labo. Ukuhlanganyela kulezi zinhlangano kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibe nethonya elikhulu kunalelo ezingalifinyelela zizodwa.
Ukufuna Ihhovisi Noma Abasekeli Bama - candida
Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuqondile ekubuseni ngokuzifunela izikhundla ngokwazo, kungaba ngokwezinga lendawo, isifundazwe, noma izwe. Amahhovisi endawo ikakhulukazi avame ukuba nemingcele ephansi yokungena futhi anikeze izakhamuzi amathuba okukhonza imiphakathi yazo ngokuqondile. Amabhodi esikole, imikhandlu yedolobha, neminye imikhandlu yendawo yenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke futhi inikeza amathuba okungena afinyelelekayo okungangenela kwezombangazwe.
Kulabo abangakulungele ukuthatha izikhundla ngokwabo, abasekela abanezici ezihambisana nabo banikeza omunye umzila wethonya. Lokhu kungahilela ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, ukwenza iminikelo engokwezimali, noma ukumane ukhuthaze abanye ukuba bavote abathandayo. Izisebenzi zokuzithandela zomkhankaso zenza imisebenzi ebalulekile njengezindawo eziseduze, ukwenza izingcingo, ukuhlela izenzakalo, nokusakaza ukwaziswa mayelana nabazohlolwa kanye nezindaba.
Inkonzo Yomphakathi Neyokuzithandela
Ngokunikela ngesikhathi nangomzamo wokunakekela izidingo zomphakathi, izakhamuzi ziqinisa izibopho zomphakathi, zithuthukise izinga lokuphila, futhi zibonise izindinganiso zokubambisana nokusekelana okusekela imiphakathi yentando yeningi.
Amathuba okuzithandela akhona ezindaweni eziningi: ukufundisa abafundi, ukuphakela abanye ukudla ezindlini ezingenamakhaya, ukuhlanza amapaki nezindawo zomphakathi, ukuvakashela izakhamuzi esezikhulile, ukuqeqesha imidlalo yentsha, kanye neminye eminingi.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Yesibalo
Ukuqonda uhulumeni nomthetho kudinga imfundo eqhubekayo nesibopho. Ulwazi lwe-Covic aluzikhisi; kumelwe lufundwe futhi luvuselelwe ngokuqhubekayo njengemithetho, izimiso, nezimo ezishintshayo. Imfundo eqinile yomphakathi isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, ukuqaphela amalungelo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo, ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa kwezombangazwe ngokulula, futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi.
Imfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni inikeza ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni, intuthuko engokomlando, amalungelo ayisisekelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Nokho, imfundo yezakhamuzi kumelwe iqhubeke kukho konke ukuphila njengoba izakhamuzi zibhekana nezimpikiswano ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe bushintsha indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, nezinselele ezintsha ezidinga ukuthembisana komphakathi ngolwazi.
Imithombo ethembekile yokwaziswa komphakathi ihlanganisa amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anikeza ukwaziswa okungokomthetho ngemithetho, izinqubo, nezinqubo. Izinhlangano zemfundo nemitapo yezincwadi zinikeza izifundo, izinkulumo, nengcebo ngezindaba zikahulumeni nomphakathi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezingakhokhi zinikeza iziqondisi, izinhlelo zokuhlola, nezinhlelo zemfundo. Amaphephandaba aphezulu avela emithonjeni yezindaba enedumela elihle asiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale zizazisiwe ngezenzakalo zamanje nangezenzo zikahulumeni.
Amakhono okucabanga abalulekile ekuqondiseni indawo yokwaziswa yanamuhla. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukuhlola imithombo, ukuhlukanisa amaqiniso nombono, ukuqaphela ubandlululo nenkulumo - ze, futhi zifune imibono eminingi ngezindaba eziphikisanayo. Kulenkathi yokungaqondi kahle nangokwesiko, lamakhono abaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ukuze zilondoloze inkulumo enempilo yentando yeningi.
Izinselele Ezibhekene Nobubusi Bentando Yeningi Banamuhla
Nakuba izimiso zentando yeningi ziye zabonakala zikwazi ukumelana nezimo ngokuphawulekayo, zibhekana nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezidinga ukuba isakhamuzi siqaphele futhi sithembisene ukuze sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwakhula embusweni wentando yeningi, kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuvumelana nokwakha izibopho. Uma izakhamuzi nezombangazwe zizihlela emakamu aphikisanayo anezizathu ezincane, ukuhlobana nokuxoxisana okubalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi kuyaphazamiseka. Ukukhuluma ngokuhlukana kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba zilwe nokungezwani, zifune isisekelo esifanayo, futhi zimelane nesilingo sokuguqula labo abanemibono ehlukile.
Ukukhohliswa kwezimiso kuletha enye inselele enkulu. Uma izakhamuzi zilahlekelwa ukholo kuhulumeni, emithonjeni, nakwezinye izinhlangano, zingase zihlukumeze ukuphila komphakathi noma zithambekele ezicini zozungu nasemicimbini yokuziqhatha. Ukuthembana ngokwakha kabusha kudinga izinhlangano ukuze zibonise ikhono, ubuqotho, nokusabela komphakathi, kuyilapho izakhamuzi kumelwe zihileleke ngokunembe kodwa ngokuzuzisayo ezinhlanganweni kunokuba zizilahle ngokuphelele.
Ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe liphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi uhulumeni umelela zonke izakhamuzi ngempela yini noma usiza ngokuyinhloko abanikela ngezicebi nezithakazelo ezikhethekile.
Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe lunikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Amathuluzi amanani enza izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganyela nokuxhumana, kodwa futhi asiza ekusakazeni ukwaziswa okunganembile, avumela ukusetshenziswa kwemibono yomphakathi okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi aphakamise izinkathazo zezindaba zomuntu siqu. Ukuvumelanisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi nemikhuba yenkathi yobuchwepheshe kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukungenela kwezombangazwe kuseyinto ebalulekile. Izithiyo ezisekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, ubulili, isimo sezomnotho, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izici zilulaza izimiso zentando yeningi futhi zivimbela uhulumeni ukuba amelele zonke izakhamuzi ngempela.
Indinganiso Yembulunga Yonke: Imithetho Nezinhlangano Zezizwe Zonke
Nakuba lesi sihloko siye sagxila ngokuyinhloko kuhulumeni wasekhaya nomthetho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izizwe zisebenza futhi phakathi kwe-othermos yezizwe zonke engokomthetho nezombangazwe. Umthetho wezizwe zonke ulawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe, umisa imithetho yezokuxhumana, ezohwebo, amalungelo abantu, izimpi zezikhali, nezinye izindaba ezinqamule imingcele yezwe.
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, i - World Trade Organization, i - International Criminal Court, neziqu zezifunda ezinjenge-European Union zidala izikhawu zokubambisana kwezizwe zonke nezinqubo zokuxazulula izinselele zembulunga yonke.
Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke zibopha amazwe ezibophweni ezithile, kusukela ezivumelwaneni zezohwebo kuya ezivumelwaneni zamalungelo abantu kuya ezivumelwaneni zendawo ezungezile. Uma amazwe efaka izivumelwano ezisemthethweni, ngokuvamile ziba ingxenye yomthetho wekhaya, nakuba izindlela ezithile zihlukahluka ezweni. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho wezizwe zonke osebenzelana ngayo nomthetho wasekhaya kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ngokugcwele izibopho namalungelo.
Izinselele zomhlaba wonke ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izifo eziwumqedazwe, ubuphekula, nokuntengantenga kwezomnotho kudinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke ukuze kuxazululwe ngokuphumelelayo.Alikho izwe elingaxazulula lezinkinga lilodwa, lenze izinhlangano nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zibe ezibaluleke kakhulu. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde indlela uhulumeni wazo ohlanganyela ngayo ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke nendlela intuthuko yomhlaba wonke ethinta ngayo isimiso sasekhaya.
Ukuvikela Intando Yeningi: Ukuqapha Nokuhlanganyela
Abantu ababhala uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. bazama ukuhlukanisa imibuso nokunikeza izinhlolo - mbono nezilinganiso ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi alikho igatsha elike lakwazi ukuthatha wonke uhulumeni.
Izinhlangano zedemokrasi nezimiso azizigcini ngokuzenzakalela. Zifuna izakhamuzi eziqonda ukubaluleka kwazo, ezizivikela ekukhukhulekeni kwenhlabathi, futhi ezizisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuxoxa ngomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zingakhathaleli noma zingahlanganyeli, izinhlangano zedemokrasi ziyawohloka futhi ziba sengozini yokuxhashazwa.
Ukuvikela idemokrasi kusho ukuhlala waziwe ngezenzo zikahulumeni nokubeka izikhulu ezifanelwe yicala ngezinqumo zazo. Kusho ukuhlanganyela okhethweni nakwezinye izinhlobo zezivumelwano zomphakathi. Kusho ukuhlonipha imithetho yentando yeningi njengokudluliswa ngokuthula kwegunya, ukwamukela imiphumela engokomthetho yokukhetha, nokubekezelela ukuphikiswa okungokomthetho kwezombangazwe. Kusho ukuvikela amalungelo abanye, ngisho nalapho singavumelani nendlela abawasebenzisa ngayo lawo malungelo.
Kusho futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselele ukuzinikela kwaso ezimisweni zentando yeningi futhi sivumelanise izinhlangano zentando yeningi nezinselele ezintsha nezimo. Abasunguli bezimiso zentando yeningi basungula izisekelo zesimiso sentando yeningi, kodwa izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqhubeke zisebenzela ukugcwalisa isithembiso sikahulumeni, owenziwe abantu, nowabalawulayo.
Isiphetho: Ukuba izakhamuzi Kunikezwa Amandla Ngokuqonda
Ukuqonda izisekelo zikahulumeni nomthetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Ngokuqaphela indlela amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni asebenza ngayo futhi ahlolane, uqaphela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimiso zikahulumeni, uqonda isimiso somthetho nokubusa komthetho, wazi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yazo, futhi umatasa ekuphileni komphakathi, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni ufeza okuhle emphakathini futhi uvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.
Lolwazi alusona nje ulwazi olungokwemfundo, kodwa lunemiphumela esebenzayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nasempilweni yemiphakathi yentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zenza izinqumo ezingcono edolobheni lokuvota, zihlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nabameleli bazo, ziqaphele lapho amalungelo azo esongelwa, futhi zinikela ngokunenjongo ngokwengeziwe emiphakathini yazo. Zingahlukanisa phakathi kokusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwamandla kahulumeni nokuxhashazwa okufanele kubekelwe inselele. Zingahlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi ngokuqonda okukhulu nangokuqonda.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi lomphakathi olusakazekile ludala ukubusa ngentando yeningi okunamandla. Uma inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi liqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo futhi lihlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuphileni komphakathi, izinhlangano zentando yeningi zisebenza kangcono, izikhulu zinecala elikhulu, futhi isimiso somphakathi sithambekele kakhulu ekubonakaliseni izithakazelo zomphakathi zangempela kunokuba zibonise izithakazelo ezikhethekile ezincane.
Izisekelo ezihlanganiswe kulesi sihloko, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni, umthetho, amalungelo ezakhamuzi nemithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, zenza kube nesisekelo sokuqonda uhulumeni nomthetho. Nokho, lesi sisekelo simane siyisiqalo. Ukuba umfowenu ophumelelayo kudinga ukufunda okuqhubekayo, ukucabanga okugxekayo, nokuhlanganyela ngokukhuthele nezimiso zezombangazwe nezomthetho ezilawula ukuphila kwethu.
Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo, kunemithombo eminingi. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anjenge-USA.gov anikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi nge-guvernment, isifundazwe, uhulumeni, nohulumeni wendawo. Imithombo yemfundo evela ezinhlanganweni ezifana [ iziBalumo[ zinikeza amathuluzi akhokhelwayo okufunda ngezakhamuzi nohulumeni. [[FLT:]] I-ANTCONTY] Anethiontiotion [[ inikeza ukuhlazinziswa okuningi kwemigomo yemithetho neNkanto ephakeme. Amaphephandaba, izinhlangano zezemfundo, ezemfundo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza izimali ezengeziwe ukuze kuhlale kudinga ulwazi.
Ekugcineni, izakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukubusa ngentando yeningi zixhomeke ekuqondeni uhulumeni wazo, eziwaziyo amalungelo azo, eziwafezayo, futhi zihlanganyele ngentshiseko ekuphileni komphakathi. Ngokufunda izisekelo zikahulumeni nomthetho futhi ziqhubeke zifunda futhi zihileleke kukho konke ukuphila, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuhlala kuqinile, kusabela, futhi kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Ulwazi namakhono ezakhamuzi akumelwe zizuze njengefa, ziqalwe, zidluliswe, futhi zidluliselwe. Izakhamuzi ngazinye zinethuba nomthwalo wokunikela kulomsebenzi wentando yeningi oqhubekayo.