Isingeniso

Isimiso sokwahlulela somthetho sisekelwe ohlelweni lwemithetho esemthethweni evikela amalungelo ommangalelwa lapho kuqinisekiswa ukuphepha komphakathi. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuphoqelelwa komthetho kubeka ukusolwa ngaphansi kwesinqumo sokugcina lapho kuqulwa icala, isinyathelo ngasinye enqubweni yobugebengu silawulwa yizikhungo zomthetho-mthetho, izimfuneko zemithetho, nezibonelo zenkantolo. Ukuqonda lendlela [1] ekuboshweni phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, akubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho nabafundi kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani ongase ahlangane nalesimiso. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlelwa okubanzi, ukunqandwa kwenqubo yobugebengu, kanye nokubekwa kwezimpawu eziyinhloko ezibekwe esigabeni ngasinye.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuboshwa – Ithuba Lokuvalelwa

Ukuboshwa kuyisenzo sokubopha umuntu ngenxa yokusola ukuthi unecala. Kuphawula ukuqala kwezenqubo zomthetho futhi kubangela inqwaba yamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, ukuboshwa kumelwe kusekelwe entweni [ engenakuphikwa [], inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwa amaqiniso nezimo, ukuthi umsoli usenzile noma usezokwenza ubugebengu. Ukuboshwa kungabangelwa ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  • Ukuboshwa okungenacala okusekelwe ezimweni ezingenzeka nezingabangela (umz., iphoyisa libona ubugebengu).
  • Arream ngesiqinisekiso [, esikhishwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi ngemva kokuboniswa kwesizathu okungenzeka.
  • Ukuboshwa [ ezimweni ezilinganiselwe (zilawulwa kabi).

Ngesikhathi sokuboshwa, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kwazise abasolwayo ngamalungelo abo Miranda [ uma inselele yemvume ilandela. Isixwayiso sangempela sokuthula ```" unelungelo lokuthula... noma yini oyishoyo ingasetshenziswa... unelungelo lokuya kummeli". Unelungelo lokubona ukuthi ungummeli". Icala leNkanto ephakeme [[FLT:] [[FLT]] imanda v.[FLT:] [FLT] [196]]. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza lezisixwayiso kunganikeza noma isiphi isivumo esivelayo. Ukubheka ngokujulile embhalweni we-Mirands, [FLD] [FLT]

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukubhala Izincwadi – Ukulandelela Ukuboshwa

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsolwa uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa noma ejele ukuze athole izincwadi.

  • Kuqoshwa ukwaziswa komlando (igama, usuku lokuzalwa, ikheli).
  • Ukuthatha iminwe nezithombe (izicucu).
  • Eqhuba isenzakalo esifushane sokufuna ukubopha (uhlu lwempahla yomuntu siqu).
  • Ukubhala amacala angokomthetho nokubopha kwesikhulu okungase kubangele ukuqubuka.

Ukubhala izincwadi kuveza umlando ongokomthetho wokuboshwa. Nakuba umsoli esejele, izinhlelo zebheyili zingabhekiselwa ekuvumeleni ukukhululwa ngemva kokubekwa kwesibopho, kodwa ukuzimisela okungokomthetho kwenzeka lapho kuvela. Kwezinye izindawo, ukubhalisa kuhlanganisa nokuhlola impilo yempilo nempilo yengqondo ukuze kuvikelwe kokubili umthunjwa nesikhungo.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukubonakala Kokuqala – Ukuhlangana Nomahluleli Kuqala

Ukubonakala kokuqala (okubizwa futhi ngokuthi isiboniso noma ukubukeka kokuqala []) kumelwe kwenzeke ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile ngemva kokuboshwa [1] Ngokujwayelekile phakathi namahora angu-48, ngokwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme isifunda somfula v. McLaughlin[[ [1991]). Phakathi nalokhu kuqulwa, ummangalelwa ulethwalelwa phambi komahluleli noma umahluleli:

  • Kuveza ummangalelwa wamacala nezijeziso ezingase zivele.
  • Ukhuthaza ummangalelwa wamalungelo awo omthetho - sisekelo (ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ilungelo lokuthula).
  • Inquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kwakunesizathu sokuboshwa (uma kungekho juda esetshenziswayo).
  • Imisa izimo zokukhululwa, kuhlanganise nebheyili noma isibopho.

Indaba yebheyili inzima. ISichibiyelo se-Height senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, kodwa amajaji angaphika ngokuphelele uma ummangalelwa efaka ingozi noma ingozi emphakathini. Emacala kahulumeni, uBail Reformation Act [ ulawula izici inkantolo okumelwe zicatshangelwe. Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho efanayo. Uma ibheyili imisiwe, ummangalelwa angathola ukukhululeka ngokukhokha imali egcwele, ngokusebenzisa i-pareji, noma ukudelwa nge-active Revolution (intervey ivela).

Isinyathelo 4: Ukwakhela Indlebe Kuqala – Ukuvivinya Icala Likahulumeni

Akuyona yonke indawo edinga ukuqulwa komthetho kokwandulela; kuvame kakhulu ukuthi ukusebenzisa ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala kunokusetshenziswa kwejaji elikhulu ekuhloleni izikhalo. Injongo iwukunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kuvele izimbangela zokukholelwa ummangalelwa owenze ubugebengu. Ukushushisa kunikeza ubufakazi obuthile (ngokuvamile ngesikhulu esibophayo noma ufakazi), futhi ukuzivikela kungadlula i- amathuba [umthetho] [umthetho]] ukuthi ubugebengu benziwa futhi ummangalelwa uye wabukwenza. Uma uma uma uma uma ijajingathola ukuthi kulindelekile, icala lingukwehlela [FLT] [FLT] [e.[e., noma umbiko wokwaziswa wokwaziswa.

Ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqala kusebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola ukuquliswa kwamacala ngamawala. Kunikeza futhi isivikelo ithuba lokuqala lokuhlola amandla ecala likahulumeni. Nokho, abamangalelwa emacaleni amaningi kahulumeni abatholanga ukuqulwa kwasekuqaleni uma ijaji elikhulu libamangalela ngaphambi kokuba icala lihlelwe (Umthetho Wesigebengu we-Federal Procedure 5.).

Isinyathelo 5: Isivumelwano Noma Ukwaziswa – Ukumangalelwa Okuvamile

Ngemva kokuhlola kokuqala (kungaba ngecala lokuqala noma ijaji elikhulu), umshushisi kumelwe abeke ummangalelwa icala ngokomthetho. Kunezimoto ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • I-Indictdict (Umkhulu Jury): Iqembu lezakhamuzi ezingu-16-16-23 lizwa ubufakazi ngasese futhi linqume uma kungenzeka ukuba ikhona yini imbangela. Icala liyadingeka kuhulumeni ngaphansi kweSiphendulo sesihlanu (isimemezelo esikhulu somthetho). Izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa futhi amajaji amakhulu emacala amakhulu.
  • Ukwaziswa [[FLT: 0]: Iphepha elingokomthetho elibekwe umshushisi ngaphandle komsizi omkhulu wabasizi. Lisetshenziswe kumacala angafanele nakuwo ayesenqabela imfuneko enkulu yamajaji ekwahluleleni. Ulwazi lusekelwe ekutholeni komahluleli imbangela okungenzeka ekuqulweni kwecala lokuqala.

Inqubo enkulu yamajaji ivame ukugxekwa njengesitembu senjoloba kubashushisi, kodwa ukuthunyelelwa komshoshaphansi kanye nobufakazi obulunqikaziwe (abukho ubufakazi bokuvikela) kuklanyelwe ukuvikela idumela lesisulu futhi kuvimbele ukuhamba ngendiza. Ukuze uthole incazelo eningiliziwe yendlela amajaji amakhomani asebenza ngayo, bheka iwebhthi yecala U.S. ezindaweni ezinkulu zokukhosela .

Isinyathelo 6: Ukubekwa Icala – Ukungena E - Plea

Icala liyimvume yokufundwa kwamacala abekwe obala enkantolo. Ummangalelwa uyavela phambi komahluleli, uzwa amacala, futhi uyacelwa ukuba angene esicelweni. Kukhona izicelo ezintathu ezivamile:

  • .Giulty: Ummangalelwa uyavuma ubugebengu futhi wamukele ukuqiniseka. Icala libe seliqhubeka ngokuqondile nokugweba (noma ukuhlola kwangaphambi kokuthunyelwa).
  • Akanacala: Ummangalelwa uyawaphika amacala, futhi icala liyaqulwa. Inkantolo izakumisa izikhathi ezimisiweyo zokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokwahlulela nokuthola.
  • Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere): Ummangalelwa akavumi noma aphike izikhalazo kodwa ukwamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala. Lokhu kunxusa kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukugwema icala lomphakathi (ngoba ukuvuma icala kungasetshenziswa esubeni lomphakathi).

Lapho ebekwa icala, umahluleli uqinisekisa futhi ukuthi ummangalelwa uneseluleko (noma umisa umuntu uma engathembekile) futhi amise izimo zokukhululwa uma engakaqedi. Ezinkantolo eziningi, icala lihlanganiswa nokubukeka kokuqala, ikakhulukazi emacaleni angewona amakhulu kakhulu. Ukwehluleka ukuvela kwecala kungaphumela ekuboshweni kommangalelwa.

Isinyathelo 7: Ukushukuma Kwangaphambili – Ukuqeda Icala

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, kokubili ukuvikelwa nokuquliswa kwemicikilisho ethunyelwayo engathinta kakhulu izinga nomphumela. Le mithetho iphikiswana phambi komahluleli, ozibusa ngaphandle kwejaji. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi konyaka zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthatha ukucindezela ubufakazi: Ama-Argues ukuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokwephulwa kweyesine, eyesihlanu, noma eyesi-6th Isichibiyeli (umz., ukusesha okungekho emthethweni, ukuvuma okuphoqelelwe). Uma kuvunywa, ubufakazi abutholakali ekuqulweni kwecala.
  • Ukukhipha : Izibonakaliso zokuthi idokhumende elikhombayo likhutshanisiwe, umthetho wokulinganiselwa uphelile, noma umshushisi ungene ekuziphatheni okubi.
  • Ukuguqula indawo[: Ifuna ukuyisa ukuqulwa kwendawo ehlukile ukuze ugweme ukusakazwa kocalulo lwamaza noma ubandlululo lwasendaweni.
  • [ i-Motion in limine: icela isinqumo ekungaqinisekini kobufakazi obukhethekile ngaphambi kokuba inikezwe abahluleli.
  • Izenzo zokwethula[: Funa ukuphoqelela abashushisi ukuba badlulise ubufakazi bokuthungatha (ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland[) noma uhlu lofakazi.

Isigaba sangaphambi komthetho singesokuncintisana [ kuvame ukuba khona `ukuxoxisana phakathi komshushisi nokuzivikela ummangalelwa avuma ukuvuma ukumangalela icala (ngokuvamile ekuthatheni isigwebo esincane) ukuze athole isigwebo esilula noma ukuxoshwa kwezinye izinto. U-Plea u-Palt uhlela izinqumo ezicishe zibe ngu-90-95% zezezobugebengu e-United States, okwenza kube lula ukuvuma kwesigaba esinzima kakhulu senqubo. Ukuqonda amandla ezingxoxo zezicelo kubalulekile; u-American Bar Association uveza umongo owusizo.

Isinyathelo 8: Ukuqulwa Kwecala – Ukulahlwa Kwecala

Icala liyisiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokunquma icala noma ubumsulwa. Isichibiyeli sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala nomphakathi [, im parafix comvin [[, nelungelo ku [[FLT:], futhi ilungelo ku-[FLT:] [[FLT]] [i-amacala amaningi [awumthetho] amacala ahlukene [[FLT] [uhlu] kuphela] (ukwahlulela]) ngephutha ezicathulweni, abamangalelwayo ezindaweni ezingathi sína [[FLT] enecala.

Uvivinyo luvela ngokulandelana okuhlelwe kahle:

  1. Ukukhetha kwe-jury (i-voir jamp): Abathembisi bejaji bayangatshazwa nhlangothi zombili ukuze babone ubandlululo. Izinselele zentethelelo zivumela uhlangothi ngalunye ukuba lugaxe inani elilinganiselwe lamajuli ngaphandle kwesizathu.
  2. [ Izinkulumo ezivulayo[: uhlangothi ngalunye lukhomba ubufakazi abaceba ukubunikeza. Ukushushisa kuqala, njengoba kuthwala umthwalo wobufakazi ( ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo[).
  3. unikezelo lobufakazi: Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi ufakazele. Ingxube yokuvikela i-crospreexamines ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuthula, ulwelwelwe lungaveza icala lalo siqu (ofakazi, amadokhumende, njll.) kodwa akudingeki ukuba enze kanjalo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthula futhi angakwazi ukuphoqelelwa ukuba afakaze.
  4. izimpikiswano ezivezayo: Izingxenye zonke zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisa ukuthi kungani abahluleli bejaji kufanele balawule besekelana. Ukushushisa kuhamba kuqala bese kuphikisa ukuvala.
  5. Iziqondiso ze-JURT: Umahluleli ufunda izindinganiso zomthetho okumelwe abahluleli bazisebenzise. Iziqondiso zichaza izici zobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi, nendima yamajaji.
  6. Ukucubungula nokwahlulela [[FLT: 1]: Abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlalaphansi ngasese. Ezinhlangothini eziningi, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane ezicabeni zobugebengu. Uma abahluleli bengenakuvuma (ijaji elingavumelani"), inkantolo engakhishwa, futhi ukuqulwa kungalilungisa icala.

Kulo lonke icala, umahluleli wenza izinqumo ngokuphikisa, ubufakazi obungagunyazi, nokufaneleka kobufakazi. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuba khona, ukufakaza noma ukungabi khona, nokuba nosizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko. Uma isinqumo “singanacala,” ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi akanakubekwa indiva ngecala elifanayo (isivikelo esiyingozi esiphindiwe ngaphansi kweSiphendulo sesiHlathiso Sesihlanu).

Isinyathelo 9: Ukugwetshwa – Inkomfa Yecala Elinecala

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala ecaleni (noma enxusa icala), icala lithatha icala. Ukugwetshwa kuyisenzo esihlukile lapho umahluleli enquma khona isijeziso esifanele. Lenqubo ihlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe egunyeni, ekubusweni kwecala, nasemlandweni wobugebengu wommangalelwa. Imiphumela elandelayo ingenzeka:

  • Ukuboshwa : Igama lokuboshwa ejele likahulumeni noma likahulumeni (ngezesigebengu) noma ijele lesifunda (ngezezimposiso). Iziqondiso zokujezisa (njenge-Federal Sentensig Guidelines) ngokuvamile zinikeza uchungechunge lwezinyanga ezisekelwe ekwahluleleni nasemlandweni wobugebengu.
  • [ Isivumelwano : Ummangalelwa uhlala emphakathini oqondiswa, onezimo ezinjenge-checkpanins yasikhathi sonke, ukuhlola imilaliso, nezikhathi zokwethulwa kwesikhathi. Isenzo sivamile emacaleni angenobudlwangudlwangu, aphansi kakhulu.
  • [ Intela kanye nokuhlenga [: Izijeziso zezentengo ezikhokhwa kuhulumeni (iziko) noma izisulu (inkonzo) ukuze kukhokhelwe ukulahlekelwa.
  • imisho e-Alternative[: inkonzo yomphakathi, ukubopha indlu, ukugada ngemishini, noma ukufaka uhlelo lwendlela yokwelapha (umz., inkantolo yezidakamizwa).

Umahluleli ucabangela izici ezinjengokulimala okuye kwabangelwa, indima yommangalelwa, ukuzisola, nesidingo sokunqanda. Izisulu ngokuvamile zivunyelwa ukuba zikhiphe izinkulumo zokuthi ziboshwe izisulu.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Esigcinwa Kulenqubo

Izinguquko eziningana zomthetho-sisekelo zisekela sonke isimiso senqubo yobugebengu. Isembozo esifushane:

  • Isichibiyeli sesine: Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka; ngokunokwenzeka idinga isizathu sokuboshwa nezicelo.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: Kuqinisekiswa ukuthi amajaji amakhulu amaqembu avunayo ahlangene; kuvikela ekuzifakeleni kabili futhi kuphoqelele ukuba uzenze inqumbi yomthetho; kuqinisekisa inqubo efanele.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xtix: Siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala, amajaji angakhethi, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi abalungile, nelungelo lokuphoqelela ofakazi abahle.
  • Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: ibheyili engaphezulu kakhulu nesijeziso esinonya nengavamile.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nane: Inikeza okuningi kwalokhu kuvikela ezizweni nge-Century ye-Claus ne-Actal Programme Provices.

Ngalé Kwesinqumo: Izikhangiso Nempumputhe Yosizo Lokukhipha I - jazi

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ezinyathelweni zokuboshwa kuze kuqulwe icala, kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuqiniseka akusona isiphetho. Ummangalelwa angafaka appal ephikisa amaphutha angokomthetho enziwe phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, njengayalo ekwamukelweni kwezeluleko ezingafanele, ukuvuma ubufakazi obucatshangelweyo, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko. Izimemo zizwakala ngezinkantolo eziphakeme futhi zigxile ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho, hhayi ecaleni elimsulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahla imingcele yecala [[[FLT] (njengeziqondiso ezithiyo[FLT:]]]] [FLT]]]] i-abhaxas[FLT]] [FLT]]]]) zingasetshenziswa ekubekeni inselo olusemthethweni noma enkantolo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yobugebengu kusukela ekuboshweni ukuya ekuqulweni kwecala iyindlela ehlelwe ngokucophelela ehlelelwe ukulinganisela amandla kazwelonke okumangalela ngamalungelo ayisisekelo ommangalelwa. Isinyathelo ngasinye (kusukela kuyimbangela okungenzeka ibangele ukuboshwa, ngokuhlola amacala, ukungena kwesicelo, ukuthatha iziteshi zecala, nokuqulwa kwecala ngokwalo), futhi icala ngokwalo lifeza injongo eqondile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buyasebenza futhi bulungile. Nakuba isimiso siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sithusa, ukuqonda lezi zigaba kunika abantu amandla okusebenzisa izinselele zomthetho futhi baqaphele umthetho. Ngokutadisha umthetho noma ukusebenza esimisweni sobulungisa, ukulawula lezi zinyathelo ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni impumelelo. Umbono obanzi ngendlela ubugebengu busebenza ngayo ezinkantolo, [FL:]