Table of Contents

ISigele saseUnited States singenye yezindikimba zemithetho ezinamandla nezihlukanisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengetshe lesisekelo lentando yeningi yaseMelika, iSigele sifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekulolongeni isimiso sezwe, siqinisekisa izikhulu zikahulumeni eziyinhloko, futhi sisebenza njengesehlo emandleni okulawula. Kuzakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda indlela ukusebenza kweSigele okubaluleke ngayo ekuhilelekeni ngokunenjongo nenqubo yezombangazwe futhi senze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini ezithinta ukuphila, imiphakathi, nesizwe sisonke.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola isimo, amandla, izinqubo, nomphumela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumvoti wokuqala, ingqapheli enolwazi lwezombangazwe, noma umuntu ofuna ukuqonda kangcono indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, lesi sihloko sizokunika ulwazi olusebenzayo oludingekayo ukuze uqondise inkimbinkimbi yeSigele futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukuqonda Isakhiwo Esiyingqayizivele Sesigele

ISigele singenye yeziteshi ezimbili zeSishayamthetho, esinamalungu ayikhulu, isifundazwe ngasinye simelelwe izimemezelo ezimbili. Lesi sici esifanayo, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu bombuso, sihlukanisa iSigele eNdlu yabameleli futhi sibonisa ukuhlehla okuyisisekelo okwenziwa oFata Abasungulwayo phakathi neNgqungquthela Yomthetho - sisekelo.

Indima yeSigele yathathwa yiSimemezelo soFata Abasungulwa njengendlela yokuhlola iNdlu yabameleli ethandwayo. Ngaleyondlela, isifunda ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu noma inani labantu, simelelwa ngokufanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iWyom, enabantu abangaba ngu-580 000, inenani elifanayo lamanxusa anjenge California, nezakhamuzi ezicishe zibe yizigidi ezingu-40. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane alondoloza ithonya elikhulu enqubweni yomthetho futhi avikele izithakazelo zezifunda ukuba zinganqotshwa izindawo ezinabantu abaningi.

Izigebengu zisebenzisa amagama anyaka wesithupha ashaqisayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka nokuhlangenwe nakho ngaphakathi egumbini. Amagama acishe abe yingxenye yesithathu yamalungu eNdlu yeSigele aphela njalo eminyakeni emibili, athole igumbi igama elibizwa ngokuthi "indlu engafi." Lesimiso esishaqekile sisho ukuthi iSigele asilokothi sishintshe ngokuphelele ukuba amalungu, sinikeze inkumbulo nokuzinza ngisho naphakathi kwezikhathi zoshintsho olukhulu lwezombangazwe.

Ukukhethwa kweSigele kuqhutshwa ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovemba eminyakeni ewunombolo, uSuku Lokhetho, futhi kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo nokhetho lwendlu yabameleli. Iziphathi zikhethwa umbuso wazo uwonke. Lokhu kuvumelana kwezwe kusho ukuthi abasizi bezwe lonke bamelela izithakazelo ezibanzi nezihlukene kakhulu kunamalungu endlu, amelela izigodi ezizimele.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yesigele

ISigele sinamandla amaningana ayingqayizivele asihlukanisa neNdlu yabameleli futhi sisenze sibe isici esibucayi sesimiso sikahulumeni kahulumeni sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Igunya Lomthetho

ISigele sihlanganyela neNdlu yabameleli umthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza wonke umthetho e-United States. Ukuze isenzo soMkhandlu sisebenze, zombili lezi zindlu kumelwe zivumele incwadi efanayo. Lesi simiso se-bimaral siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ubukezwa futhi uhlonishwe ngokucophelela ngemibono emibili ehlukene ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

Isakhiwo seSigele sigcizelela ukucubungula, ukucabangela imithetho emide, nombono wesizwe obanzi uma kuqhathaniswa nendlu. Nakuba indlu ngokuvamile ibonisa imizwa yomphakathi esheshayo, iSigele sinikeza umbono olinganisiwe, othatha isikhathi eside mayelana nomthetho nokubusa. Lo mkhuba wokuzimisela uvumela iSigele ukuba sisebenze njengethonya elizinzisayo enqubeni yomthetho, libambe izinqumo ngokushelelayo futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ihlolwe ngokucophelela.

Iseluleko Nesivumelwano Ngokumiswa Komongameli

Enye yemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu yeSigele yindima yaso ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli ezikhundleni eziyinhloko kulo lonke uhulumeni kahulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umongameli "uzokumisa, futhi ngeSiluleko nangemvume yeSigele, uzakumisa amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi kanye namaKhonisi, abaHluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nabo bonke abanye abaphathi base-United States..."

ISigele sinegunya elikhethekile lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ezikhundleni eziphakeme, njengezahluleli zeNkantolo ePhakeme, amajaji kahulumeni, namalungu ekhathekhabethe. Lombuso unikeza ithonya eliqinile ekwakhekeni nasekuqondiseni kokubili amagatsha aphethe nahluleli kahulumeni.

Ngokuvamile, i-minee ingeyokuqala ukuqulwa kwecala phambi kwekomiti yeSigele. Ngemva kwalokho, ukumiswa kwesinqumo kucatshangelwa iSigele esigcwele. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwamacala ekomiti, abameli banethuba lokungabaza abameleli ngezimfanelo zabo, okuhlangenwe nakho, nemibono yabo ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Le nqubo ivumela ukuba kuhlolwe obala abantu abazoba nezikhundla zamandla abalulekile nomthwalo wemfanelo.

Iningi lamakhosikazi liyaqinisekiswa; kodwa, emacaleni amancane unyaka ngamunye, amakomiti eNkathi ahluleka ngamabomu ukuthatha isinyathelo sokumisa isiqu esivimbela ukumiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli ngezinye izikhathi ususa amagama angcolile lapho kubonakala kungaqiniseki. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwenqatshwa ngokuqondile kwabameleli esiteshini seSigele kuyaqabukela.

Isivumelwano Sokunqanda Izindawo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okuvuma, ngezivumelwano ezithatha izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu, ezenziwa igatsha eliphethe. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zisekelwa kabanzi ngaphambi kokuba i-United States izenze.

Enqubweni yomthetho, izivumelwano ziphathwa njengentela: zibhekiselwa e-Inforeign Relations Committee, lapho zingase zihlolwe khona futhi zibikwe. ISigele singabheka isivumelwano esisesitezini phansi ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezifanayo ezisetshenziswa njengomthetho. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba ama-stentate amabili-ntathu okuvota avume ukuba isivumelwano sigunyazwe.

Izivumelwano ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke, kusukela ezivumelwaneni zokulawula izikhali kuya ezivumelwaneni zokuhwebelana, zidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze.

Ukuzimela Ekulingweni

ISigele sinamandla futhi okubeka isikhulu esiphethe noma esahluleli ngevoti enkantolo ephikisayo. ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana sesithathu se-Clause 6 soMthetho-sisekelo sithi: "ISigele siyoba namandla okuzama zonke iziphakamiso... futhi akukho muntu ozakubekwa icala ngaphandle kokulahlwa kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamalungu akhona."

Isikhulu siyacelwa uma nje indlu ivota ukuvuma isihloko sokungagunyazi. Indlu khona - ke ithumela isigwebo - - izihloko zokungagunyazi – eSigele, esizenza igele libe yijaji. Lenqubo inikeza umthetho ngokomthetho wokususa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, oye wenza ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Umsebenzi Wangempela Wenzeka Khona

Umsebenzi omningi weSigele awukho esitezi esiphansi, kodwa emakomitini nasezikhundleni ezingaphansi. Ukuqonda indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuthonya umthetho noma ukulandelela izindaba ezithile ezicatshangelwe.

Umsebenzi wekomiti eminingi wenziwa amakomiti angu-16 amile, ngalinye eliphethe insimu enjengezezimali noma ukuhlangana kwezizwe. Ikomiti ngayinye emile ingacabangela, i-antement, futhi ibike izindleko eziwa ngaphansi kwegunya layo. Lamakomiti ahlanganisa izindikimba ezinamandla njenge Komiti yokuphakamisi, elawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni; iKomiti yezezimali, esingatha umthetho wentela; neKomiti yeJadiary, eqondisa isimiso somthetho futhi ecabangela ukukhomba amakomiti.

Ikomiti ngayinye emile icabangela ukumiswa komongameli emahhovisi ahlobene nokubusa kwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yoMdindi icabangela iziqu zokwahlulela, futhi i-Freign Relations Committee icabangela izikhundla zombuso eMnyango woMbuso. Lokhu kubekwa kokhethekile kuvumela abaqondisi ukuba bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zesimiso esithile futhi baqhube izibukezo eziphelele zomthetho nezinqumo.

AmaKomiti angavimbela amakomiti futhi avimbele izikweletu ekufikeni esiteji seSigele. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango unikeza amandla amakhulu kuhlelo lwezishayano. Isivumelwano esingenakuthola imvume yamakomiti ngokuvamile asinathuba lokuba sibe umthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sihle kangakanani noma sisekelwa umphakathi.

Uma amakomiti akhona futhi eqondisa iminyango nezinhlangano zegatsha eliphethe. Ngokufeza imisebenzi yawo, amakomiti amile anamandla okubamba amacala nofakazi abangaphansi komthetho nobufakazi.

I - Filibuster Ne - Udwebo: Ukuqonda Impikiswano Yesigele

Esinye sezici zeSigele esihluke kakhulu nesiphikisana kakhulu i-filbuster, icebo elingokwesiko elivumela abacuphi abambalwa ukuba babambezele noma bavimbe umthetho. Ukuqonda indlela i-patricbuster esebenza ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani ezinye izikweleti zidlula kalula kuyilapho ezinye zidlula kalula nakuba zisekelwa kakhulu.

Iyini I - filibuster?

I-filbuster isu elisetshenziswa eSigele sase-United States ukuba libambezele noma livimbele ukuvota ngesilinganiso esithile ngokuvimbela ukuphikisana ngakho. Imithetho yeSigele ibeka imingcele embalwa empikiswaneni. Ngokuvamile, uma kungekho omunye umsekeni okhulumayo, ishende elifuna ukuqashelwa linelungelo lokukhuluma isikhathi eside uma lithanda.

ISigele sinomlando omude wokusebenzisa igama elithi filbuster qha, elisukela emuva kuma-1850 e-United States `ukulibala impikiswano noma umthetho wesithiyo. Igama ngokwalo linemvelaphi emibalabala: Igama elithi filbuster livela enxube yemvelaphi yamaDashi ne-Spanishi, elisho "ukhululekileyoter" noma "i-piretititi"" lasetshenziswa emongweni we-mthetho ngoba othile ohileleke ekulawuleni igumbi lokulala, njenge-pring ungayithatha i-gaday jamp alawule umkhumbi olwandle.

Inqubo Yokuvuleka

Umthetho XXII weMithetho emisha yeSigele sase-United States uvumela iSigele ukuba sinqume ukunqanda impikiswano ngokucela amahlule empikiswano elindele. Ezimweni eziningi lokhu kudinga ingxenye enkulu yesithathu yabasizi abakhethwe ngokusemthethweni futhi bafungwe ngephimbo (amavoti angu-60 uma kungekho nyaka owodwa), ngakho idlanzana lezigele lingavimbela isilinganiso, ngisho noma linesisekelo seningi elivamile.

Ngo-1917, iSigele sadlulisa uBusi XXII, noma umthetho we-racture, owenza kwakwazi ukuphula i-nfinbuster ngenani eliphindwe kabili lesithathu. Ngo-1975, iSigele sanciphisa imfuneko yaba amavoti angu-60, asuke eseyimfuneko engcono kakhulu ukudlulisa umthetho ngezinqubo zasikhathi sonke. Lo mnyango wama-60 usuke ungomunye wezici ezivelele zenqubo yesiGathiwe sanamuhla, ifuna ngokuphumelelayo ukusekela imithetho eminingi.

Eziyingqayizivele EFilibuster

Akuwona wonke amabhizinisi eSigele angaphansi kwe-monibbuster.

Ngo-2013, amaDemocrates ashintsha imithetho yeSigele ukuze kuvunywe ukuqinisekiswa kwezikhundla zegatsha eziphetheyo — kuhlanganise nekhathenamethi — kanye nomthetho wenkantolo engethi iSupreme no-minees nomphakathi ovamile. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, izigebengu zaseRepublic zandisa ushintsho ukuze zihlanganise ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Lezi zinguquko, ezazenziwa ngokubizwa ngokuthi "icebo lenuzi," zisho ukuthi amavoti kamongameli manje adinga amavoti angu-5 kuphela ukuze aqinisekiswe kunokuba athathwe angu-60.

Ngezinye izikhathi, iSigele siye sakhulula ezinye izinhlobo zomthetho emthethweni we-auderare. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwemali ehlelwa minyaka yonke yokubuyisana ludinga kuphela ukuvota okulula kweningi futhi ngeke lungathathwa njengezingane. Lokhu kuthathelwa eceleni kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, njengoba amaqembu eye asebenzisa inqubo yokubuyisana ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu kumavoti eqembu.

I - filibuster Yanamuhla

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-finbuster, eyake yagcinelwa izimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu kuphela, kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva eWashington eyandayo. Kuye kwaba namavoti angaphezu kuka 2 500 okuqeda i-palbuster kusukela ngo-1917; angaphezu kwengxenye aye aqala eminyakeni engu-12 edlule. Lokhu kwanda okuphawulekayo kuye kwaguqula imisebenzi yeSigebengu futhi kwakwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukudlulisa umthetho.

Ngokungafani nama-finbuster akhuluma kakhulu avezwa kumabhayisikobho, ama-finbuster amaningi anamuhla ango-"mthumeli" noma "iproject". Ngo-1972 iSigele sasebenzisa isimiso "indlela ezimbili" ngaphansi koMholi weMajoliaty Mike Mansfield, esasiza leligumbi ukuba licabangele elinye ibhizinisi ngesikhathi i-palbuster ikhona. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ukuthi ushintsho kungenzeka luye lwabangela ukuvela kokuthula noma ukweba i-diacbusters, lapho kungekho khona isigebengasi esigcina phansi phakade kodwa kuboniswa ukulibala kwe-proccuster.

Indlela Izinqumo Zesigele Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Izenzo zeSigele zinemiphumela efinyelela kude ethinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumena kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani kukhethwa izigele nezimpikiswano zemithetho.

Isimiso Sokunakekelwa Kwempilo

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimiso sokunakekela impilo, kusukela emiyalweni yomshuwalense kuya kuMedicaid ne-Medicaid ngokwezimali. Umthetho omkhulu wezokwelapha, njengomthetho we-Affordal Care Act, kumelwe udlule ngeSigele, lapho izimpikiswano ezimayelana nezimfuneko zokukhokhela, izimali, kanye nemithetho yezentengiselwano yezomshuwalense zithinta khona ngokuqondile izigidi zabantu baseMelika ekutholeni ukunakekelwa kokwelashwa kanye nezindleko ezikukhokhelayo.

Amakomiti eNkantolo, ikakhulukazi iKomiti Yezimali neKomiti Yezezimali, Imfundo, Izisebenzi, Nezigaba (HELP), asingatha izindaba ezindabeni zokunakekelwa kwempilo, izikhulu eziphethe, nomthetho onquma indlela ukunakekelwa kwempilo okukhishwa futhi kukhokhelwe ngayo eUnited States.

Imithetho Yezomnotho Nomthetho Wentela

IKomiti yezimali yeSigele iphethe imithetho yentela, izivumelwano zezohwebo, nezinhlelo ezinkulu ezigunyaza i-social Security neMedicare. Izinqumo ezenziwa kule komiti nakuyisiteshi seSishaya-mthetho zithinta ukuthi amaMelika akhokhela malini ezintela, ukuthi ingakanani intela ekhona kanye nezikweletu ezikhona, nokuthi umthwalo wentela ugezwa kanjani emazingeni ahlukene emali edonswayo.

Imithetho nezimiso ezigunyaza iSigele sithinta yonke into kusukela emikhubeni yokuboleka ikhadi lokuthenga ngesikweleti kuya ezinkokhelweni zemali kuya ekusimameni kwesimiso sezimali.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nomthetho Wamandla

I-Committee Environment and Public Works yeSigeqe iqondisa imithetho yokuvikela indawo ezungezile, kuhlanganise nemithetho yomoya ohlanzekile neyamanzi. I-Energy and Natural Resources Committee isebenzisa inqubo yamandla, kuhlanganise nezisusa zamandla avuselelwayo, ukukhula kwamandla ezinto zakudala, kanye nezindinganiso zokusebenza kahle.

Lezi zinqumo zamakomiti zithinta izinga lomoya namanzi emiphakathini kulo lonke izwe, zinqume ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zemithombo yamandla esekelwa uhulumeni, futhi i-Melika ilungisa ukusabela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Kubantu abakhathazekile ngezindaba zendawo ezungezile, ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinkampani ezisebenza kula makomiti nendlela ezivota ngayo ekwakheni umthetho wendawo ezungezile.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle

Ngegunya layo lokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zezivumelwano ze-rayfy nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezinhlangano zezokuxhumana nezempi, iSigele sithonya ngokuphawulekayo isimiso sangaphandle nesokulondeka kwesizwe saseMelika. IKomiti Yezinkonzo Zokuhlomela yengamela iDepartment of Defense and avironment, kuyilapho i-Fregnotional Relations Committee isingatha izindaba zobuzwelo kanye nosizo lwangaphandle.

Izinqumo zeSigele sokuvikela, ezempi nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe azihlanganisi nje kuphela ukulondeka kwesizwe kodwa futhi nokuphila kwamalungu enkonzo yezempi nemikhaya yawo, kanye nemiphakathi efaka amasosha aphawulekayo.

Ukumiswa Kokwahlulela Nesimiso Esingokomthetho

Mhlawumbe akukho mandla esigele anethonya elihlala njalo ukuqinisekiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Amajaji ahlangene amisa ukumiswa kokuphila konke, okusho ukuthi abahluleli abaqinisekiswa iSigele namuhla bayokwenza izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo nenkululeko yamaMelika amashumi eminyaka azayo.

La majaji anquma amacala ahilela amalungelo omphakathi, ukwahlulela ngokulunga kobugebengu, imithetho yezohwebo, izivikelo zendawo ezungezile, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Ngokuphumelelayo NeSigele

Ukuqonda isakhiwo seSigele kanye nemibuso kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela. Ukuhlanganyela ngempela enqubweni yentando yeningi, izakhamuzi kudingeka zazi ukuthi zingawenza kanjani amazwi azo ezwe futhi zithonye isenzo seSigele.

Ukukhuluma Ekwamulweni Kwezigele

Indlela eyisisekelo kakhulu izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo iSigele ngokuvota. Ezizweni ezingu - 45, ukhetho oluyinhloko luqhutshelwa kuqala amaqembu eRepublican neDemocratic, futhi kukhethwe abantu abambalwa abakhethiwe, kuye ngombuso, ngokukhetha okuvamile ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kamuva. Ukuhlanganyela kulokhu kukhetha okuyinhloko nokuvamile kunikeza ithonya elikhulu kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezikumele eSigele.

Ngaphambi kokuvota, izikhundla zokucwaninga ngezindaba ezibalulekile kuwe. Bheka ngalé kwezikhangiso zomkhankaso ukuze uhlole amarekhodi okuvota abazovota (uma benazo), iziphakamiso zezimiso, nezimemezelo eziqondene nezindaba ezithile. Izinhlangano eziningi ezingathathi ngxenye zinikeza iziqondisi nabavoti nokuqhathanisa ukuze zisize izakhamuzi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi.

Khumbula ukuthi ukhetho lwesigele lunemiphumela edlulela ngalé kwezwe lakho. Ngenxa yokuthi iSigele sisebenza ngesisekelo sezindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho, ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamaqembu kuthinta imuphi umthetho othathwayo futhi yimuphi umthetho oqinisekisiwe. Ivoti yakho iyasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi ubani omelela umbuso wakho kuphela, kodwa yiliphi iqembu elilawula izihlongozo zeSigele.

Ukuxhumana Nababengi Bakho

Abahlaziyi bamelela sonke isimo sabo futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo kubo bonke abameleli babo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi labo abameleli babo bavota kanjani. Ukuthintana nabameleli bakho ukuze baveze imibono yakho ngomthetho, ukushaya indiva, noma ezinye izindaba kuyikho kokubili ilungelo lakho nendlela ebalulekile yokuhlanganyela embusweni wentando yeningi.

Ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo nabasizi kudinga ukuqonda indlela amahhovisi abo asebenza ngayo. Amahhovisi eSigele athola izinkulungwane zezokuxhumana nsuku zonke, ngakho ukwenza isigijimi sakho sibonakale kudinga amasu:

khuluma ngokuqondile nangesikhathi esifanelekile: xhumana ne-senator yakho mayelana nezikweletu ezithile, iziphakamiso, noma izindaba ezicatshangelwayo. Izinombolo zenombolo zemali uma kungenzeka futhi uchaze ngokucacile ukuthi isiphi isenzo ofuna umsekeli wakho asithathe.

Chaza indlela lendaba ekuthinta ngayo wena siqu: Abahlaziyi banakekela ngokukhethekile abantu abachaza ukuthi umthetho noma uhlelo luthinta kanjani ukuphila kwabo, imikhaya, noma imiphakathi. Izindaba zomuntu siqu zinamandla kakhulu kunamaphuzu ajwayelekile okukhuluma.

Yiba nenhlonipho futhi ufinyele: Uma ubhala incwadi, uthumela i-imeyili, noma ushaya ucingo, yiba nesizotha futhi ufinyelele iphuzu ngokushesha. Amalungu asebenzayo athambekele kakhulu ekuthatheni isigijimi sakho ngokungathi sína uma unesizotha futhi ucacile.

Sebenzisa iziteshi eziningi: Nakuba i-imeyili ilula, izingcingo nezinhlamvu ezibhaliwe zivame ukunakwa kakhulu. Ukubiza ihhovisi le-senator nokukhuluma nelungu lezisebenzi kuvumela ukuxoxisana futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi umyalezo wakho uzwiwe. Izinhlamvu ezilotshiwe zibonisa umzamo owengeziwe nokuzinikela.

Landela:[ Uma ungatholi impendulo, landela phezulu. Uma umphathi wakho evoti engxoxweni oyithintayo, thumela isaziso sokubonga uma bevota ngendlela oyicela ngayo, noma uzwakalisa ukudumala uma bengaboni. Lokhu kukhulumisana okuqhubekayo kwakha ubuhlobo futhi kubonisa ukuthi uyalalela.

Ukuya EmaHholo Omuzi Nezenzakalo Zomphakathi

Izikhulu eziningi ziqhuba imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, izinkundla zomphakathi, noma ezinye izenzakalo lapho abameleli bengabuza khona imibuzo futhi baveze ukukhathazeka kwabo ngokuqondile. Lezi zenzakalo zinikeza amathuba awusizo okuhlangana nomninikhaya wakho ubuso nobuso futhi uzwe ukuma kwabo ezindabeni.

Ukuze uwasebenzise ngokugcwele lamathuba:

  • Fika ngokushesha ukuze uthole indawo yokuhlala futhi ube nethuba lokukhuluma
  • Lungiselela umbuzo noma impendulo yakho kusengaphambili, uyigcine ifingqa futhi igxile
  • Lalela ngenhlonipho imibuzo yabanye kanye nezimpendulo ze-senet
  • Uma ungawubuzi umbuzo wakho, kuya kumalungu ezisebenzi kamuva ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ukhathazekile
  • Landela ngokubhala isenzakalo bese uphinda ukuma kwakho

Ngisho noma ungavumelani nezikhundla zomsekeni wakho, ukuya kulezi zenzakalo kubonisa ukuthembisana komphakathi futhi kukusiza ukuba uqonde kangcono ukucabanga kwabo nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ukusebenza Nezinhlangano Zezemfundo

Lezi zinhlangano ngokuvamile ziye zamisa ubuhlobo namahhovisi eSigele, zaqonda inqubo yomthetho, futhi zingahlela imizamo yokulawula izikhali ukuze zibangele ithonya elikhulu.

Izinhlangano zezempatho zingakusiza:

  • Zitshele ngomthetho ofanele nangezenzo zeSigele
  • Xhumana nezinye izakhamuzi ezikhathazeka njengawe
  • Ukuhlanganyela emikhankasweni yokuqondisa izikhundla ezihlangene
  • Imithombo yezimali nokuqeqeshwa kokuqapha okuphumelelayo
  • Hlanganyela nezisebenzi noma izigele njengengxenye yezinsuku zokuthola izihambi ezihleliwe

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unesithakazelo ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, ekulungiseni impilo, ekwakheni amalungelo omphakathi, ezomnotho, noma kunoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlangano ezisebenza kulezozindaba ezivumela ukuthatha iqhaza nokusekela.

Intuthuko Yemithetho Elandela

Ukuhlala wazi ngalokho okwenziwa iSigele kudinga umzamo othile, kodwa imithombo eminingi yenza kube lula:

Ukuthatha.gov: Iwebhusayithi yeSigele esemthethweni inikeza ukwaziswa ngomthetho wamanje, izimiso zekomiti, ukuhlelwa kwemicimbi, nokwaziswa kokuxhumana kwegumbi. Ungabhala izikweletu ezithile, izindlebe zekomiti, kanye namarekhodi okuvota.

.Gov: Lomtapo webhusayithi we-congress unikeza ulwazi olubanzi kuwo wonke umthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nombhalo wesimemezelo, ukushintshwa kwesimo, imibiko yamakomiti, namarekhodi okuvota. Ungahlela izixwayiso ukuze ukwazise uma izikweleti ozilandelayo zivuselelwe.

C-SPAN:[ Lenethiwekhi yenkonzo yomphakathi isakaza item yesiteshi seSigele nomthetho wekomiti, ekuvumela ukuba ubukele inqubo yomthetho esebenzayo. Iwebhusayithi ye-C-SPAN ibuye igcine izinqolobane zezenzakalo ezidlule ukubukwa kamuva.

imithombo: Ilandela izinhlangano zezindaba ezinedumela elihle ezihlanganisa iziKhongolo ezikusiza ukuba uhlale waziwa ngentuthuko enkulu yemithetho yomthetho, amandla ezombangazwe, namavoti azayo. Funa imithombo enikeza ukuhlanganisa okuncane kwezimiso, hhayi ukubika kwemijaho yamahhashi ezombangazwe.

Amawebhusayithi ahlanganisayo kanye nemithombo yezokuxhumana: Izikhulu eziningi zigcina amawebhusayithi nama-akhawunti ezokuxhumana lapho zimemezela khona izikhundla zazo, zichaza khona amavoti azo, futhi zihlanganyela ulwazi ngemisebenzi yazo. Ukulandela abaqondisi bakho kula mapulatifomu kukusiza ukuba uqonde izinto eziza kuqala nezikhundla zabo.

Indima Yesigele Ekuhloleni Nokulinganisela

La mandla afeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukulinganisela igunya lokubusa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezibalulekile ziyahlolwa futhi ziyavunyelwa indikimba ehlukene yemithetho. Ukuqonda indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo njengenhlolo - vo kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kwaso esimisweni somthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlola Amandla Okuqondisa

Ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele amandla okumiswa komongameli kusebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile egunyeni eliphethe. Isigele ngaso sonke isikhathi siye sawalondoloza amandla aso okubukeza nokuvuma noma ukulahla abamiselwe umongameli ezikhundleni zobuphathi namagatsha okwahlulela. Lomandla aqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli ngeke agcwalise uhulumeni ngamanxusa athembekile noma abantu abangagculisi.

Ngesimiso sayo sekomiti, iSigele siqondisa futhi izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe, siphethe amacala ukuze sihlole izenzo zezinhlangano, izikhulu ezibuzayo, futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokufanele.

Isivumelwano sesivumelwano sokuhlunga sinikeza elinye isheke elibalulekile ngegunya lezimiso zobumongameli kwamanye amazwe. Lapho umongameli exoxa ngezivumelwano, azinakusebenza ngaphandle kwemvume yesigele, aqinisekise ukuthi izibopho ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke zisekelwa kabanzi.

Ukuhlola Amandla Okwahlulela

Nakuba iSigele singenakusigumbuqela isinqumo senkantolo, amandla aso okuqinisekisa omahluleli asinikeza ithonya elibalulekile ekwakheni nasesiqondisweni sokwahlulela. Ngokuhlolisisa amajaji nangokucabangela amafilosofi awo okwahlulela, iSigele sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amajaji kahulumeni afanelekile futhi uzowuchaza kahle umthetho.

Igunya leSigele lokungavumelani necala linikeza futhi indlela yokususa amajaji kahulumeni aziphatha kabi kakhulu, nakuba lombuso ungasetshenziswa kakhulu.

Ukulinganisela Indlu Yabameleli

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sezombangazwe saseMelika, siphikisa iNdlu yabameleli negatsha eliphethe. Nakuba lendlu ngokuvamile ibonisa imizwa yomphakathi esheshayo, iSigele sinikeza umbono owengeziwe, wesikhathi eside ngomthetho nokubusa.

Isikhundla esilinganayo sesifundazwe, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, siqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda ezingandile zinezwi elibalulekile enqubweni yemithetho. Lesi sakhiwo sivimbela imibuso enabantu abaningi kakhulu ukuba ilawule isimiso sesizwe futhi sikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezihlukene nezinhlangothini zamanani abantu.

Imibono Evamile Eyiphutha NgeSigele

Imibono eminingi eyiphutha ngeSigele ingaphazamisa ukuqonda kwezakhamuzi ukuthi zisebenza kanjani nokuthi zingahileleka kanjani kuyo ngokuphumelelayo.

Umbono Ongalungile: Isigele Singayidlulisa Imithetho Yaso

Iqiniso: ISigele siyisigqebhezana esisodwa kuphela somthetho. Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kumelwe udlule kokubili iSigele neNdlu yabameleli ngendlela efanayo, bese kusayiniwa umongameli (noma umongameli une-vetophoous ngamavoti amabili aphindwe kathathu kuwo womabili amakamu). ISigele asinakuwumisa umthetho ngaphandle kokuwumisa.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Abameleli Kuphela Abamelela Abantu Ababathumelela Imvume

Iqiniso: Abahlaziyi bamelela sonke isimo sabo, kuhlanganise nabo bonke abameleli kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bavota kanjani noma bavota kanjani.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Izakhamuzi Ngazinye Azinakusithonya Isigele

Iqiniso: Nakuba abameli bethola ukwaziswa emithonjeni eminingi, ukuxhumana okuhlangene kufeza okuthile. Abahlaziyi banaka lokho abakushoyo, ikakhulukazi uma abantu abaningi bekhuluma nabo ngendaba efanayo. Ukuhleleka kwezakhamuzi, okuqinile kuye kwathonya amavoti nezinqumo zeSigele.

Umbono Oyiphutha: I - filibuster Isho Ukuthi Akukho Okungafezwa

Iqiniso: Nakuba i-finbuster ingenza kube nzima ukudlulisa umthetho, iSigele sidlulisa izikweletu eziningi unyaka ngamunye. Izindleko eziningi zidlula ngokusekela kwe-bipartisan futhi azibhekani nama-banbuster. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zomthetho, njengezindleko zokubuyisana, azinakubekwa phansi. I-filibuster iyisithiyo esiphawulekayo se-proccodetic, kodwa ayisona isithiyo esiphelele esivimbeleni somthetho.

ISigele Ngokomlando

Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kweSigele kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indima yaso yamanje kanye nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngoshintsho.

Kuze kube yiSichibiyelo seSeventeenth soMthetho-sisekelo (1913), ukukhethwa kweSigele kwakungaqondile, kwakungumahluleli bombuso. Lokhu ukushintsha kokukhethwa okuqondile kwabameli ngokuyisisekelo kwaguqula ubuntu beSigele, kwenza abameleli babe nesibopho esiqondile sokuvota kunokuba bathathe izishayamthetho zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwandisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi futhi kwashintsha amandla okhetho nomelelo lwezigele.

Ubukhulu beSigele buye bakhula kusukela kuma-senator angu-26 okuqala (amelela amazwe ayi-13) kuya kuma-sensinant ayikhulu namuhla (akhona amazwe angu-50). Lokhu kukhula kuye kwathinta indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo, kusenza sibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kufuneke ukuba kuhlelwe izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe ukuze kuqondiswe ibhizinisi laso.

Indima yeSigele iye yashintsha futhi isabela ekushintsheni kwezimo zesizwe. Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, njengoba indima kahulumeni yanda futhi iMelika yahileleka kakhulu ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke, imithwalo yemfanelo yeSigele yakhula ngokufanayo. Namuhla iSigele sisebenzelana nezimpikiswano kanye namandla okuzivivinya okwakungacatshangwa ukuthi oFata Abasungulwayo babewacabanga, kusukela ekuqondiseni i-intanethi kuya ekwahluleleni ukuhlola umkhathi ukuze kusingathwa ukushintsha kwembulunga yonke.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zamanje

ISigele sibhekene nezinselele nezimpikiswano eziningana eziqhubekayo ezithinta indlela esisebenza ngayo nendlela esikhonza ngayo abantu baseMelika.

I - partisan Polaryation

ISigele, njengezombangazwe zaseMelika ngokuvamile, siye sahlukana kakhulu ngokulandelana kwemingcele yabashokobezi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kwenza ukubambisana kwe-bipartisan kube nzima kakhulu futhi kungaholela ekubeni kufinyelelwe i-glov ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani imithetho ethile ivimbela ukusekela umphakathi okusobala nokuthi kungani imigqa yezinhlangano ezihlangene iye yaba yinselele kakhulu.

Izinguquko Ze - FILIbuster

Izimpikiswano ngokuthi u-babrebuster uzolungisa noma uzoyiqeda ziye zakhula eminyakeni yamuva. Abasekeli besimiso samanje baphikisa ngokuthi ivikela amalungelo amancane futhi ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwemvume. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ivumela ukuphazamisa futhi ivimbela iSigele ukuba sixazulule izinkinga eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Le mpikiswano iveza imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokuthi iSigele kufanele silinganisele kanjani ukubusa kweningi namalungelo amancane.

Ukumelela Nokulingana

Ukumelela okulinganayo kweSigele sezifunda, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani labantu, kusho ukuthi izigele ezimelela idlanzana lomphakathi waseMelika zingavimbela umthetho oxhaswe yizikhulu ezimelela iningi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni zokuthi isimo seSigele sisalokhu sifaneleka yini eMelika yanamuhla. Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngemibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokumelelwa nentando yeningi.

Imithombo Yokuqhubeka Ufunda Nokuhlanganyela

Ngezakhamuzi ezifuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo iSigele futhi zihlale zihileleke emsebenzini waso, kunemithombo eminingi:

[[[UMTL:0]] Imithombo kahulumeni:[

  • Ukuphakamisa.gov - Iwebhusayithi yeSigele engokomthetho enokwaziswa okuningi ngezimiso, umthetho, kanye nama-senator
  • .gov - I- Library of Congress’s system communments's system
  • I - C-SPAN - Live wind short ne - relatement of the Campers

[[UMTH:0] Inzuzo:[

  • IHhovisi Lomlando LeSigele linikeza ukwaziswa okungokomlando okubanzi nezincwadi zemfundo
  • I - Congressional Research Service ikhiqiza imibiko engeyona eyase - partisan ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezingokomthetho nezinqubo zomthetho
  • Uhulumeni waseyunivesithi neminyango yesayensi yezombangazwe ngokuvamile kunikeza izinkulumo zeningi nemithombo yengcebo eMkhandlwini

[[I-CONT:0] Izinhlangano ezihlangene:[

  • Izinhlangano ezifuna ukukhokhela impikiswano zinikeza ukwaziswa namathuba okuthembisana ngezindawo ezithile ezingokomthetho
  • Izinhlangano zemfundo zomphakathi zinikeza imithombo yemali ngendlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo nendlela yokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo
  • Amaqembu endawo ezakhamuzi nezinhlangano zezombangazwe anikeza amathuba okubambisana nokuthembisana ngomphakathi

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Ezakhamuzini Zansuku Zonke

Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo noma isiphi isakhamuzi esingazithatha ukuze sihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo neSigele:

  • [ Yazi abanikazi: Funda ukuthi ubani okumelelayo, izabelo zabo zamakomiti, amarekhodi abo okuvota, kanye nokuma kwabo ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo
  • Ukwetha kunoma yiluphi ukhetho: hlanganyela kokhethweni oluyinhloko noluvamile ukuze ube nethonya elikhulu kukuthi ubani okumelelayo
  • Landa izindaba eziphathelene nesenzo seSigele ezindabeni ozifunayo, usebenzisa imithombo ethembekile namawebhusayithi kahulumeni osemthethweni
  • Hlanganisa njalo: xhumana namanxusa akho ngomthetho okhethekile kanye nezimpikiswano, hhayi phakathi nezinhlekelele noma amavoti aphikisanayo
  • Izenzakalo zomphakathi ezithi zithathiwe:[ Ukuhlanganyela emahholo edolobha, ema-courres, nakwamanye amathuba okuhlanganyela ngokuqondile namanxusa akho noma izisebenzi zawo
  • Ukuhlangana nezinye: kuhlangana nezinhlangano zezembuyiselo, amaqembu omphakathi, noma izinhlangano zezombangazwe ukuze ukhulise izwi lakho
  • Abanye:[ Hlanganyelani enikufundayo ngeSigele nangesivumelwano somphakathi nabangane, umkhaya, nomphakathi
  • Bamba izikhomba-kakhulu ukuba ziphendule:[ qaphela ukuthi izikhulu zakho zivota kanjani nokuthi izenzo zazo zivumelana yini nezithembiso zazo kanye nezindinganiso zakho
  • Khipha isikhathi eside: khumbula ukuthi isenzo sesigele (noma isenzo) sinemiphumela ehlala njalo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kokwahlulela nezinqumo ezinkulu zesimiso
  • phikelela: Ukuthembisana okuphumelelayo kwezakhamuzi kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo, hhayi ukunaka nje ngezikhathi zokukhetha

Isiphetho: ISigele Nendima Yakho Ekubuseni Ngentando Yeningi

ISigele sase United States siyinhlangano enamandla enethonya elithatha kude ekuphileni kwaseMelika. Kusukela ekuqinisekiseni amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme azakuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo amashumi amaningi eminyaka kuya ekumiseni umthetho othinta ukunakekelwa kwempilo, umnotho, indawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe, izinqumo zeSigele zilawula okwamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zesizwe.

Kuzakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Ulwazi olusebenzayo olusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelela kakhulu ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Uma uqonda isakhiwo seSigele, amandla, nezinqubo, ungahlola kangcono abazothatha isikhundla, uxhumane ngokuphumelelayo nabaphathi bakho besikole, futhi uhileleke ngokuhlelekile kakhulu ekuxazululeni izindaba ozikhathalelayo.

Umklamo weSigele ubonakalisa umbono woFata Osunguliwe womzimba ozinzile ozonikeza ukuzinza, uvikele amalungelo amancane, futhi usebenze njengesehlo kuwo womabili amandla okubusa kanye nezinkanuko ezithandwayo. Uma lo mklamo uhlala ufaneleka eMelika yanamuhla umbuzo isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphendule ngokuthembisana nenqubo yentando yeningi.

Okuqinisekile ukuthi iSigele sizoqhubeka sifeza indima eyinhloko ekubuseni kwaseMelika. Umbuzo awukhona ukuthi izindaba zeSigele, kodwa ukuthi izakhamuzi zizohlanganyela kuzo ngokuphumelelayo yini. Ngokuvota, ngokuxhumana nabaphathi be-sene, ukuhlala zinolwazi, nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, izakhamuzi zansuku zonke zingaqinisekisa ukuthi iSigele sihlala silandisa kubantu esibakhonzayo.

Idemokrasi ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli. Igunya lesigele ekugcineni lithola kubantu, futhi izwi labantu libaluleke kakhulu uma litshelwa, lithembisa, futhi liphikelela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathalela ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, indawo ezungezile, ithuba lezomnotho, amalungelo omphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma noma iyiphi enye indaba, iSigele sizoba nendima ekusingatheni liyikhokhele. Isibopho sakho singasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi indima efeza indimani, imiphumela ikhona.

Ulwazi oluthole kulolu mqondisi luyisiqalo, hhayi isiphetho. Lusebenzise ukuze ube umvoti onolwazi olungcono, ummeleli ophumelela kakhulu, nowesakhamuzi esithembisene ngokwengeziwe. Izindaba zeSigele ngoba zithinta ukuphila kwakho, umphakathi wakho, nezwe lakho. Yenza izwi lakho lizwe, ugcine abasizi bakho belandisa, futhi uhlanganyele ngenkuthalo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wentando yeningi. Lokho kungumthwalo wakho wemfanelo wakho njengesakhamuzi.