Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokuhlukana Kwamandla

Isimiso sokuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni libe amagatsha ahlukene sinesisekelo esijulile sefilosofi yezombangazwe. Nakuba ongqondo basendulo njengo-Aristotle noPolybius bexoxa ngohulumeni oxubeneyo, kwakuyisazi sefilosofi saseFrance uBaron de Montesquieu owanikeza ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla anamuhla acacile. Kumsebenzi wakhe wenkululeko idinga imisebenzi emithathu Umoya woMthetho , Montesquieu Gostleus, i-ogconficiation ye-gement, isikhulu, namandla okwahlulela kumuntu ofanayo noma umzimba ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekubuselweni. Wagcizelela ukuthi lemisebenzi emithathu ifuna ukuba isetshenziswe ngezinhlangano ezihlukene.

Imibono kaMontesquieu yahamba inqamula i-Atlantic futhi yalolonga kakhulu uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. AbaseFramers, ababehlangene ePhiladelphia ngo1787, babezimisele ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla ababewabone ngaphansi kweNkosi uGeorge III. Badonsela kakhulu eMontesquieu kanye nasezincwadini zikaJohn Locke, owayehlukanise phakathi kwemithetho, isikhulu, namandla awenziwe ngegunya. Umthetho - wenziwayo wafuna “ukusebenzisa kabi amandla futhi uhlele amahhovisi amaningana ngendlela efanayo ukuze ngalinye libe isheke kwenye, njengoba uJakobe Mace kubhalwe ku [FLT:] .[FLFF:1]

Ngokwesibonelo, i - United Kingdom igcina ihlangene nemibuso ephethe nendlu yomthetho, kuyilapho amazwe anjengeJalimane ne - Australia exubanisa i - American nezimiso zephalamende. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintshashintsha kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kulokhu kuyinto ephilayo eklanywe ngomthetho - sisekelo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Ukuhlukaniswa okuvamile kwemibuso kuhlukanisa uhulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-province, umphathi, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linamandla ahlukile futhi lingaphansi kokuqondisa kwamanye.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho, ukuhlela izimali, nokumelela intando yabantu. E-United States, leligatsha lihlanganiswe yiSishaya-mthetho, isikhungo se-bimeral esakhiwa iSigeqe neNdlu yabameleli. Indlu ibonisa izinga labantu, kuyilapho iSigele sinikeza incazelo elinganayo kumbuso ngamunye ($a) ngokuhlehla kokuthi ngokwaso kulinganisa amandla phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane.

I-Bhungane inezigunya eziningi ezikhethekile: ingamemezela impi, inyuse izintela, izimali, iqondise ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, futhi iqondise izikhulu zikahulumeni. Isakhiwo se-bidamaral siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kumelwe uqhubeke ukhona ngaphambi kokuba ufike edeskini likaMongameli. Lokhu kubambezela inqubo yemithetho futhi kukhuthaze ukuvumelana okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-Mnyango singamisa izinkantolo eziphansi zezwe futhi sichaze igunya lazo, sinike indima ekulolongeniseni umsebenzi we-judiary.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe libekwa icala lokumisa nokuqondisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Liholwa nguMongameli, lihlanganisa futhi uMongameli oyisekela, iKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni. UMongameli usebenza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni, eyala ibutho njengeNkulumbuso ephethe umthetho wakwamanye amazwe.

Imibuso emikhulu ihlanganisa ikhono lokubeka umthetho weveto, ukumisa amajaji nomphathi bahulumeni (ngokuqinisekiswa kweSigele), ukuthethelela, nokukhipha imithetho ngokwethembeka. Amandla eveto ayinhlolo - kuhlolwa okuqondile egatsheni le-wignol, nakuba iSishaya-Mkhandlu singawudlulisa ngobuningi obuyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu. Abameli futhi basebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, eziqondisa imithetho kahulumeni nokuqondisa. Nakuba kudingeka ekuqondiseni imithetho ephumelelayo, iziyalezo zezikhulu kumelwe zihlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele yemithetho yezomthetho-mthetho noma zifake izingozi zokungagunyazwa kwekomiti.

Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela ekusungulweni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinkinga zezomnotho, izimpi, nokwanda kwezikhulu zikahulumeni. Lokhu kukhula kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ephindaphindwayo ngokuphathelene nobukhulu obufanele bamandla kamongameli, okubangelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza umthetho futhi linqume ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. E-United States, leligatsha lineNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi ezamiswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Ukukhululeka kwejaji kuvikelwe ukuphila okungcono kubahluleli bakahulumeni, okungaphansi kokuziphatha okuhle, okubavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu legatsha lokwahlulela liyi- i-cultificial . Igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle komthetho. Nakuba lingashiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni-sisekelo, leligunya lamiswa yiNkantolo ePhakathi enkantolo ewuphawu [FLT][FLT]] [[3] [[FLT]] Barbury v. Madison[FLT:] [185]]). Ukubukeza komthetho kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye umthetho odluliswe yiSishayamthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa nguMongameli ophula umthetho. Lokhu kwenza igatsha le-Geneticciastriary likwazi ukuhlukanisa kokubili i-Genetic.

Nokho, ikomiti yamajaji ingeyena engenamingcele. Ayinakuqala izenzakalo; kumelwe ilinde ukuba izingxabano zifike phambi kwayo ngemfuneko ye- “poler noma impikiswano”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amagatsha athonya ijaji ngenqubo yokumiswa nangamandla kaKhongolo-khampathi okwakha (noma ukuqeda) izinkantolo eziphansi nokuveza izinguquko ezingokomthetho-mthetho ezingadlula izincazelo zokwahlulela.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akunanjongo ngaphandle kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okufanayo. Igatsha ngalinye linezindlela eziqondile zokuvimbela ezinye, liqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awahlukene nje kuphela kodwa futhi anesibopho sokulandisa. Okulandelayo kuyizibonelo eziyinhloko zendlela amasheke nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngayo kuhulumeni wase-U.S.:

  • I-Predétial vento ne-counional: uMongameli angasenqaba isibeko esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, kodwa uKhongolo lungakhipha iveto ngokuziqhayisa kakhulu kuzo zombili izigungu. Lokhu kuphoqa amagatsha ukuba axoxisane.
  • Sikisela isiqinisekiso sokumiswa: UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bamakhathe, namanxusa, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise. Lokhu kunikeza igatsha lemithetho indima ekulolongeni amagatsha aphethe nahluleli.
  • [ Ukubukeza umthetho okungokwesiko: Inkantolo Ephakeme ingaqeda noma yimuphi umthetho ewuthola ungekho ngokomthetho, ihlola kokubili amagatsha emithetho nesikhulu.
  • Amandla okuhlela: Indlu ingakhipha i-athough (inani) uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, noma ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa “yobugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha,” kanye neSigele siqhuba icala. [Andrew Johnson] noBill Clinton] uRichard Nixon uhd phambi kwecala.
  • Amandla aphezulu esikhwameni semali: Inxanxathela kuphela enganikeza izimali ezifanele zemisebenzi kahulumeni. Lokhu kuyenza ibe nekhono lokulawula izinyathelo zenqubo nezinhlangano.
  • Ukumiswa kobujudi nobuphathi: UKhongolo-bumba lungaguqula inani lamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme (nakuba kuqabukela) futhi lungalinganisela ukulawulwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ngaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho.

Lokhu kuncika kuhlanganisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokucela u-Itali, kodwa umongameli angathatha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawuqeda; iNkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya umthetho, kodwa iSishaya - mthetho singaveza ukumiswa komthetho ukuze kushintshwe isinqumo; uMongameli angakhipha iziyalo zesikhulu, kodwa uMkhandlu unganciphisa ukufezeka kwawo. Lokhu kulinganisela okunamandla yikho okwenza isimiso siqine kakhulu futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, sibambezele.

Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke

Ukuqonda lezinzuzo kusisiza ukuba sichaze ukuthi kungani isimiso silokhu sibalulekile ekwakheni imithetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuvimbela Ukuxhaphaza

Injongo eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa iwukuvimbela noma yimuphi umuntu noma iqembu ukuba lithole igunya eliningi. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala, “Ukuhlanganiswa kwawo wonke amagunya, izishaya-mthetho, isikhulu, nejaji, ezandleni ezifanayo ... kungabizwa ngokufanele incazelo yobushiqela.” Ngokusungula izikhungo zamandla eziningi okumelwe zivumelane ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo, isimiso sibangela ukuxabana okungaqashelwa abaqaphi. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi imibuso ngaphandle kokuhlukana okunjalo, i-junal juntas, noma isifunda sesifunda sempi, noma isifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda seqembu.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Uma amandla ehlakazekile, kunzima ngohulumeni ukuba ahlasele amadlanzana noma akhiphe ukuphikisana. ISiphakamiso samalungelo sinikeza isivikelo esicacile, kodwa lezosivikelo zinamandla kuphela uma kuhlola okuphoqelelwa yinhlangano. Ijaji elizimele lingamisa imithetho ephula inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, noma inqubo efanelekile. I-pactimenment ephendula abavoti isengozini kakhulu yokumelana nesiphazamiso sesikhulu. Ngakho ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuveza isivikelo sokwakha esiqinisa amalungelo ahlukahlukene.

Isikhuthazo Senkululeko Nokuhlehla

Ngoba igatsha ngalinye likhomba phezu kwezinye, ushintsho lwesimiso ludinga ukuxoxisana nokuvumelana okukhulu. Lokhu kunciphisa inqubo yemithetho kanye nabakhi bomthetho ukuba bacabangele imibono ehlukene. I-Bidaralism, i-presidential verto, nokubukeza kokwahlulela konke kunengxenye esimisweni lapho kunzima khona ukuthatha izinyathelo ngokuxhamazela noma ngokweqisa. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi abagxeki bedambisa ukunqanda i-cryplock, abasunguli baklama ngamabomu isimiso esihlela ukuqina nokuvumelana ngesivinini.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kudala amakhomba amaningi okwengamela. Uma umqondisi kumelwe aphendule uMkhandlu ngezenzo zawo, futhi ijaji linikeza izakhamuzi ithuba lokubekela inselele uhulumeni iqhawe. Uma amandla egcwele, ukulandisa kubangelwa ukuthi bambalwa abantu abazimele abafuna ukuhlola ububi. Ngokungafani, isimiso esihlukene sikhuthaza ukuphenya, ukuzwa, nokuhlola umphakathi. Ukungagunyazi, nakuba kungasetshenziswa kakhulu, kuyinhloloza enamandla ekhumbuza izikhulu ukuthi azikhunjuzwanga umthetho.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo okuhlala njalo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubhekene nobunzima obukhulu ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Mhlawumbe inselele ebonakalayo kakhulu ukuncishiswa kwe-bipartisan. Uma amagatsha enhlangano alawula imithetho kanye nezikhulu elawulwa amaqembu ahlukene, i-gridlock ibangela ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni, ukumiswa kwezikhathi ezithatha isikhathi, nokunqandwa kwemithetho. Ngisho noma elinye iqembu lilawula amagatsha womabili, ukuhlukana kwamaqembu kungakhubaza. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi isimiso somsunguli sisebenza kangcono kakhulu uma amalungu ebuthakathaka futhi exabana; namuhla isilinganiso sokuthatha isigaba esiphezulu kakhulu sithinta isimiso.

Ukufinyelela Kwesikhulu Esiphethe Nesihloko Senhlangano

Kusukela ngekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, abaphathi bawo womabili amaqembu baye bandisa amandla okubusa ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, ngezenzo zokuqondisa, nangezenzo zempi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. “inkolelo yesikhulu sokubusa” ithi uMongameli unegunya eliphelele phezu kwegatsha eliphethe ihhovisi, kuhlanganise namandla okuqondisa zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngokululaza indima ye-Cuarters. Ukulawula izinhlelo zokuhlola, ukushaya igalelo, nezimemezelo eziphuthumayo ziye zabhebhetheza izimpikiswano ngokuthi isikhulu siye seqisa imingcele yaso somthetho - sisekelo.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene

Ijaji nalo liye lagxekwa ngokuqamba icala lalo. Uma izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo ezibanzi ezidala ngokuphumelelayo isimiso, zibekwa icala “lokwenza umsebenzi wokwahlulela.” Ngokuphambene, uma zinamathela kakhulu kwamanye amagatsha, zingahluleka ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho ngokomthetho. Impikiswano ngokumelene nomthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo uhambisana nalezi zimo. Nakuba amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela abalulekile, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kumelwe kulinganiswe ngokuhlonipha izinhloso zomthetho nokwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi.

Ukwanda Kwezinhlangano Zokuphatha

Umbuso wanamuhla ophethe unikeza inselele ekhethekile ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-Evironmental Protection Agency, i-Federal Commission, ne-Secureties and Exchange Commission System Syvigional Syvigional (ukwenza imithetho), isikhulu (ukuphoqelela), nokwahlulela (ukukhipha) zisebenza zonke ngaphakathi kwendikimba eyodwa. Lokhu kugunya kuhlala ngaphandle kwenkolelo engokwesiko. INkantolo Ephakeme ixazulu iphikisana nale mfundiso enjengemfundiso engathembekile (elinganisela amandla eMkhandluni yombuso ukuphathiswa kwegunya) kanye namandla okususa (kanye inkampani yomlilo). Icala ngalinye lihlola imingcele yesimiso somthetho womthetho wokuqala.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezinga Lobuchwepheshe

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yenza igatsha elikhulu laba namakhono angenakuqhathaniswa ekuqapheni, ekuqoqweni kokwaziswa, nakukulokhu kungahlangani. Izinhlelo ezivimbela ukuxhumana noma ukuqoqa imetameter zingasebenza ngokungaqondi kahle, zibangele ukukhathazeka ngokungafihliwe nokulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudinga ukuqondisa okukhulu kwezinhlelo ezinjalo, kodwa ijubane loshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe livame ukudlula ikhono loMkhandlu nezinkantolo lokusabela ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Ngokombono Oqhathaniswa

Isibonelo sase-U.S. asiyona indlela yokwehlukanisa amagunya kuphela. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi isebenzisa isimiso sephalamende lapho isikhulu (umphathi wecala nekhabethe) sithathwa khona engxenyeni yemithetho, sihlanganisa amagatsha amabili. Amazwe anjengeJalimane, Canada, neJapana ahlanganisa izici zazo zombili izimiso. Ezinye izizwe, njengeSwitzerland, zinezikhulu ezihlangene ezinamandla aqhubekela phambili. Ukuqonda lezi zikhomba-mbuso kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona imfundiso eyodwa ezuzisayo kodwa isimiso esingafanelaniswa nezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene.

Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi ulandisa kusishaya-mthetho futhi angasuswa ngevoti yokungathembi. Lokhu kwakha uhlobo oluhlukile lwe-cheke: umphathi kumelwe alondoloze ukusekela kweningi lemithetho noma abhekane nokubuyiselwa. Okwamanje, abaphathi bejaji abazimele ezimisweni zephalamende basahlola ukwahlulela, ngokuvamile nezinkantolo eziqinile zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho womthetho-sisekelo ophethe unikeza izifundo ezicebile zokuthi umqondo oyisisekelo wemibuso ehlukene ungalondolozwa kanjani ngisho nanjengoba imininingwane yezinhlangano ihlukahluka.

Isiphetho: Gcina ukulinganisela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona indlela eqhubekayo kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Kudinga ukuqapha njalo kwezakhamuzi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nabahluleli ukuze kugcinwe ukulinganisela okuntekenteke phakathi kokubusa okuphumelelayo nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungena ngekhulu lesithathu, lesi simiso sisalokhu sibalulekile kakhulu: ngaphandle kwaso, inkululeko esiyithandayo ibingaba sengozini. Ukuqonda ukuthi lesimiso sisebenza kanjani, futhi izinhlangano ezisisekelayo, kungumsebenzi wesakhamuzi sonke esisebusweni somthetho wentando yemvelo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola ububanzi bombhalo womthetho-sisekelo eNational Archives, i i-Marbury v. Madison[ ukunquma eCornell Information, Ficerast Page No.[FLT:] ku-irbook of Congress.[FLD]