Isizathu Sokuba Zonke Izakhamuzi Ziwuqonde Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Isizathu Sokuba Zonke Izakhamuzi Ziwuqonde Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho kungenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa ezinganakwa kakhulu zemfundo yomphakathi eMelika. Nakuba izakhamuzi eziningi okungenani zijwayelene noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., bangaphansi kwengxenye yamaMelika abazi ukuthi umbuso wabo unezici eziwumthetho wazo. Leligebe lolwazi likhathaza ngoba abantu ngokuvamile bathinteka kakhulu ngomthetho kahulumeni kunomthetho kahulumeni, okwenza imithetho yezwe ibe ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni isebenza njengesimiso esiyisisekelo sayo yonke into kusukela ekusekeleni imali enikezwayo nasemkhakheni wezemfundo nasekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuphatheni izigebengu zobulungisa nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Imisa isimo sikahulumeni, ichaza amandla nokulinganiselwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, futhi ivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye (ngokuvamile) anikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo. Kodwa naphezu kwethonya lawo elikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ayibonakali kakhulu ku isakhamuzi esivamile.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola ukuthi kungani kuhileleke ukuqonda umthetho - sisekelo wezwe lakho, ukuthi uhluke kanjani eMthethweni - sisekelo kahulumeni, nokuthi yini okufanele isakhamuzi ngasinye sazi ngalencwadi ebusayo ebalulekile.

Isisekelo Sokubusa Kombuso

Uyini Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni?

Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe uyincwadi eyisisekelo emisa isimo sikahulumeni, ehlela izinqubo zezombangazwe, futhi ebeka imingcele embusweni kahulumeni esimweni esithile. Wonke umbuso ohlangene unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, futhi umthetho-sisekelo ngamunye wezwe kumelwe uvumelane noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeze imithetho eningiliziwe ekhuluma ngokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zawo.

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme phakathi kwemibuso yabo ehlukene, ungaphansi komthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni wase-U.Bakha izakhiwo ezingokomthetho lapho kwakhiwa khona yonke imithetho, imithetho, izimiso, nezimiso. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza imithetho kahulumeni othile, futhi ngaphandle kwawo, abezombangazwe bangadlulisa imithetho emibi, engekho mthethweni, nengathandeki emelene nezindinganiso zikahulumeni.

Igunya Lomthetho - sisekelo Lamazwe

Igunya lokuba imibuso ilondoloze imithetho-mthetho yayo livela ngokuqondile eMthethweni we-U.S. iSichibiyelo seshumi linikeza ukuthi "Imibuso engaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo eUnited States, igcinelwe i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu." Lelungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo limisa ukuthi amazwe anegunya elikhulu lokuzibusa ezindaweni ezingayabelwe ngokuqondile uhulumeni.

James Madison wabhala kuyi-Federalist Papers ukuthi "Imibuso" enikezwe uMthetho-sisekelo ku-"hulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni imbalwa futhi ichazwa," kuyilapho leyo enikezwa "ohulumeni boMbuso bayiningi futhi ingenamkhawulo". Lesimiso esiyisisekelo sobuzwe baseMelika sisho ukuthi imithetho-sisekelo yezwe ibusa izimpikiswano eziningi kakhulu ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ehluke Ngayo EMthethweni Kahulumeni

Ubude Nemininingwane

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kombuso nombuso uwubude bawo. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso mude kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, oqukethe amagama angu-453 kuphela, futhi yonke imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni mide kunamagama angu-8 000 ngoba inemininingwane eminingi ngokuphathelene nobudlelwane bezinsuku zonke phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu.

Izizathu zalokhu mehluko ode zibalulekile. Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ithambekele ekungeniseni imininingwane eyengeziwe ngokuphila kwansuku zonke, ukuthungatha ezindaweni lapho uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. umfutho ufushane noma ngisho uthule khona, njengomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseNew Mexico unikeza lonke ingxenye ekuniseleni ngenkasa nangamalungelo amanzi. Imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ivame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo emininingwane eminingi akhona imithetho kahulumeni edinga ukuwasingatha, futhi idingida izindaba eziqondeneyo ezinjengomalungelo amanzi ezindaweni zasentshonalanga, imithetho yokugembula, kanye nezinqubo zemfundo.

Eminye imithetho - sisekelo yombuso mide ngokuphawulekayo. iGeorgia inemithetho - sisekelo eyishumi ehlukahlukene, iLouisiana 9 neNingizimu Carolina 7, futhi iphinde ibhale ngayinye iphinde ibhale izinto ezintsha lapho ilondoloza ulimi oludala.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Eningi

Mhlawumbe umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi komthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni nohulumeni ukuthi imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuvamile inikeza amalungelo athé xaxa kunoMthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, futhi imithetho - sisekelo eminingana kahulumeni ihlanganisa amalungelo asobala ezindaba zomuntu siqu, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, noma imfundo isiqinisekiso sokuthi umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni awukho.

Wonke amacala angamashumi amahlanu ombuso anezindleko noma izimemezelo zamalungelo anezici eziningi zamalungelo afanayo noma afanayo esiwaziyo ngaphansi kweSigqi samalungelo. Nokho, imithetho-mthetho yombuso eminingi idlula kulesiqinisekiso salamalungelo ajwayelekile futhi ivikele amalungelo anjengokungena enkantolo, ukubuyiselwa ekulimaleni noma ekufeni, ukulingana kwabesifazane, kanye nokuvikelwa kwalabo abakhubazekile.

Lesisici somthetho - sisekelo wezwe onikeza isivikelo esikhulu sisekelwe esimisweni somthetho esiyisisekelo: imithombo inganikeza amalungelo nesivikelo esengeziwe okungaphezu kwalezo ezifunwa umthetho kahulumeni. Nakuba imibuso ingenakunikeza isivikelo esincane kunalokho okufunwa uMthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, ikhululekile ukuba ivikele amalungelo omuntu ngamanye.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Elula Kakhulu

Imithetho-mithetho-mthetho kahulumeni kulula kakhulu ukuyilungisa kunoMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni entengantengayo ivame ukuba lula, futhi abavoti banethonya eliqondile ebhokisini lebhola, njengakuwo wonke umbuso isishaya-mthetho singase sihlongoze ukunqandwa kwezivumelwano futhi ngaphandle kukaDelaware, kumelwe khona - ke zibekwe phezu kwevoti ukuze ithole imvume.

Lokhu kwaziswa kuhlanganisa okuphawulekayo. Isimo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe esinamandla sisho ukuthi ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wombuso wakho kudinga ukuba uhlale ukhona nezinguquko zamuva nezihlongozo ezilindele, futhi ngokungafani nomthetho womthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, ophenduka kancane kancane phakathi kwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nokushintsha okungavamile, umthetho womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ungashintsha ngokuphawulekayo nomjikelezo wokhetho ngamunye.

Ukubaluleka Kokwazi Amalungelo Akho Ngaphansi Komthetho KaHulumeni

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Ngobunye

Izakhamuzi zaseMelika zijabulela isimiso esiyingqayizivele sesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esihlangene. Izikweleti zemali zamalungelo kahulumeni nombuso zivikela ekuphukisweni kwamalungelo ohulumeni bombuso. Lesimiso esimbaxambili sidala izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuqonda lesivikelo esibili kubalulekile ukuze uqaphele lapho amalungelo akho engase ephulwe. Izenzo zikahulumeni zingaphula uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni noma umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni (noma kokubili), futhi izenzo zikahulumeni kahulumeni zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nalapho isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sombuso wezwe sifinyele, imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni inganikeza ezinye izivikelo.

Inhlangano Entsha Yokwahlulela

Kusukela ngawo 1970, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zathembela kakhulu ekwakheni imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ukuba inikeze isivikelo esibanzi kunalokho okufunwa umthetho kahulumeni. UHulumeni uConstitutional Rights Federalism, owaziwa futhi ngokuthi "umthetho omusha wokwahlulela" ubhekisela emkhubeni owasungulwa ngawo 1970 izinkantolo zikahulumeni zithembele ezikweletini zikahulumeni zamalungelo okunikeza isivikelo esibanzi samalungelo kunaleso esasikhona ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni.

Le ntuthuko inemiphumela ejulile ngamalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Ngezinye izikhathi umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso unikeza isivikelo esingaphezulu kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlangene nombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho engokomthetho yombuso iqinisekisa imfundo yomphakathi yesihle njengelungelo eliyisisekelo, edala izibopho ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni.

Okubalulekile, lapho icala lingahileli ukusho ukuthi lingaphansi koMthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni noma lapho isinqumo senkantolo kahulumeni sisekelwe kuphela emthethweni kahulumeni, isinqumo senkantolo ephakeme echaza umthetho kahulumeni siwukugcina futhi singabukezwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme zinegama lokugcina ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, okwenza umthetho wemithetho - sisekelo ube inkundla ebucayi yesivikelo samalungelo.

Amalungelo Aqondile Atholakala Ngokuvamile Emithethweni KaHulumeni

Ngokuvamile imithetho - sisekelo yoMbuso ihlanganisa amalungelo angatholakali eMthethweni Kahulumeni.Lezimiso ngokuvamile zihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, ukulandisa ngohulumeni, ubukhosi babantu, nenjongo kahulumeni wentando yeningi yokuba isivikelo sokuphila, inkululeko, injabulo nempahla.

Ngalé kwalezisivikelo esivamile, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile ingena endaweni entsha. Izifunda eziyishumi kuphela eziqinisekisa ilungelo lomuntu siqu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namarekhodi ngokwezimali nakwezokwelapha, kodwa kwezinye izizwe lamalungelo asungulwe ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Izifundazwe ezingu-44 kuya ku-6 zinamalungiselelo afana neSichibiyelo Sesibili soMthetho-sisekelo mayelana nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali.

Umthetho - sisekelo wezwe laseHawaii unezela inkululeko eyengeziwe yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, nenkululeko ekufuneni okungalungile namalungelo okuthathela abanye izimpahla anamandla futhi aqonde kakhulu kunalawo aqukethwe yiBhili Lamalungelo.

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uhlela isimo sikahulumeni wezwe futhi umisa incwadi yamalungelo, igatsha eliphethe eliholwa umbusi, isishaya - mthetho sikahulumeni, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nenkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kubalulekile ekuthembiseni izakhamuzi ngokuphumelelayo.

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa umbusi, limisa imithetho yezwe nemithetho ephoqelelwe. Igatsha lomthetho, ngokuvamile elinamakamelo amabili (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enesishaya-mthetho esine-antaral), lidala imithetho kahulumeni. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho kahulumeni nomthetho-mthetho. Igatsha ngalinye linemithetho eqondile nemingcele echazwa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe, lidala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ezingeni lombuso.

Igunya Likahulumeni Wendawo

Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uchaza futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bendawo. Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso unde ngoba unamandla okuchaza isifundazwe nohulumeni bendawo futhi ulinganisela amandla abo, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, imithetho - sisekelo yezwe inamandla okusakaza umbuso wezombangazwe ngaphakathi kuhulumeni.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi amadolobha, izilinganiso, kanye nabanye ohulumeni bendawo bathola igunya labo kumthetho - sisekelo wezwe nakumthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lobubuhlobo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinomthwalo wemfanelo ngezinkonzo nezimiso ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekuvikeleni amaphoyisa kuya ekwahluleleni imithetho kuya ekufundiseni umphakathi.

Indima Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Isifundazwe ngasinye sinenkantolo ephakeme, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme, futhi inkantolo ephakeme inezwi lokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni. izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinendima enkulu ekulungiseni imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngokusebenzisa amandla azo okuhlola ukwahlulela, futhi ngokungafani neNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi engeke ikhulume nge "imibuzo yezombangazwe," izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zibusa ezinhlabeni eziningi zombili zezindaba ze-procebralth nezombangazwe. Lokhu kwenza izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibe izikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni umthetho ngokomthetho.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ethinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Imfundo

Imfundo ingenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uthinta khona ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso kumelwe uchaze izinhlangano zemfundo, imithetho yezesizwe nezezigebengu, amandla amaphoyisa okuphoqelela imithetho, nezimiso zezomnotho njengoba zithinta ukuphila komphakathi nendawo ezungezile.

Umthetho - sisekelo wezwe uhlanganisa amalungiselelo akhethekile aqinisekisa imfundo yomphakathi. Umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ungahlanganisa amalungiselelo okuxhasa imfundo yomphakathi, ukumisa amalungelo abafundi nothisha.

Uma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidlulisa imithetho yemfundo phela kusuka ezimfunekweni zothisha zokugunyaza izimvume zokuhlola ezisemthethweni zesikole zokuxhasa ngemali − kumelwe zivumelane namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni wemfundo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezi zimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukusekela intuthuko yemfundo futhi zigcine izikhulu zinesibopho.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni umisa uhlelo lwezimiso zomthetho wobugebengu. Izigebengu zomthetho-mthetho kumele ziqonde kokubili izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni nombuso, njengamalungelo abamangalelwa ngaphansi kweSine, sesihlanu, nesesithupha ngokuvamile ahlangene namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke.

Ukuqonda lezi ziqondiso akudingeki nje kuphela kulabo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezikhathalela ukugcinwa komthetho ngokungakhethi nokulunga.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukusingatha ukunakekelwa kwempilo nezindaba zezenhlalakahle. Eminye imithetho-mthetho yombuso ihlanganisa amalungiselelo ahlobene nempilo yomphakathi, ukungenela kwezempilo, kanye nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni.

Ngemva kwezinqumo ezinkulu zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States ezithi ukunqandwa komthetho - sisekelo ezicini ezithile, imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni iye yaba izindawo ezibalulekile zokuvikela amalungelo ezempilo nokungena.

Ukukhokha Intela Nomthetho Wezomnotho

Imithetho - sisekelo yoMbuso imisa uhlelo lwentela nemithetho yezomnotho.

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uzochaza indlela isishaya-mthetho esingaphakamisa ngayo izintela, sisebenzise imali, futhi sithathe isikhundla sombusi. La malungiselelo athinta ngokuqondile umthwalo wakho wentela, izinkonzo ezinikezwa umbuso wakho, kanye nesimo sezomnotho samabhizinisi nezisebenzi.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

Amanye amaqembu emithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ahlanganisa isivikelo sendawo ezungezile esingatholakali kuMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Eminye imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa isivikelo sendawo ezungezile noma amalungelo esisebenzi angekho emthethweni kazwelonke. La malungiselelo anganikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezimiso zendawo ezungezile, imizamo yokulondoloza imvelo, kanye nezimiso zokushintsha isimo sezulu.

Ukuqonda la malungiselelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisekele isivikelo sendawo ezungezile futhi kugcine izikhulu zikahulumeni zinecala lokuphatha indawo ezungezile.

Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Yezakhamuzi

Ukupha Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Ngobuciko

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso umisa uhlelo lokhetho namalungelo okuvota. Banquma izimfuneko zokuvota, izinqubo zokhetho, imithetho yokungena, nenqubo yokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Ukuqonda lamalungiselelo kubalulekile ekusebenziseni ilungelo lakho eliyisisekelo lokuvota nokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni alawula futhi ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezindawo nokwabiwa kwemithetho.

Imishini Eqondile Yentando Yeningi

Imithetho-mthetho eminingi yesifundazwe ilungiselela ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile ngezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo, i-apenteum, futhi ikhumbula. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho ngenhloso. Lezizinqubo zinikeza izakhamuzi amandla aqondile okumisa imithetho, ukuvuma noma ukunqaba umthetho, futhi zikhiphe izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezikhundleni.

Ukuqonda indlela lamathuluzi entando yeningi asebenza ngayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuzikhandla ekubuseni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisekela noma ziphikisa umzabalazo wezebhizinisi, izakhamuzi eziqonda isimiso somthetho - sisekelo sentando yeningi eqondile zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala SoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, imithetho eminingi yombuso inikeza isivikelo esengeziwe noma esiqondile.

Ukuqonda izivikelo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni ezivikela ukukhuluphala kuyasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi amalungelo azo achazayo aphulwa nini nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi angokomthetho angase atholakale, futhi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izinga nemingcele yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezikhungweni zomphakathi kuya ezikhungweni zomphakathi kuya eziseziteji ezizimele.

Amalungelo Empahla Nenkululeko Engokomnotho

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uhlanganisa amalungiselelo avikela amalungelo empahla nenkululeko yezomnotho. Lamalungiselelo abusa indawo evelele (amandla kahulumeni okuthatha impahla ngasese ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi), imithetho yokwakha amabhunga, ukuhlanganisa amabhizinisi, kanye nomthetho wezomnotho.

Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uvame ukudlula eMthethweni - sisekelo kahulumeni ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye ezindabeni ezinjengezinga lendawo ezungezile, ukulingana kwabesifazane, nenkululeko engokomnotho.

Imisebenzi Nezibopho

Kanye namalungelo, umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni umisa imisebenzi nezibopho zomphakathi. Lezi zingahlanganisa inkonzo yamajaji, ukuvumelana nemithetho kahulumeni, ukukhokha izintela, futhi kwezinye izimo, imisebenzi ethile ehlobene nemfundo noma inkonzo yezempi.

Ukuqonda lezi zibopho kuyingxenye yokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi nomthwalo wemfanelo, kukusiza ukuba ufeze imisebenzi yakho yomphakathi futhi uqonde ukuhlobana phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo emphakathini obusa ngentando yeningi.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi KoMbuso Nomthetho - sisekelo Wesifunda

UClaus Onedumela Elibi

I - Supremaclee Claus eSiphakamiso VI iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMthetho - sisekelo, uphakeme.

Nokho, lokhu kuphakama akulinganiselwe. iSupremacy Claus isebenza kuphela uma uhulumeni kahulumeni ethatha isinyathelo sokuphishekela amandla awo agunyaziwe ngokomthetho. Ezindaweni lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni ungenalo igunya lomthetho - sisekelo, unikeza ubukhosi obuphelele ukuze abuse ngokuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo wawo.

Ukunciphisa, Ukukhuliswa Kukahulumeni

Isimiso esiyinhloko somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika siwukuthi umthetho kahulumeni wakha isilinganiso esincane samalungelo esizwe, isici esivamile sesivikelo samalungelo. Elamazwe awakwazi ukunikeza isivikelo esincane kunalokho okufunwa umthetho kahulumeni, kodwa akhululekile ukunikeza okwengeziwe.

Lesi simiso sisho ukuthi njengendaba ewusizo umthetho - sisekelo wezwe awunakuwanikeza amalungelo amancane kunalawo aqashelwa ngaphansi koMthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, ngoba uma inkantolo kahulumeni ichaza umthetho - sisekelo wayo kahulumeni ukuze inikeze amalungelo aphansi, kuyodingeka ukuba iphoqelele izindinganiso eziphakeme zoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S.

Izimfundiso Ezisekelwe Kuhulumeni Ozimele

Uma izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisekela izinqumo zazo ngezizathu zomthetho-sisekelo wezwe, lezozinqumo zivinjelwa ekubukezweni kukahulumeni. Isinqumo somthetho-sisekelo sikahulumeni esisekelwe engxenyeni "yomthetho ofanele nozimele" sivikelwa ekubukezweni kweNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ngisho nalapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States ivala imingcele yomthetho - sisekelo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingachaza imithetho yazo siqu ewumthetho ukuze inikeze isivikelo esibanzi, futhi lezo zincazelo zigcina futhi zibopha ngaphakathi kulelo zwe.

Indlela Yokuhlanganyela Nomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Wakho

Ukufunda Nokuqonda Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Wakho

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokufunda ukufunda nokwenza umthetho-sisekelo siwukufunda umthetho wezwe lakho. Ohulumeni abaningi banikeza abantu inkululeko yokusebenzisa imithetho nge - Internet ngamawebhusayithi angokomthetho okulawula imithetho. Iziteshi eziningi zokucwaninga ezingokomthetho nezinhlangano zemfundo zinikeza izinguqulo ezicacisiwe ngemininingwane nezikhombo zezinqumo zenkantolo ezichaza amalungiselelo athile.

Lapho ufunda umthetho - sisekelo wezwe lakho, qaphela:

• Imvume yamalungelo noma isimemezelo samalungelo -Lezi zingxenye zikhomba inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye eyisisekelo evikelwe esifundazweni sakho
• Isakhiwo sikahulumeni[ - Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wezwe lakho ohlelwe ngayo kanye nokuthi igatsha ngalinye linamaphi amandla
• Amalungiselelo okulungisa [ - Ukwazi ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo ungashintshwa kanjani kukusiza ukuba uhlanganyele emizamweni yokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo
• Amalungiselelo ezimiso ezihlukene[ - Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso omningi uhlanganisa amalungiselelo anemininingwane yemfundo, intela, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nezinye izindawo zenqubo
• Amalungiselelo kahulumeni wendawo [ - Ukuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezwe kukusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi iziphi izikhulu okumelwe uthintane nazo ngezindaba ezithile

Ukuhlola Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ilungiswa njalo, ukuhlala wazisiwe ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo kubalulekile. Izifunda eziningi zibeka izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ebhokisini levoti ukuze lithole imvume, zinikeza izakhamuzi amandla aqondile phezu koshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngaphambi kokuvota ngezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo, cabangela lokhu:

• Ukuhlala njalo kwamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo – Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zingavala ezimisweni zezizukulwane, kuyilapho imithetho ingashintshwa ngokhetho olulandelayo
• ukuthi indaba isemthethweni [ - Ezinye izindaba zidingidwa kangcono ngomthetho ovamile ongashintshwa kalula kakhulu
• Imiphumela emide yesikhathi [ – amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kunzima ukuwashintsha, ngakho cabangela indlela ushintsho olungathinta ngayo izizukulwane ezizayo
• Imiphumela elindelekile – Imiphumela esuswe ngokucophelela ingaba nemiphumela efinyele kakhulu edlula injongo yayo eyishilo

Ukuhlanganyela Emihlanganweni Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izifundazwe ziba nemihlangano esekelwe emthethweni ukuze zicabangele ukubukezwa okujulile komthetho - sisekelo wazo.

Uma umbuso wakho ubheka umhlangano womthetho - sisekelo njengowubiza ngokuthi umhlangano, zifundise ngalenqubo, izindaba ezicatshangelwayo, nemiphumela engase ibe khona. imihlangano yoMthetho - sisekelo ingaphumela ezinguquko ezinkulu ekubuseni kwezwe namalungelo omuntu ngamunye, okwenza ukuhlanganyela komphakathi onolwazi kube okubalulekile.

Ukusebenzisa Izimpikiswano Zomthetho - sisekelo Kahulumeni Ekusebenziseni Imvume

Lapho usekela izinguquko ezingokomthetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni eziyinselele, cabangela izimpikiswano ezisekelwe emthethweni - sisekelo ezihambisana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni.

Izinhlangano ezisebenzela amalungelo omphakathi, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, izinguquko zemfundo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, nezinye izindaba zincike kakhulu emthethweni wombuso. Ukuqonda umthetho - sisekelo wombuso wakho kukusiza ukuba uhlanganyele kulemizamo yokubusa futhi uhulumeni agcine izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo zinecala.

Ukuxhumana Nezikhulu ZoMbuso

Ukuqonda umthetho - sisekelo wezwe lakho kukwenza ube ummeleli ophumelela kakhulu lapho uthintana nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni, umbusi nezinye izikhulu.

Ukuwakhumbuza ngezibopho ezithile ezingokomthetho kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla ezakhamuzini.

Imibono Evamile Eyiphutha Ngomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umbono Oyiphutha: Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso Ifana Nje NoMthetho - sisekelo KaFederal

Nakuba umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uvumelana nokwakheka okuthile noMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, uhluka kakhulu ngobude, imininingwane, ubukhulu, nokushintsha. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ukhuluma ngezindaba eziningi ezingathintwa futhi ngokuvamile unikeza isivikelo esibanzi samalungelo.

Umbono Ongalungile: Umthetho Ovamile Ngaso Sonke Isikhathi Umthetho KaHulumeni

Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme phakathi kwezindawo zawo, lokhu kuphakama kusebenza kuphela ezindaweni lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elingokomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe zinganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni odingekayo. umthetho - sisekelo weFederal ubeka iphansi, hhayi uphahla lwangaphakathi, ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: UMthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Awubalulekile Ngempela

Lena mhlawumbe inkolelo - sisekelo eyingozi kakhulu. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ibonisa ukuthi lamaphepha ayisisekelo abaluleke kangakanani ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zaseMelika. Kusukela ezikoleni izingane zakho zikhokha izintela ongazikhokha ngamalungelo ongawafaka ekuphazameni uhulumeni, imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ibumba cishe zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Abameli Kuphela Abadinga Ukuqonda Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Nakuba ochwepheshe bezomthetho bedinga ulwazi olujulile lomthetho-mthetho wezwe, isakhamuzi ngasinye sizuza ekufundeni ngomthetho-sisekelo. Akudingeki sibe ngummeli ukuze uqonde isisekelo esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni wezwe lakho, amalungelo avikelwa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho, noma indlela yokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zomthetho-mthetho.

Eqinisweni, zonke izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde inqubo yentando yeningi nokubusa komthetho ukuze zibe ahlanganyeli abakhuthele esimweni sokuzilawula esimiswe uMthetho - sisekelo neSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Womthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ukubaluleka Okwandayo Enkathini Ethuthukisiwe

Njengoba umthetho - sisekelo womthetho - sisekelo wamazwe uba nengxabano ngokwandayo futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States ivala isivikelo esithile sikahulumeni, umthetho womthetho - sisekelo wezwe uyaqhubeka ubaluleke kakhulu. Imithetho - sisekelo yoMbuso inikeza enye indlela yokwenza izinguquko ezidingekile ukuze isekele ukuzama okukhulu kwentando yeningi yaseMelika, futhi imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ihlukene emalungiselelweni nasemalungiselelweni okwakha, izifakazela ukuthi iyizikhungo zokuhlola ukubusa ngentando yeningi ezisingatha ngokuqondile izindaba zesimiso somphakathi.

Lomkhuba cishe uzoqhubeka, okwenza ukufunda umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni kube okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe ukuze umuntu abe izakhamuzi ezinolwazi.

Izimpikiswano Ezivuselelwayo EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ixoxa ngezimpikiswano eziphakamayo ezithi umthetho kahulumeni awukabhekani ngokugcwele. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu [ - Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, imithetho-sisekelo yesifunda iyahunyushwa noma ilungiswe ukunikeza i-odat starcher, imfihlo yemininingwane, kanye namalungelo olwembu lwe-inthanethi
• [ Isivikelo esingokomzimba nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu [ - Ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ukuxazulula izinselele zendawo ezungezile nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
• Ukungenela – amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kaHulumeni abaluleke kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni ngokuphathelene namalungelo osizo lwempilo nokungena
• Ukuguqula ukwahlulela [ – umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso unikeza izisekelo zokuguqula izimiso zobulungisa zobugebengu, kusukela ekwahluleleni ukuya embusweni wamaphoyisa
• Imfundo yokulingana[ - Amalungiselelo emfundo engokomthetho-mthetho kaHulumeni ayisisekelo sempikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokuxhasa isikole nethuba lokufundisa

Indima Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zizoqhubeka zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe. Ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli benkantolo yezwe bakhethwa ezifundazweni eziningi, ngokungafani nozahluleli abamisiweyo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, abahluleli benkantolo yesifundazwe ngokuvamile banomuzwa onamandla wokuxhumana no "abantu" kunamalungu ejaji likahulumeni.

Lokhu kuhlobana phakathi kwamajaji ombuso namavoti kusho ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile ubonisa ukuthi izindinganiso zomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala zishintsha ngokushesha kunomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokufunda Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Imicebo Yemfundo

Imithombo eminingi ingakusiza ukuba uqonde umthetho - sisekelo wezwe lakho:

• Izingosi zikahulumeni wesifundazwe - Izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza umngenisi okhululekile kumthetho-sisekelo wazo kuyi-inthanethi
• Ama-atmosfect comment -Iningi linikeza izinto zokufundisa ngomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe
• Izinhlangano ze-Academic – Izikole zomthetho zivame ukunikeza imithombo esemthethweni wezwe
• [ Izinhlangano ze-Cibic - Amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yaMadoda Voter avame ukunyathelisa iziqondisi zomvoti ezichaza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo
• Izinhlangano zosizo ze-Legal - Lamaqembu angakusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuningi ngomthetho-mthetho nemfundo yomphakathi, vakashela i U.S. Courts Educational Resources noma izinto zokuhlola ezivela ku- Conferenceal of State Legistrations.

Ukwakha Ukuqaphela Umthetho - sisekelo Emzaneni Wakini

Ukufunda komthetho-sisekelo akuwona umthwalo womuntu ngamunye kuphela, kodwa umsebenzi womphakathi. Cabangela:

• Ukuhlela amaqembu okutadisha [ - Ukuhlanganisa omakhelwane noma amalungu omphakathi ukuze ufunde futhi uxoxe ngomthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho
• Izikhulumi ezimemayo – Buza izishaya-mthetho zezwe, amajaji, noma oprofesa bomthetho-mthetho ukuba bakhulume namaqembu omphakathi
• Ukusakaza imfundo yomphakathi [ - Ummeleli wemfundo yesizwe eqinile ezikoleni ezihlanganisa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-zwe
• Ukwaziswa okuhlanganisayo[ – Sebenzisa imithombo yezindaba nezimiso zomphakathi ukuxoxa ngokwaziswa ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe
• Ingxenye emphakathini ye-fourmes - kuya kumahholo edolobha, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, kanye nezinye izikhawu zomphakathi lapho kuxoxwa khona ngezimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho

Ukufundisa Isizukulwane Esizayo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi intsha iyawuqonda umthetho - sisekelo wesikhathi esizayo wokubusa ngentando yeningi.

• Imfundo yomthetho-sisekelo yesifundazwe - - Hlanganisa izihloko zomthetho-sisekelo wezwe eziqenjini zomphakathi nezikahulumeni
• Sebenzisa izibonelo zezwe zangempela[ - Hlanganisa izimiso zomthetho-mthetho wezwe ezithinta ukuphila kwabafundi
• [ ukuthatha isinyathelo [ - - Siza intsha ukuba ihileleke ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo ngemikhakha yokugcona yomthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano, kanye nemisebenzi yokuziqhayisa
• isithembiso somphakathi somphakathi - Bonisa ukubaluleka kokufunda umthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlanganyela kwakho siqu kolwazi ekuphileni komphakathi

Isiphetho: Ukungafundi Okusekelwe Kumthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo kuphela, kodwa kuyimfuneko eyisisekelo yokuba nesizwe esinolwazi. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso umisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lwezici zonke zombuso nezokubusa kwendawo, kusukela ekufundiseni nasekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuhluleleni kobugebengu nasekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile. Ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ngokuvamile kakhulu kunoMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, futhi inikeza izinhlelo zokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekubuseni komthetho-mthetho.

Nokho naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo okukhulu, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ihlala ingaziwa kakhulu ama-America amaningi. Leligebe lolwazi lilulaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi nekhono lezakhamuzi lokubeka uhulumeni icala, lisekela ngokuphumelelayo izinguquko zesimiso, futhi livikela amalungelo azo.

Indlela engaphambili idinga isibopho esivuselelwe sokufunda nokubhala okungokomthetho-mthetho kuwo wonke amazinga. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zithathe umthwalo wemfanelo wokufunda ngomthetho-sisekelo wazo, ukuqapha okuhlongozwayo, nokuthatha igalelo ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo. Othisha kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi imfundo yomphakathi ihlanganisa imfundo eqinile ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano ze-CBIP kumelwe zinikeze imithombo efinyelelekayo namathuba okuthembisana. Futhi izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe ziqaphele isibopho sazo sokufundisa izakhamuzi ngesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo esilawula izenzo zazo.

Izakhamuzi zivame ukwazi okuncane ngomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe kodwa azinalutho ngomthetho-sisekelo wombuso wazo, onethonya elikhulu emithethweni eziphila ngaphansi kwayo. Ukuvala leligebe lolwazi kubalulekile empilweni yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Imithetho-mithetho yoMbuso izincwadi eziphilayo eziqhubeka ziguqula ngokuguqula, ukuchaza ukwahlulela, nokushintsha izimo zezenhlalo. Zimelela ukuhlola okuqhubekayo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, okubonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene, izinto eziza kuqala, nezinselele zezifunda ezihlukene. Ngokuqonda nokuhlanganyela ngalezi zincwadi zesisekelo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi, zivikele amalungelo azo nenkululeko, futhi zihlanganyele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwakha isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe.

Umbuzo awukhona ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ubalulekile yini, kodwa usobala. Umbuzo uwukuthi izakhamuzi ziyophakama yini ekubekeni inselele yokufunda umthetho-sisekelo, zizihlomele ngolwazi oludingekayo ukuze zihlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi. Ikusasa lomthetho womthetho-sisekelo wezwe, futhi ngempela nentando yeningi yaseMelika ngokwayo, lixhomeke empendulweni.

Eminye imithombo yokuqonda ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni nomphakathi, hlola USA.gov's iziqondiso zokuthi imithetho yenziwe kanjani[ kanye ne-'s Screate ofs of the short texts .