Izinkulumo ezingokomlando sekuyisikhathi eside zisebenza njengezici ezinamandla zoshintsho, ezikwazi ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano, ukuguqula ubuzwe, nokuthonya inkambo yezenzakalo zezombangazwe. Kusukela ekukhulumeni okukhulayo kukaWinston Churchill phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kuya ekuceleni okunentshiseko kwemithetho yesizwe ngoMartin Luther King Jr., lezikhathi zokukhuluma komphakathi zivame ukugujwa ngenxa yobuhlakani nokuthinta kwazo. Nakuba zikhona ngaphansi kokubaluleka kwazo okungokomlando kuseyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho. Izinkulumo zingakhuthaza ubudlova, ukuhlambalaza abantu noma amaqembu, noma ukuhlola isihluthulelo semithetho engokomthetho, ukucukunga izikhulumi ezikhuluma ngecala noma ukuqunga ubugebengu isikhathi eside ngemva kokukhululwa kwamazwi kukhululiwe. Ukuqonda imiphumela engokomthetho ayiyona nje indlela yokuhlola izinkulumo ezingokolwaziyo, ukuhlobana nokulimaza, ukuhlola isihluthulelo esingokomthetho, ukuhlola ukulinganisela okungokomthetho, ukulinganisela kwezingxoxo ezingokomthetho, ukuvikela ukulinganisela komphakathi, ukulinganisela okukhulu, ukuvikela komphakathi, ukuvikela kwezingxoxo, ukuvikela komphakathi, ukuvikela, ukulinganisela okukhulu, ukuvikela kwezingxoxo,

Ukulinganisela: Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ngezinkulumo Okuphikisana Nayo.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyisisekelo semiphakathi yentando yeningi, efakwe ezincubeni ezinjengeSichibiyelweni Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States neSiphakamiso 19 soMthetho-sisekelo Wezwe Lonke Wamalungelo Abantu. Nokho, asikho isimiso somthetho esibheka lelilungelo njengeliphelele. Inselele eyisisekelo yezinkantolo nabenzi bomthetho ukuhlukanisa umngcele phakathi kwenkulumo evikelweyo nenkulumo ebangela noma esongelayo ebangela ukulimala okukhulu. Lesi senzo sokulinganisela siba sikhulu kakhulu uma sihlola izinkulumo ezingokomlando, okungenzeka ukuthi zinikezwe ngomthetho noma ngomphakathi ohlukile kodwa siyaqhubeka nokuzwakala namuhla.

Izimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke zisebenzisa izisekelo ezihlukene zalokhu kuhlola. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuhlukana okuncane, kuhlanganise nokugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze, ukuhlanjalazwa, nosongo lweqiniso. Ngokungafani, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu nase Canada asebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganayo, alinganisa ukubaluleka kwenkulumo emelene nokukwazi kwayo ukulimaza isithunzi somuntu ngamunye noma ukuhleleka komphakathi. Lokhu okuhlukene kusho ukuthi inkulumo efanayo engokomthetho ingabhekwa njengengavikeleki eqedweni elilodwa nakwesinye futhi engekhona ukulinganisela kwayo kodwa futhi nasesikhundleni sokulawula ekuhlolweni kwayo.

Inkulumo Engokomlando Njengobuciko Obungokomthetho

Uma inkulumo engokomlando iba indaba yokuhlola okungokomthetho, ibhekwa njengetshe elichazayo okumelwe liphinde livulwe. Izinkantolo zihlola umbhalo wokuqala, umongo wokudluliselwa kwayo, injongo yesikhulumi, nemiphumela ebonakala kusengaphambili yamagama. Lenqubo yokuchaza igcwele ubunzima, njengoba amarekhodi angokomlando engase aphelele, futhi isimo sezenhlalo noma sezombangazwe sesikhathi singase sihlukane ngokuphawulekayo kulokhu okwamanje. Noma kunjalo, izimiso ezingokomthetho ziye zasungula izimfundiso zokusingatha lezinselele, njenge "clock nengozi" evela eU.S. [FLT:] iNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto evimbelayo evimbelayo.[FLD] .[FLT] i-United[FLT] i-scd .[FLD] i-' inqumo yokulinganisa ukuvikelwa kwecala.[FLD]

Umthetho Onquma Ukuhloniphisana Nobudlova

Imithetho yokushumayezana ikhona emazweni amaningi ukuze ibeke izikhulumi icala lapho amazwi azo ekhuthaza abanye ngokuqondile ukuba benze izenzo zobudlova. Ngokuvamile umbuzo oyinhloko womthetho ungowokusondelana: ingabe inkulumo yakha ingozi esobala nelethayo yokuthi ubudlova bungalandela ngokushesha, noma ingabe kwakuyisimemezelo esivamile sokuthatha isinyathelo esingekho esingokomthetho?

E-United States, icala eliyingqophamlando Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) yamisa indinganiso yesimanje yokuvuselela. INkantolo yathi inkulumo esekela ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo noma ukungabi namthetho ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba iqondiswe ekuvuseleleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho futhi ngokunokwenzeka ingenza isenzo esinjalo. Lokhu kufaka kokubili ukuhlolelwa kokuthiwa kwenhloso kanye nokwethuba lokulimala okuseduze.]

Ngokuphambene, iUnited Kingdom kanye nezinye izizwe zaseYurophu zisebenzisa indinganiso eqinile ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Public Order Act 1986. Ingxenye 4 yalesosenzo ivimbela inkulumo ebangela omunye umuntu ukuba esabe ubudlova obungavunyelwe ngokomthetho. Umnyango uphansi: isikhulumi kudingeka sihlose ukubangela ukwesaba okunjalo noma ukunganaki ukuthi kubangelwa yini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkulumo engokomlando equkethe izinsongo noma imifanekiso enobudlova kakhulu ingabhekana nenselele engokomthetho ngisho noma kungekho budlova obukhona ngempela, uma nje inkulumo ikwazi ukubangela ukwesaba ezibukelweni.

Ukuhlola Icala: Isijeziso Senkulumo Yesikhathi Sempi

Eminye yemibuzo enzima kakhulu engokomthetho iphakama lapho kuhlolwa izinkulumo ezinikezwa phakathi nezikhathi zengxabano noma izinxushunxushu emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi neRwanda Genocide, iziteshi zomsakazo nezinkulumo zomphakathi kwacela ngokuphandle ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi ezingamaTutsi. Emacaleni obugebengu alandelanayo emhlabeni wonke e-International Criminal Tribunal yaseRwanda, lezi zinkulumo zazingabhekwa nje njengezikhuthaza ukuqulwa kwesizwe nokugqugquzelwa kwasobala ukuba kubulawe, ubugebengu ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke. Izikhulu zabekwa ngokuyicala ngokufa okulandelayo, zibonisa ukuthi izinkulumo ezingokomlando zingathwala imiphumela enzima kakhulu engokomthetho lapho zihlangene nezenzo zonyaniso ezisakaze kakhulu.

Lendaba ibonisa iphuzu elibalulekile: ithonya elingokomthetho lenkulumo engokomlando lingakhuliswa uma libonakala phakathi kwendlela ebanzi yobudlova noma lapho isikhulumi sinegunya. Izinkantolo zivame ukubheka ikhono lesikhulumi lokuthonya izilaleli, ukuba khona kwezilaleli ezihleliwe, nokutholakala kwezindlela zokufeza isenzo esikhuthazwayo. Ukukhuluma kukodwa akungabangela ubudlova, kodwa kungokomongo ofanele, kungasebenza njengenhlansi ephethe.

Ukuvukela Nenkulumo Yomlando

Umthetho olahlayo unikeza enye indlela yenselele engokomthetho ezinkulumweni ezingokomlando. Inkulumo ehlambalazayo eyonakalisa idumela lomuntu ongaziwa noma inhlangano, ebangela ukuba ibhekwe ngenzondo, indelelo, noma ukugcona. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando eziqukethe izinkulumo ezingamanga zeqiniso ngabantu ngabanye (hhayi ukuthi abaphikisi bezombangazwe, abantu, noma izakhamuzi zomphakathi, `acan' ezibangela icala lomphakathi lokuhlanjalazwa.'

Ukusetshenziswa komthetho wokuhlambalaza izinkulumo zomlando kuletha izinselele eziyingqayizivele. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kungenza kube nzima ukufakazela iqiniso noma ukuqamba amanga okushiwo eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili. Kungenzeka ukuthi oFakazi baye bafa, kungenzeka ukuthi imibhalo ilahlekile, futhi umongo waleyo mpendulo ungase udidane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikela ilungelo kungase kusebenze uma inkulumo yenziwa enqubeni yokushaya umthetho, enkantolo, noma kwenye indawo lapho abahlanganyeli bejabulela khona ukuzivikela okuphelele noma okufanelekayo ekuhlanekezeleni.

Imifanekiso Yomphakathi Nendinganiso Yangempela

E-United States, ukusho okusho ukuthi isihlamba esiphathelene nezinkulumo ezingokomlando eziphathelene nomphakathi kulawulwa ibhande eliphezulu elibekwe ku-New York Times Co. Sullivan (1964). Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, isibalo somphakathi kumelwe sifakazele ukuthi isikhulumi sasebenza sinonya [[FLT:] olusobala], okusho ukuthi lenkulumo yenziwa ngolwazi lwenkohliso yaso noma ngokunganaki ukuthi siyiqiniso noma cha. Lemfuneko elulayo ivikela ngisho namazwi angamanga ngezikhulu zomphakathi, uma isikhulumi singenzangawenzanganga amanga ngamabomu noma ngokunganaki.

Ezinkulumweni ezingokomlando, lendinganiso inikeza isithiyo esikhulu kubahlaziyi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphandle kokunqikaza, kudinga ubufakazi bokuthi isikhulumi sasinokungabaza okukhulu ngeqiniso lamazwi. Ukuveza isimo sengqondo esinjalo ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ngemva kokunikezwa kwenkulumo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba kunezincwadi ezibhalwe ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi isikhulumi siyawaqaphela amanga. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlambalaza okuningi ngokumelene nezinkulumo ezingokomlando kuyahluleka, ikakhulukazi uma inkulumo ikhuluma izindaba zomphakathi.

Zonda Imithetho Yokukhuluma Nesimo Somlando

Imithetho yokukhuluma yenzondo imelela enye yezindawo eziphikiswa kakhulu zemithetho yokukhuluma. Lemithetho inqabela ukubonakaliswa okukhuthaza inzondo, ubandlululo, noma ubudlova kubantu noma amaqembu asekelwe ezicini ezinjengesizwe, ubuhlanga, inkolo, ucansi, noma ubulili. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yenzondo yezinkulumo ezingokomlando kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokuphathelene nokuvuselelwa kwemiqondo ephambene nomthetho womphakathi wokubekezelela ukucasula.

Amazwe anesivikelo esinamandla sokukhuluma, njenge-United States, akanayo imingcele evamile yokukhuluma ngenzondo. iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ngisho namazwi acasulayo nenzondo kakhulu, uma nje kungangeni phakathi kwenkulumo emisiwe enqabela ukugqugquzelwa, ukusongelwa kweqiniso, noma ukuhlukunyezwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkulumo ezingokomlando eziqukethe ukuhlambalaza kobuhlanga noma ukugxeka okululazayo zivikelwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingabonakala zinyanyeka kangakanani ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla.

Ngokuphambene, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, kuhlanganise iJalimane, iFrance, neUnited Kingdom, aye amisa imithetho eyenza inkulumo yenzondo ingabi namthetho. [i-volkschetzung] (ukuhloniphiswa inzondo) ikwenza kube umthetho wokukhuthaza obala ukuzonda abantu noma ukubiza izinyathelo zobudlova noma eziwumthetho ngokumelene nabo. Lomthetho uye wasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwezinye izimo, uvumela ukumangalelwa kwamashumi eminyaka ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo nezinkulumo zobuNazi nezinkulumo ze - SS bekuyindaba yezenzo ezingokomthetho ezinkantolo zamaJalimane, zibonisa ukuthi izinkulumo zomlando zingathwala imiphumela engokomthetho isikhathi eside ngemva kokudilithwa kwazo.

Inkinga Yokuyeka Ukubhema

Impikiswano engokomthetho ephawulekayo iwukuthi inkulumo engokomlando ingajeziswa ngaphansi komthetho ongaphikiswanga ngesikhathi enikezwayo. Isimiso se- ubugebengu becala obuyi-sine sinullum (abukho ubugebengu obungekho umthetho) ngokuvamile obuvimbela ukuphambana kwemithetho. Nokho, imithetho eminingi yenzondo iqala ukunikeza izinkulumo ezisetshenziselwa ukuqulwa, noma inkulumo imangalelwa ngaphansi kwemithetho eye yasetshenziswa njalo ekuziphatheni okufanayo. Ngoba izinkulumo ezabe zivunyelwe ngesikhathi sokuveza kodwa manje zingenwa ngemithetho yokuzonda imithetho, abamangalelwa bangase baphikise ukuthi ukusebenzisa umthetho kuphula amalungelo abo ngaphansi kwe-past - sigcono noma izimiso ezisemthethweni.

Izinkantolo ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukene kulenkinga. Abanye baye bakholelwa ukuthi lenkulumo kumelwe ihlolwe ngaphansi komthetho ngesikhathi, kuyilapho abanye beye bavumela ukumangalelwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje uma inkulumo ibhekwa njengebangela ukulimala okuqhubekayo. iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ngokuvamile iye yavumela amalungu ukuba abeke imingcele yokwazisa ezicabeni ezinjalo, ilinganisele ilungelo lenkululeko ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 10 se-European Convention on Human Rights ngokumelene nesidingo sokuvikela amalungelo nedumela labanye.

Indima Yokuzimela Nomongo Ekuhlolweni Okungokomthetho

Lapho zihlola ukuba ngokomthetho kwenkulumo engokomlando, izinkantolo ziqaphelisisa inhloso yesikhulumi nomongo wamazwi ashiwo ngawo. Ngokuvamile inqumo iyisici esinqumayo emacala aphenjelelwayo: ingabe isikhulumi sasihlose ukubangela ubudlova noma ukuveza nje umuzwa ovamile? Umongo uhlanganisa izici ezifana nezibukeli, indawo ezungezile yezenhlalo noma yezombangazwe, kanye nokuba khona kwanoma iziphi izenzakalo ezingase zibangele ubudlova.

Ukuhlaziya kwanamuhla okungokomthetho kuphatha inkulumo njengesenzo esihlobene esinencazelo engamiswanga ngamazwi ngokwawo. Inkulumo inga ngokomthetho kwesinye isimo futhi ingabi namthetho kwesinye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubizwa "thatha izikhali" phakathi nokubhikisha okunokuthula kungase kubhekwe njengehaba, kuyilapho amazwi afanayo ashiwo isixuku esesingene esibhikishile kakade angenza ukuhlaziywa komlando kube okubalulekile ekuhlolweni okungokomthetho, njengoba izimo ezizungezile zingasenakwenzeka.

Ukuze kuhlolwe lamacala, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zincike ebufakazini obungokomlando nasemibhalweni egciniwe ekhona ngesikhathi esisodwa. Endabeni yamuva ngokuphathelene nenkulumo ka-1970 kamholi wezombangazwe omangalelwe ngokugqugquzela ubudlova, inkantolo yahlola imibiko yamaphephandaba, ukuhlola kobuhlakani bamaphoyisa, kanye nokuqopha okuqoshiwe ukuze ivuselele isimo sezulu emhlanganweni. Lobu bufakazi bunganquma, kodwa bubuye bungachazwa futhi bungathathelwa phambili, bunezela olunye ungwengwengwezi lwendlela engokomthetho yokusingatha izinkulumo ezingokomlando.

Ukuvikelwa Ngokomthetho Nokulinganiselwa Kwakho

Naphezu kwethuba lokubekwa icala elingokomthetho, izikhulumi zijabulela isivikelo esiqinile ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi. Lezisivikelo ziklanyelwe ukuvimbela umphumela ohlasimulisayo ongenzeka uma yonke inkulumo ephikiswayo ingajeziswa. Isimiso somthetho sihlose ukuvikela ngisho nenkulumo engathandeki noma ecasulayo, siqaphela ukuthi ukuphana ngenkululeko ngemibono kubalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi.

Enye isivikelo esibalulekile imfuneko yokuba imingcele yokukhuluma ibe yi evumelana kancane ukuze ikhonze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yeSichibiyelo sokuqala, noma ikuphi ukuvinjelwa okusekelwe ekukhulumeni kubhekiswe ngokuqinile, incazelo kahulumeni kumelwe ibonise ukuthi imingcele idingekile nokuthi ayikho enye indlela evimbelayo ekhona. Lendinganiso ephakeme yenza kube nzima ukuvimbela noma ukujezisa izinkulumo ezingokomlando ngaphandle kokuba zibekwe ngqo ezindaweni ezihlukene eziqashelwayo.

Enye isivikelo ingumqondo we owesinkwa [, ovumela isikhulumi ukuba sibeke inselele kumthetho owenqabela inkulumo evikelwe kakhulu, ngisho noma inkulumo yaso ingalawulwa ngaphansi komthetho owenziwe ngokucushwa kancane. Lemfundiso ikhuthaza izishaya-mthetho ukuba zihlele imithetho eqondile ebhekene nezindlela ezilimaza kakhulu zokukhuluma.

Kodwa lezi sivikelo azinakulinganiselwa. Izinkulumo ezihlanganisa ukuphehla ubugebengu, ukuhlambalaza, izinsongo zeqiniso, noma ukuhlambalaza azivikelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni angalawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma, uma nje imithetho iqukethe okungahlangani futhi ishiya izindlela zokuxhumana ezithe xa zingekho. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zingaphansi kwalokhu kulinganiselwa okufanayo, okusho ukuthi ngisho nenkulumo eyavikelwa lapho inikelwa ingavinjelwa kamuva uma iphinde ishiciswe emongweni lapho ibangela ubudlova noma iphula umthetho othile othile.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokuvumelana Nenkulumo

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda noma osakaza izinkulumo ezingokomlando, ikakhulukazi enkathini yemithombo yezindaba yembulunga yonke lapho inkulumo enikezwa kwelinye izwe ingafinyelela khona ngokushesha ezibukelini emhlabeni wonke.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo engase iphazanyiswe kwezinye izindawo, kuhlanganise nokumasha kwamaNazi eSkokie, eIllinois, nokushiswa kwefulege laseMelika. Le ndlela isekelwe ekungaqinisekini okujulile kwamandla kahulumeni ukulawula inkulumo nenkolelo yokuthi ikhambi elingcono kakhulu lenkulumo elimazayo liyinkulumo engcono kakhulu.

ICanada ithatha isinyathelo esiphakathi. I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ivikela inkululeko yokuveza, kodwa iCandelo 1 livumela imingcele enengqondo engathi ilungile emphakathini okhululekile nowentando yeningi. INkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada iye yasekela imithetho yenzondo ngaphansi kwalesimiso, iphethe ukuthi iPhalamende lingavimbela inkulumo ekhuthaza ukuzondwa kwamaqembu angabonakali. R. Keegstra (1990), iNkantolo isekela ukuthembeka kothisha oye wenza inkulumo emelene ne-Smitic kubafundi bakhe, ithole ukuthi ukulimala okubangelwa yinkulumo evuna ukunqabela imingcele.

Indlela yeJalimane ilolongwa umlando wayo ngaphansi kombuso wamaNazi. UMthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane ubeka isithunzi somuntu emnyombweni wawo futhi uwenqaba ngokuqondile umqondo wokuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa ilungelo lokusakaza inzondo noma ukuphika ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezidumisa umbono wamaNazi noma eziphika ubugebengu bawo azivunyelwe ngokomthetho, futhi izinkulumo zesikhumbuzo zezibalo zomphakathi zicubungulwa nganoma isiphi isici sokubukeza okungokomlando. Lomthetho ubonisa isibopho somphakathi sokubhekana nenkathi yangaphambili kunokuba uvumele inkulumo engenza imibono eholela enhlekeleleni.

I-European Union iye yathatha futhi izinyathelo zokuvumelanisa imithetho yenzondo phakathi kwamalungu ezwe ngesinqumo seFrame Working on Combating Discional and Xenophobia, okudinga ukuba amazwe angamalungu enze ubugebengu bomphakathi bushukumise ubudlova noma inzondo eqondiswe eqenjini labantu abachazwa ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, isizinda sohlanga noma uhlanga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkulumo engokomlando enikezwe kwelinye izwe le-EU ingamangalelwa kwelinye uma isakazwa kuyi-intanethi.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nenkathi Yamanani

Inkathi yezokuxhumana iye yashintsha kakhulu indlela engokomthetho yokunikeza izinkulumo ezingokomlando. Izinkulumo ezazenziwa ezinqolobaneni futhi zagcinwa ezinqolobaneni manje zitholakala kakhulu ku-YouTube, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nakuwebhusayithi enikezelwe. Lokhu kutholakala kwanda kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha engokomthetho ngecala, irepublic, kanye nokulimala okuqhubekayo okungabangelwa izinkulumo ezingokomlando.

Izimemezelo zokuthi izinkulumo ezingokomlando zingabhekana nokuchayeka ngokomthetho uma izinkulumo ziphula imithetho emelene nenkulumo yenzondo noma ukukhuthaza. Ngaphansi kweSiqeshana sama- 230 se-Communications Decency Act e-United States, amapulatifomu ngokuvamile awavikelekile ekubekeni okuqukethwe yi-partment. Nokho, intuthuko yamuva yezemithetho yezomthetho eYurophu, njengezinkonzo zezezezinkonzo zezezentengiselwano, ibeka izibopho eziqinile eziteshini zokususa okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho, kuhlanganise nenkulumo yenzondo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikhulumi esinenkulumo engoko engokomlando emelene nemithetho ye-EUR, ingaba ilungile noma iphoqelelwe ukuba ithathe.

Ukuphinda kuqashelwe izinkulumo zomlando kuhlanganisa nomqondo wengozi elimazayo. Inkulumo eyayiyingozi kakhulu lapho idluliswa ezilalelini ezincane ingabangela ukulimala okukhulu kakhulu uma ibhekwa izigidi nge-intanethi. Izinkantolo zizama ukuthola ukuthi inhloso yokuqala yesikhulumi ilawula noma ukuthi umongo omusha uhlolwa ngaphandle. Kwezinye izimo, inzalo yezisulu zokuqala ingafuna amakhambi enhlekeleleni eqhubekayo ebangelwa ukutholakala kwenkulumo.

Ukuhlolwa kwezinkulumo ezingokomlando ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba ubhale umbhalo ophelele, ongaxazululiwe, kuhlanganise nezindima ezingase zicasule noma zishukumise. Kodwa ukwaziswa okufanayo, uma kuhlanganyelwa ngaphandle komongo, kungadala umonakalo omkhulu. Ithonya elingokomthetho ekufundeni ulwazi lisekhona, nezinye izikhungo ezithatha izixwayiso ezikuqukethe nokubhala imininingwane ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokusebenzisa kabi izihloko ezithile kuyilapho kugcinwa ubuqotho bomlando.

Ukukhathalela Okuwusizo Abakhulumeli Nabezilaleli

Kunoma ubani okhuluma inkulumo engase igcinwe futhi ihlaziywe esikhathini esizayo, ukucatshangelwa okungokomthetho kubalulekile. Abakhulumeli kufanele baqaphele ukuthi amazwi abo angase ahlolwe ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho esihlukile. Okuvunyelwe namuhla kungase kube okungekho emthethweni kusasa, futhi inkulumo ebonakala ingenacala esikhathini esizayo ingaba isisekelo sokuzichaza esikhathini esizayo.

  • Ufako umongo. Lapho unikeza inkulumo, cabangela hhayi ukuqopha amagama kuphela kodwa nezimo ezizungezile(ubungako nobungako nobuni bezilaleli, noma iziphi izenzakalo ezenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa ezathonya isigijimi, nencazelo yesikhulumi ngokwayo yenhloso. Le mibhalo ingaba baluleke kakhulu esikhathini esizayo esingokomthetho.
  • Gwema izinkulumo zokunganaki. Isivikelo esiqinile esingokomthetho esiqinile ekubekeni isibopho ukholo oluhle. Isikhulumi esicabangela amazwi aso ngokucophelela siwagweme amazwi esiwaziyo noma esisolayo ukuthi angamanga noma ayingozi, akuvamile ukuba sibhekane nemiphumela engokomthetho.
  • khumbula izilaleli kanye ne-emoral. Inkulumo enikezwa iqembu elivalekile lezazi inobuntu obuhlukile obungokomthetho kunobunye obusakazwayo ezilalelini eziningi. Uma ukusakazwa kugcwele, amathuba amakhulu okulimala futhi inkantolo ifuna ukuthola ukuthi isikhulumi kufanele sibone imiphumela.

Kubantu ababukele nabacwaningi, isihluthulelo siwukusondela ezinkulumo ezingokomlando ngokuqonda imingcele yazo engokomthetho. Inkulumo engokomlando ebalulekile ingase futhi ibe nenkinga engokomthetho, futhi umongo efundwa kuwo noma ehlanganyelwa kuwo ungathinta ukuphatha kwayo okungokomthetho. Izinhlangano zemfundo kufanele zinikeze umongo ocacile wezinto ezinjalo, futhi izintatheli kufanele ziqaphele ukuveza kabusha izingcaphuno ezishukumayo ngaphandle kokucacisa isimo sazo somlando.

Isiphetho: Isisindo Esingokomthetho Esiqhubekayo Samazwi

Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zingaphezu kwezincwadi ezikhona zakudala, zingezona ezikhona eziqhubeka zithonya umphakathi futhi kwezinye izimo, zibangela ukulimala. Ithonya elingokomthetho lalezi zinkulumo lixhomeke ekuhlobanani okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuqukethwe, umongo, ukubusa, nezindinganiso ezisusayo zokulimaza. Nakuba inkululeko yokukhuluma iyilungelo eliyisisekelo, ayiphelele, futhi izimiso ezingokomthetho zezwe ziye zasungula uvivinyo oluyinkimbinkimbi ukuze zinqume lapho inkulumo iwela emgqeni oya embonweni, ekuhlambeni, ekuhlambeni, noma ekuzondeni.

Kuzazi - mlando, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuqashelwa, kubalulekile. Kusenza sikwazi ukuqonda amandla okukhuluma ngaphandle kokungazi ukuthi izingozi ziyini. Kusikhumbuza futhi ukuthi umngcele phakathi kwenkulumo evikelekile nokuziphatha okubi okunesijeziso awumiswanga − ukushintshana nezindinganiso nokuhlangenwe nakho kwesizukulwane ngasinye. Njengoba siqhubeka silwa nezinkulumo ezingokomlando, kumelwe senze kanjalo ngokuqaphela okucacile ukuthi amagama angalimaza, ashukumisa, futhi abhubhise, ngisho nanjengoba enikeza, efundisa, futhi ekhulula. Umthetho unikeza uhlaka lokuqondisa lokhu kungathi ukuphakama kwesizukulwane, kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina ukhona kulezozikhulumi nezilaleli ezifanayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngezindinganiso ezingokomthetho okuxoxwa ngazo kulesi sihloko, hlola lemithombo elandelayo: umbhalo ogcwele we Brandenburg v.O. isinqumo sokuvuselela; [ iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yesiqondiso Samalungelo Abantu eSiphakamiso 10 [inxalathi] yemibono yomhlaba wonke; U.S.U. umnyango wokwahlulela ngemithetho yenzondo [ yokuhlaziya ngokuqhathaniswa; ne isivumelwano seSishayamthetho somthetho nakwezombangazwe [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] isivumelwano sezezentebomuhlakalo] sezezwe lonke.