Ukuqonda Ukuqamba: Indlela UMahluleli UTomase Aya Kuyo

UMahluleli uClarence Thomas sekuyisikhathi eside ewumsekeli oqinile nonamandla kakhulu wobuKhosi bokuqala eNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba abanye abahluleli ngezinye izikhathi becela incazelo yokuqala ezimweni ezithile, uThomas usebenzisa lendlela ehlanganisa yonke ingxenye yomthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo. Kuye, uqobo alusona nje isiphazamisi noma ithuluzi elingcono; luwukuphela kwendlela esemthethweni yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe. Usho ngemibono eminingi ukuthi indima kaJudiya isebenza “ekwenzeleni kwencazelo yasobala yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wasobala” kunokuba kuvumelaniswe nokuvumelana nezindinganiso zanamuhla. Lefilosofi iholela ekubeni aphumele ekuqondeni okuvame ukuvumelana nemibono yezombangazwe ehloniphekayo, kodwa uThomas ugcizelela ukuthi izinqumo zakhe zilandela umbhalo kanye nomlando, hhayi ezomuntu siqu.

Umthetho wobufandamentali, njengoba uThomas ewusebenzisa, udinga ukuhlolisiswa okuqinile kwemithombo engokomlando: izimpikiswano eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, amaPapers kaFederalist, imibhalo yombuso, nezichazamazwi nezincazelo zesikhathi esisodwa. Uhlola futhi umkhuba wangemva kokwenza i-retatorings ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi yini umphakathi owawungaqonda umbhalo ukuthi usho ukuthini. Lendlela iveza imiphumela engamangaza. Ngokwesibonelo, uThomas uphikise ukuthi ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwezentengiselwano Claus kunciphe kakhulu kunencazelo yanamuhla esetshenziselwa ukuthethelela imithetho yezentengiselwano, kodwa futhi uphikise ukuthi ukuqonda kokuqala komthetho noma i-Immunity Claus kuvikela amalungelo amaningi angaxatshalwanga.

Umthetho wokuqala kaThomas uvame ukuqhathaniswa “nomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo”, othi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha nomphakathi. UThomas uyawenqaba lowombono njengongavumelani nomthetho, ephikisa ngokuthi unikeza amajaji amandla amakhulu kakhulu ukuphoqelela izindinganiso zawo siqu. Kunalokho, ukholelwa ukuthi uma abantu befuna ukushintsha indlela uhulumeni wabo osebenza ngayo, kufanele bashintshe uMthetho-sisekelo ngenqubo yeSiphakamiso V, bangancikile kubahluleli ukuba bawubhale kabusha.

Imithetho Yamuva Ethonywe Ukwahlulela KukaThomas Kwangaphambili

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022)

UBruen mhlawumbe iyisibonelo esicacile sendlela kaThomas yokuhlola imvelo yokuqondisa isinqumo esikhulu. Ukubhalela iningi, uThomas wakholelwa ukuthi “isizathu esifanelekile” sokuphatha umjovo wesandla esifihlekile sephula iSigqi Samabili. Wenqaba ukucubungula okuthi izinkantolo eziphansi zasebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zokuhlola iminyaka futhi esikhundleni sawo wagunyaza ukulinganisa umthetho omusha: ukuthi imingcele ebekelwe inselele isithiyo inguqulo yesizwe ngokomlando wemithetho yezikhali. Lokhu kudinga izinkantolo zokuhlola umlando ezisukela enkathini etholakalayo futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukuthi inkathi ye-croscooteon, ukuthi ingabe umthetho wanamuhla ukhona yini. [FUFFOLT] [2] [FFFF] ekuboneni umlando omkhulu, futhi uvivinya iziqondiso zemithetho engokomlando, futhi ukulondoloza izinselele zemithetho ezindaweni ezivamile. Izentethe izithi, izama amakhulu. Ize izama ukunquma yemithetho, iphinde iphinde iphinde ikhiphe ikhiphe

Inkululeko Yenkolo: Kennedy v. iSifunda saseBremeton School (2022)

[[FLT:], uThomas wasungula umbono ophindiwe owaqinisa umbono wakhe wokuqala wokwakhiwa kuka-Claus. Icala lalihilela umqeqeshi webhola lezinyawo ezinde wafunda esikoleni wathandaza emgqeni wama-50 wemidlalo. Abaningi, ngoMahluleli Gorfoth, babekholelwa ukuthi umthandazo womqeqeshi wawuvikelelwe ngecala ngeSiphandle yiSimende. UThomas waqhubeka, ephikisa ngokuthi ukumiswa kuka-Clausle kwasekuqaleni kwakuqondwa ukuvimbela uhulumeni wezwe lonke ukuba amise isonto, hhayi ukuvinjelwa kwezwe noma izinkulumo zendawo. Usekele isikhathi eside esekela lencazelo “yakuqala” ye-Claus, eyayizolinganisela kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo kuhulumeni. Nakuba iningi lingamukelangamukelanga isikhundla sakhe esiphelele, izimpawu ezivumelana neNkade njengeNkakhulu.

Ukukhishwa kwesisu: UDobbs uphikisana noJackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Nakuba uThomas ahlangene nombono weningi uDobs oweqa imvume [[FLT:] u-Roe v. Wade kanye [[FLT:]] ne-[FLT]] i- ibhala isivumelwano esihlukile sokucindezela imibono yakhe yokuqala. Akaphikisanga nje kuphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awulikhuseli ilungelo lokukhipha isisu, kodwa futhi leNkanto iyakuphinde iphinde ibheke ezinye inqubo ezifanele, kuhlanganise [[FLTFFL:6] inci ewusekeni noma inguquko engokwezicimbini ezingenisweni ezifanele, incipheni yenye i-funze, ngenxa yezizathu ezikhona.[Fom] Le orgegogodum]

Ukwahlulela Kwezigebengu: United States v. Taylor (2022)

Ku uThomas waphikisana nencazelo yeningi yomthetho kahulumeni owenziwe wazama uHobbs Act ngokuphanga “ubugebengu bobudlova” ngezinjongo zokuthuthukisa umlandu. Nakuba iningi lasebenzisa amaqoqo anamuhla nezimiso zomphakathi, uThomas wagxeka inkantolo ngokushaya indiva incazelo yokuqala yomthetho. Waphikisa ngokuthi umbhalo, njengoba uqondwa ngesikhathi sokumiswa, awuhlanganisanga ukuzama ukuphanga njengecala. Ukungacunuli kwakhe ngokucophelela ukusetshenziswa komlando wegama elithi “ibhabhari” kanye nokuphatha umthetho okuvamile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uThoma uThoma usebenzise kanjani nje ukungaqondi komthetho womthetho kodwa futhi ukuchaza, ukuvumelana kwemithetho, njengoba kuveza ngisho nokulawula, lapho kuveza ngisho nokulawula inhloso.

Umbuso Ophethe: West Virginia v. EPA (2022)

Nakuba uMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts aqamba umbono weningi endabeni yemibuzo enkulu yemfundiso, uThomas wabhala imvume eyasekela isinqumo ezimisweni zokuqala. Waphikisa ngokuthi umthetho we-EPA ozama ukuqondisa amagesi afudumezayo nge-Ceake Air Act waphula imfundiso engagunyazi ngoba uHulumeni wakhe wayengagunyazi ngokucacile uhlelo olunjalo olusayo. I-Thomasism yamholela ekukholelweni ukuthi iKhomisha yakuqala ayinakuphathisa izinhlangano ze-ascritis arensitivess; i-Ves Clauseses of the Arounds I, II, kanye ne III wasungula ukwahlukana okuqinile kwemithetho evame ukuba isifunda sezomthetho zanamuhla silahle i-[Foctrences:] i-Virginia. [Foctive:] i-E[Flact1] i-Virginia.[FOct1] i-'ircences provisional Commentssional Intervitions] i-S]

Ithonya Elibanzi ENkantolo Ephakeme Nemfundiso Engokomthetho

Ifilosofi kaThomas yokuqala iye yaguqula uhlelo lweNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nemibono yempikiswano. Ngisho nabahluleli abangawamukeli ngokugcwele ama-mostary anjengoMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts noMahluleli Kavanaugh, manje bavame ukubiza incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi emibonweni yabo. Ukushintsha kusobala kakhulu emaphuzwini eSiphendulo Sesibili nasemacala enkolo, lapho ukuhlaziywa komlando kuye kwaba yisisekelo khona. Omabhalanemthetho, izazi ezingokomthetho, namajaji benkantolo abaphansi bachitha isikhathi esiphawulekayo becwaninga imithombo ethola imithombo yezincwadi ukuze bahambisane nokuhlolwa kukaThomas uye wasekela khona.

Ithonya likaThomas lidlulela ngalé kwemibono yakhe siqu. Ukuphikisana kwakhe nokuvumelana kwakhe ngokuvamile kuveza amamephu e-patmap e-ligiteriant yesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-solo conversence McDonald v. Chicago[[[FLL:1]] [2010]) yaphikisa ukuthi amalungelo noma ama-Iammunion Claus, akunakuyimoto yokufaka iSimemezelo sesibili ngokumelene nalezi zifundazwe. Nakuba engawinangaleyompikiswano, ukuphikelela kwakhe kwagcina udluliso kuqhubekele phambili, futhi ezinye izazi manje ziphikisa ukuthi iNkanto iNkantolo ekugcineni ingase ibuye iphikise umbano. Imibono yakhe futhi isebenza njengemoto ehlukanisayo engcono kakhulu ekwahlulelweni sokuqala noma ekwahlulelweni esibanzi seSigwebeni se-Goganistristrust, ukubheka okuqhubekayo kweNkathi yeNkathi.

Ngegama lika-2023-2024, uThomas wabhala umbono weningi i-liverformman v. Colorado [2023]) (2023) eyasebenzisa i-pane “ukungaqiniseki” enqubeni yezinsongo zeqiniso, kodwa yenza kanjalo ngesikhathi ephikelela ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo idinga leyo ndinganiso. Ngisho noma amavoti akhe evumelana nephiko elikhululekile, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi enza ezimweni ezihilela uhulumeni noma inqubo yobugebengu, ukucabanga kwakhe kuhlala kuqinile. Lokhu kuveza ukuvumelana kwendlela yakhe yokuvumelana ngokuthi imbalwa yamajaji.

Ukugxeka Nokuvikela Umlando KaThomas

Ukugxekwa

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi u-Thomas u-Paradio usetshenziswa ngokukhethayo futhi uholela emiphumeleni ehambisana nemibono ehleliwe. Bakhomba ezimweni lapho engayinaki khona imikhuba engokomlando ephazamisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchaza kwakhe u-Famimeo - producement Claus kuvumela u-Parace ukuba uvume uhulumeni-okanye, okuthile abaQaquli ngokwabo okungenzeka ukuthi baye baphikisana nomongo womphikiswano wempikiswano ye-Fir Congress. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi umlando ukhona: ngoba wonke umthombo otholakeleyo usekela iSikhawu seSibende sesibili sokulunga, kunemithombo esekela imithetho enengqondo. Abahluleli bangawusekela umlando ukuba ufinyelele umphumela wabo ofunekayo, ukumangalelwa okumelene nomthetho [[FLD:] Bru[FLD] ngokwawo ngokwawo]

Okunye ukugxeka kuwukuthi uThomas uqobo lwakhe luqinile kakhulu kusizwe sanamuhla, esihlukene. UMthetho-sisekelo wabhalwa iqembu elincane lamadoda amhlophe, anezimo ezifanele emphakathini ovumela ubugqila futhi waphika abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Nokho, ukusebenzisa ukuqonda kwabo kwasekuqaleni ukuba bafake izindaba eziyimfihlo, basize ukuzala, noma baveze ukuhlakanipha okungabonakali kubonakale kungasebenzi. UThomas uyavuma ukuthi lokhu akunazimo eziqondile, futhi akuphikisa ukuthi inqubo yokuzilungisa kufanele ishintshele. Nokho, amaMelika amaningi athola lolukholo lungenangqondo enqubweni engalawuleki.

Ekugcineni, ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi uThomas ukuzimisela kwakhe ukusungula kuwuhlobo lomthetho wemvelo ofihlekile. Uvame ukunxusa “ubuntu” noma“izimiso zokuqala” ngendlela ebonakala idlula umbhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, evumelana naye ukuphuma kwe Homeland Security v. URegents wase University of California[FLT] [[FLT]] [2020], uThomas waphikisa ukuthi iNdlela yokulwa nokwenziwa kwezingane (DACA) yayingekho emthethweni ngoba yathola incazelo yokuqala ye-ImGration and National Act. Umbono wakhe wawugxile kakhulu embonweni kaMongameli womthetho womthetho ukuba “ukwahlulele umthetho, uThose ngokuchaza ngokuthembeka, ngokuchaza ngokuchaza ngokungemthetho ongokwemvelo.

Izivikelo

Abavikeli bakaThomas baphikisa ngokuthi isiqalo sakhe sithembekile ngokwengqondo futhi sinezimiso ngisho nalapho siholela ekuphumeleni kwemiphumela, njengombono wakhe Trump v. Hawaii (2088) usekela ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba. Uma kunjalo, uThomas wasebenzisa izinga elihloniphekile elisekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamandla angaphandle, asuka kuwo umlando wakudala. Ukuvumelana kwakhe kuvame ukuhlukaniswa nokungena kwezinye izigwebo zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abakhetha amandla aphezulu ngokuvamile bamukela amalungelo ezindawo lapho kuvela endaweni ezungezile; uThoma, ngokungafani, umehluko, usuka ekungabazeni amandla ezwe aphakathi kwebhodi.

Abasekeli bakhomba futhi ekulandiseni ukulandisa kwentando yeningi okukhuthazwa yilokho kokuqala. Uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imisiwe, izakhamuzi nezishaya umthetho ziyazi ukuthi iyini imithetho. Bangaguqula uMthetho-sisekelo nge-Attic V uma bengavumelani. Lokhu kuvimbela, uThomas ukholelwa ukuthi, kuvimbela ukuthatha i-oligarchy ethandwayo ethanda kakhulu. Futhi nakuba abagxeki bethi umlando uqinile, abaxhasi bakaThomas baphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli abaqeqeqeshiwe bangafinyelela iziphetho ngokusebenzisa indlela efanelekile engokomlando. Bruen , uvivinyo lwazo zonke izinkinga zawo, luye lwaphoqelelwa ukuba bahileleke kakhulu ezinkantolo zomlando kunokuba balinganisele izithakaze.

Ekugcineni, uThomas waqala ukufundelwa ngokomthetho. Izikole zomthetho manje zinikeza izifundo ezengeziwe emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo, futhi omagazini abahleliwe bomthetho basakaza iqoqo elingaguquki lemfundo yabafundi bokuqala. Ngisho nezazi ezinqabayo ukuqamba u-Observatory ziyavuma ukuthi uThomas uye waphoqelela wonke umsebenzi ongokomthetho ukuba afunde kakhulu ngokomlando. Lokhu kuyifa elidlula noma isiphi isinqumo esisodwa.

Isiphetho

Ifilosofi kaMahluleli uClarence Thomas yasekuqaleni iye yaba amandla achazayo eNkantolo Ephakeme iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. Eminyakeni yamuva, iye yasuka emngceleni wezinqumo ezivelele, iguqula izinqumo ezibukwayo zezibhamu, inkolo, ukukhipha isisu, namandla kahulumeni. Indlela yakhe ifuna ukuba amajaji abe yizazi mlando, futhi imibono yakhe igcwele kakhulu ezindaweni ze-18 ne-19. Ukuthi umuntu ubheka ukuqapha kwakhe njengesivikelo senkululeko noma inqaba engana namaqiniso anamuhla, akungabazeki ukuthi uThomas ushintshe indlela iNkantolo ebeka ngayo iMithetho. Njengoba iNkantolo iqala ukuthatha ithonya kakhulu, cishe nakancane indlela yakhe yokukholelwa ekuqondeni nanoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha umthetho wezomthetho waseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[FLT: 0] Justice Thomas’s justices Dobbts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization kuCornell’s Legional Information Institute, [[FLT:] umbono wabaningi ku [FLT:] ku-[FLT:] i-New York State Rifle & Priston Association v. Brun[FLT] kuwebhthi yeNkathi yeNkantolo, [[FLT] ne[FLT:] futhi [FLT] umbo lwe-out:] nombono kuyi-OEz [FLT]