Ukungalingani Okutholakalayo Njengenselele Yokwehlisa Umbuso

Ukungalingani kwemali ehlawulwayo eUnited States kuhlala kuphakeme ngezindinganiso ezingokomlando, nokho ubukhulu balokhu kuhlukana buhluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Lokhu kuhluka akuzenzakaleli, kuthonywa yizimiso ezihlukene ezikhethwe ngokwezinga likahulumeni. Nakuba intela kahulumeni nokudluliswa kwezinhlelo kumisa isisekelo sombuso, izinqumo ezizodwa ezenziwa ababusi nezishaya-mthetho zentela, imali, nemithetho ekugcineni inquma ukuhanjiswa kwethuba lezomnotho phakathi kwemingcele yabo.

Umbusi unesikhundla esinamandla kakhulu kulento eshukumisayo. Njengoba umphathi omkhulu wezwe emisa uhlelo lwemithetho, umbusi esikisela uhlelo lwemali yaminyaka yonke, futhi asebenzise ipeni le-veto. Lamathuluzi avumela umbusi ukuba athonye ukusekela kwezomnotho zikahulumeni nenhlalakahle engokwemali yezakhamuzi zakhe. Ukuqonda ukusebenzelana phakathi kobuholi be-guberner nenzuzo kusemqoka ekuqondeni impilo yezomnotho yesizwe.

Ukulinganisa Izwe: Indlela Ukungalingani Kwezinga LoMbuso Okuhlotshiswa Ngayo

Ukuhlola ithonya lenkambiso, kuyasiza ukuqonda ukuthi isilinganiso silinganiswa kanjani. Isilinganiso esivamile yi-Gini conificificity, esukela ku 0 (ukulingana okuphelele) kuya ku-1 (ukungalingani okuphelele). Amazwe anjenge New York ne California ngokuvamile abonisa igebe elikhulu phakathi kwabangeni abaphezulu kakhulu. Izwe elifana ne-Alaska ne-Utah lithambekele ekuboniseni ama-conalting aphansi, okubonisa ukusakaza inzuzo engeziwe.

Ezinye isilinganiso esibalulekile sihlanganisa isilinganiso [ 90/10], esifanisa inzuzo engaphezulu yamaphesenti ayishumi emali ehholo neyonyunyana namaphesenti ayishumi aphansi, kanye nesilinganiso se yezomnotho [, elinganisa amathuba okuthi umntwana ozalelwe ngezansi quintlel ufinyelele i-quintile ephezulu njengendoda endala. Lezinto ezihlukanisayo. Izwe lingase libe nokwehlukahlukahluka okuphezulu kodwa libe nokuhamba okuphezulu (impumelelo"ezomnotho"), noma lingase libe nobumpofu obuphansi kodwa obungapheliyo (i-ignotent"ent")). Inqubo ye-gubernatenator ingathonya lonke lalezizingalo, kodwa isetshenziswa ngenye yezinkombane.

Imininingwane ethembekile yalokhu kuqhathanisa ikhona nge-U.S. American Community Survey kanye Economic Policy Institute[, kokubili okunikeza ukuwohloka kwezwe kwaminyaka yonke.

Ithuluzi lombusi: ILevars Yesehlo se-Shaping Economicrate

Imithetho Yentela Nemithetho Yentela

Ikhodi lentela liyithuluzi eliqondile elitholakala kumbusi elithonya ukungafani kwemali eholwa ngemva kwentela. Imithetho nezinqumo eziphathelene nentela yeholo yomuntu siqu, intela yenkampani, nentela yokuthengisa kunemiphumela esheshayo nengabekelwe indawo engcono ekusakazeni iholo elilahlwayo.

Intela yeholo ekhokhelwayo, lapho abanikazi bemali ephezulu bekhokha khona ingxenye enkulu yeholo labo, bayithuluzi elinamandla lokunciphisa ukungafani kwentela yangemva kwentela. Amazwe aye athatha intela eqhubekekayo, njengeCalifornia, New York, neMinnesota, athambekele ekubeni nemali eningi yokutshala imali yomphakathi kanye negebe elincane phakathi kwabaholi abaphezulu nabasezingenisingeni eliphansi ngemva kokukhokha intela nokuthutha. Ngokuphambene, intela ekhokha imali eshisiwe [ noma ukuthembela okukhulu [ku- ukuthengisa komphakathi] intela yomphakathi, kungakhuphuzwa igebe, njengoba imikhaya ekhokha imali engenisa imali eningi.

Ukuma kombusi ezikhungo zentela nezikweletu kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Ukwanda kwezwe elinomvuzo we-[FLT] Inkokhelo yeTaxix (ETC) kubhekwa kabanzi njengenye yamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu akhona. Kunika umvuzo umsebenzi, imiholo, futhi kufake imali ezandleni zemikhaya ethola imali ephansi kakhulu. Umholi wezikhulu ugxeka ekulweleni noma ekuvimbeleni ukwanda okunjalo.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Ekusetshenzisweni Kwemali Nokutshala Imali Eyinhloko

Isiphakamiso sohlelo lwemali sembula izinto eziza kuqala. Ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yemali kahulumeni ibhekiselwa ku K-12 imfundo. Imali kahulumeni ekhokhelwa izikole zayo .Intela zempahla yendawo (engakha umehluko oqinile phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu) noma isilinganiso semali yombuso esilinganayo) ithinta imiphumela yabafundi abavela ezizindeni zezomnotho ezihlukene. Ababusi abafaka imali emfundoni zasekuqaleni zemfundo yabantwana nasemkhakheni wonke basiza futhi ukuba isilinganiso sezemasimu sokudlala ngaphambi kokuba izingane zingene esikoleni esisemthethweni.

Ngalé kwemfundo, ukwanda kwezempilo ngaphansi koMthetho we-Affordal Care Act kuye kwaba yimpikiswano echazayo kubabusi phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule. Ukunwetshwa kweMedicaid kuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kokwelashwa, kunciphisa isikweleti sezokwelapha, futhi kunikeza ukuqina kwezezimali emikhayeni esebenzayo. Amazwe anwebe iMedicaid aye abona intuthuko engcono emalini engokwemali kanye nokwehla kwezindleko zokunakekela okungalingani, kuyilapho amazwe angewona amaphakampasi evame ukuba nezingaphakeme zezakhamuzi ezihlala ezingekho kanye nezigwegwegwe ezibhe ezinkulu kakhulu zasesibhedlela emaphandleni asemaphandleni.

Izinhlangano ezingenisa imali ezifundweni eziphakeme nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi zifeza indima ebalulekile.

Ukushintsha Kwemisebenzi Nokuthola Imali Encane

Ithonya lombusi ngeholo eliphansi libalulekile. Kungekho kokwanda okunenjongo ezingeni likahulumeni, izifundazwe ziye zaba yindawo eyinhloko yokulwa nalesimiso. Abaphathi abasayina umthetho ophakamisa umholo kancane kancane kuya kuR9,5 ngehora noma ngaphezulu ngokuqonde ngqo. Ukucwaninga kwe-FLT Bureau of Economic Research [ nezinye izinhlangano zibonisa ukuthi iholo elilinganiselwe lenyukayo linyusa iholo ngemiphumela ephansi emsebenzini, ikakhulukazi ezimakethene ngemisebenzi enzima.

Ezinye izinqubo zezentengiselwano zezemisebenzi ngaphansi kwethonya lezemisebenzi zihlanganisa umkhaya okhokhelwayo nekhefu lezokwelapha , ikhokhe izinsuku zokugula [, futhi [ izivumelwano ezingahlangani nezivumelwano [. Izikhulu ezilwela ukukhokha izinhlelo zisiza ekunciphiseni iholo [izisebenzi ezibhekene nempilo noma ukuzalwa kwengane. Ukusekela ukuvinjelwa kwemisebenzi engekho mbhavwini kungandisa ukunyakaza neholo, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini eziphansi njengokudla kanye nokuthengisa.

Izindlu Nendawo Eyakhelwe

Ukukwazi ukuthenga indawo yokuhlala kuye kwavela njengomunye wabashayeli abaphakathi bezomnotho ezinhlalweni eziphezulu. Ezifundeni eziphezulu, izindleko zezindlu zidla ingxenye enkulu yeholo, zisusa ngokuphumelelayo inzuzo eholweni eliphezulu noma ekukhokheleni intela. Ohulumeni banethonya elikhulu enqubweni yezindlu ngemithetho yokuhlela indawo, ngokusebenzisa imithetho yezwe, nezimali zezindawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zikahulumeni zokukhokha.

Abaholi abafunela ukubekwa kwezindawo ukuvumela ukukhula okuphezulu kwezakhiwo zomphakathi ezibizayo kuthathe umgomo oqondile wemsuka wokungalingani okuphilayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho eqinile evimbela ohulumeni bendawo ekumiseni ukuqasha noma ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zingalinganisela amathuluzi akhona okulawula ukukhokha. Indlela yombusi yokunikeza izindleko zokuhlala nezivikelo zemali ingasusa igebesezelele noma intengo yezomnotho ezindaweni eziphansi neziphakathi ezingenisa izakhamuzi.

Ubufakazi Obusekelwe Kubo: Indlela Abefundisi Abathile Abaye Bayiqhuba Ngayo

Isibonelo Esiqhubekayo: Ukukhokha Izintela Eziphakeme

Izindawo ezinjengeCalifornia, New York, i-Oregon, neMassachusetts ziye zalandela uhlobo lwentela ephakeme kakhulu kumanetha angokwenhlalo, aqinile, nesivikelo sezisebenzi eziqinile. Imiphumela iphawuleka kodwa iyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zifunda ukuthi zinamazinga aphansi obumpofu ngemva kokuthunyelwa [[FLT: 1] kunezwe eliningi. Amanetha azo avikelayo ayasebenza ekuthobeni umgangatho.

Nokho, zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Izindleko ezinkulu zokuhlala eziqhutshwa ukuvinjelwa nokufunwa okukhulu ziye zabangela ukuba imikhaya inciphe kakhulu emaphethelweni noma emaphethelweni aphakathi. Izindleko zokuphila, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, zingayehlisa izinzuzo zezinzuzo zemali neholo eliphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zifunda zivame ukubonisa kakhulu umtapo wangaphambili , umehluko, uqhutshwa ukuba khona kwezisebenzi ezinolwazi oluphezulu nezisebenzi ezihamba phambili ezisebenza ngokunenzuzo ezindaweni ezibizayo. Ikhono lombusi lokunciphisa lokhu lixhomeke kakhulu ekunikezeni izimpahla zokuthutha impahla kanye nezokuthutha.

Isibonelo se-tow-tax: Ukukhula nokukhanya

Izwe elinjengeTexas, Florida, Tennessee, ne Nevada liye lathatha indlela ehlukile: intela ephansi, imithetho ephansi, nokugxila ekukhangeni kwezebhizinisi. Lezi zifunda ziye zabona ukukhula kwemisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ekwakheni, ezindaweni zokwakha, nasemseni wokungenisa izihambi. Abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kukhula kunikeza ukunyuka okukhulu okuphakamisa zonke izikebhe, kunikeza amathuba emisebenzi izisebenzi eziziqhawulisela phansi.

Nokho, abagxeki baveza ukuthi lo mfanekiso uvame ukuveza ukungafani okukhulu kwangemva kwentela. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zifundazwe zincike kakhulu ezintela ezithengwayo eziphinde zaphucwa futhi zikhokhiswa intela elinganiselwe, umthwalo wentela unyukela kakhulu kubantu abathola imali ephansi. Amanetha okuphepha ezenhlalo ngokuvamile awaphanga kakhulu, futhi amazinga ezakhamuzi ezingakhokhelwanga aphakeme. Umphumela kungaba "umsinga" womnotho onikeza amathuba aphezulu ezokuhamba kodwa anikeza ukusekela okuqondile kulabo abakhandleka. Intuthuko yomsebenzi kulamazwe ivame ukuhlangana ezindaweni eziphezulu zolwazi noma eziphansi zemisebenzi, kanye "ukuzihambela phambili" kwemisebenzi ephakathi.

Ukwehlulwa Kwesimiso Esiqondile Nezingqinamba

  • Isimo se-EITCs:[ Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ukwanda kwesifundazwe iEITC kuyithuluzi eliphumelela kakhulu. Umbusi osunduzela ukwenza isifundazwe iEITC sibuyisele futhi siphane sinemiphumela engcono emazingeni obumpofu bezingane.
  • Intela yemali edluliswayo: Ababusi abambalwa muva nje basekela ukukhokhwa kwentela yezingane ezisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni kanye nezinhlelo zokukhokha imali eziqondile. Ngo-2023, kusho njengoMinnesota wakhipha intela yesizwe enkulu yokukhokha intela yezingane ngokuzibopha ngokuhlela kwesithathu. Izimiso ezinjalo ziyisibonelo esicacile sokuhola abaqondisi abaguqulela ekunciphiseni ukulingana.
  • Imithetho eya ekusebenzeni: Ezweni elidluliselwe imithetho elungile ukuya emsebenzini, ukucwaninga kubonisa ithonya elibi eholweni, ikakhulukazi ezisebenzini ezihlangene. Nakuba abasekeli balemithetho bephikisana nokutshala ibhizinisi, ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi bathambekele ekunciphiseni iholo eliyisilinganiso futhi bakhulise ukungalingani kwezisebenzi zomkhiqizo.

I - consingmenter Amandla Okuqubuka

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umbusi akasebenzisi igunya eliphelele.

uhulumeni ohlukene uyinto engokoqobo ephikelelayo. Intela efuna ukuvelela noma isiphakamiso sokuchitha ingafa uma isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni silawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo. Impumelelo yemithetho ngokuvamile ixhomeke enhloko- dolobha yezombangazwe yombusi futhi ukuzimisela ukuyekethisa noma ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu.

Izibalo ezifakiwe eziyimfuneko zemali yokuhlela imali [, ezikhona cishe cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe, ziphoqelela ababusi ukuba benze ukukhetha ngendlela uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe angayikhethi ngayo. Isinqumo sokusika izintela zezicebi kumelwe sihambisane nokuncishiswa kwemali noma ukwanda kwezinye izintela, okungalimaza izinhlelo ezisekela izakhamuzi ezizamukela kancane. Lokhu kuphoqelela abaphathi bebhizinisi le-secom elingase lihambele ngaphandle.

Umncintiswano we-Intertate wamabhizinisi nezakhamuzi ezifikayo zisebenza njengegunya lokuyala. Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele inzuzo ephakeme yentela ephakeme kanye nengozi yokufuduka. Nakuba ubufakazi obuyindida bokufuduka kwentela buxubene (abantu abaningi bahamba befuna imisebenzi noma imikhaya, hhayi intela), abantu abathola imali eningi bahamba kakhulu, futhi umbusi akanakukwazi ukukushaya indiva lokhu ngokuphelele.

Okokugcina, ukunqunywa okungalawuleki kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho kungavimbela ukuthatha izinyathelo zikahulumeni. Imizamo yokumisa ukulawula ukuqasha, ngokwesibonelo, ingashaywa izinkantolo zikahulumeni noma incishiswe umthetho kahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yezwe ilinganisela indlela amazwe angayisebenzisa ngayo imali ethile. [

Indlela Ehambisa Imithetho yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano

[[FLT:]]

iphumelela kakhulu] ababusi abahlanganisa ukukhula okuqinile nemithetho elinganiselwe nokukhiqiniswa kwemali. Ubufakazi obusukela eshumini elidlulele busikisela ukuthi [Foctivemome] [5] [5], uqeqesho oluphezulu lwezemfundo engcono kakhulu kwezemfundo engcono kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxoxo ehlobene nokungalingani iyanda ngaphezu kwezimiso ezingokwesiko zentela ne-transfer ezihlanganisa izimali kanye ne-[FLT]iographial trady[. Umbusi okwazi ukuguqula indawo ukuze avumele ukwakhiwa kwezindlu eziningi ezindaweni eziphezulu kuyokwenza ukuncishiswa kwenani elilingana nongandisa lowo okhuphula umholo ophansi.

Umholi owenziwe nge-gubernator futhi ufeza indima ekumiseni indlela yokuthuthukisa kwezomnotho. Esikhundleni sokunikeza intela enkulu ezinkampanini (ngokuvamile eziba nenzuzo ephansi ekutshaleni), ababusi ababheke phambili bafaka imali engeziwe ezimpahleni [ ukuthuthukisa , , [[FLT]] izinhlelo zezentengiselwano [, [[FLT]],

Ohulumeni Abayimiklamo Yokuthola Imali

Ubufakazi bucacile: ukukhetha kwezimiso okwenziwa ababusi kunethonya eliqondile nelingenakulinganiswa ekwabiweni kwemali etholakala ezindaweni zabo. Kusukela ekwakhekeni kwemithetho yentela kuya ekuphaneni kwenetha lokuphepha, kusukela emholweni ophansi kuya ekuhlaliseni imithetho yokuhlanganisa, ihhovisi lombusi liyimvume yokuhlela ushintsho lwezomnotho.

Nakuba ababusi bebhekene nemingcele yangempela evela ezindlu zomthetho ezihlukene, izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali, kanye nokuncintisana kwezomnotho, bahlala benohlelo olubalulekile lokulawula ipulatifomu labo ukuze basekele izinqubo ezitshalwayo enhloko - dolobha yabantu, basekele imikhaya esebenzayo, futhi basuse imingcele enikeza ithuba lokubona imiphumela elingana kakhulu. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka sibhekana nenselele yokungalingani, indima yombusi iyoba ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiphetho sezomnotho sezigidi zamaMelika.