Ukuqonda Imithetho Yomphakathi Evimbelayo

Imithetho yomphakathi, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi imithetho kahulumeni yokuveza obala noma imithetho evulekile, iyizisekelo ezingokomthetho ezifuna izindikimba zikahulumeni ukuba zenze imisebenzi yazo, izinqumo, kanye nemibhalo itholakale emphakathini. Lemithetho ihluka kakhulu ezingxenyeni zezifunda kodwa ihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingahlola izenzo zikahulumeni. Ngaphandle kokuba izingozi ezinjalo zokubonana, idemokratistiki ziba mhlophe, futhi zinamandla abekwe ezandleni zezikhulu ezisebenza ngaphandle kokwengamela okubalulekile.

Kuyo, lemithetho igunyaza ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zembule ngezindlela ezithile zokwaziswa futhi ziphendule lapho isakhamuzi sicela amarekhodi. Le ngxenye ihlanganisa ukuthengiselana ngokwezimali, imizuzu yomhlangano, izivumelwano, imvume phakathi kwezikhulu, nezincwadi zezimiso. Isimiso esiyisisekelo silula: umphakathi unelungelo lokwazi ukuthi imali yawo yentela isetshenziswa kanjani nokuthi izinqumo zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwawo [.

E-United States, isibonakaliso esiphawulekayo Inkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi (FOIA) samiswa ngo-1966, simisa ilungelo lezwe lokunikezela amarekhodi egatsha aphethe. Ngokufanayo, i-Access kuMthetho wolwazi [ eCanada (1903) ne- Inkululeko yolwazi Act yomthetho [[FLT] 2000 eUnited Kingdom ngayinye yenza ukuhlelwa okungokomthetho okumelwe imibhalo kahulumeni yembulwe ngaphandle kokuba isebenza ukukhululwa okuthile. Ngombuso nangezinganiso zendawo, imilando ebanzi ebanzi.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Emithetho Yokwenqaba Komphakathi

Nakuba ingefani, imithetho eminingi yembulo inezici eziningana eziyisisekelo:

  • Ukuvuleka kokukhululeka: Amarekhodi kumelwe adalulwe ngaphandle kokuba ukukhululeka okuqondile kusebenza.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izimfuneko zesikhathi: Izimo eziphuthumayo kumele ziphendule izicelo phakathi nezinsuku ezimisiwe zebhizinisi (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 20 kuya ku-30).
  • Intengo elinganiselwe: ingakhokhwa ngokukopisha nokusesha, kodwa imithetho eminingi ilinganisela izindleko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungena kuhlala kunakho.
  • Iziphetho: Inkululeko evamile ihlanganisa ukulondeka kwesizwe, imfihlo yomuntu siqu, ukuhlola ukugcinwa komthetho, nezimfihlo zezohwebo.
  • Inqubo ye-Applets: Abaceli bangabekela inselele ukuphika ngokudlulisa izikhalo ze-athor noma ngesenzo senkantolo.

Nokho, ukuphumelela kwalemithetho kuxhomeke kakhulu endleleni esetshenziswa ngayo. Umthetho ongalawulwa kahle, onganakwa, noma ovame ukunganakwa ngeke ufeze injongo yawo. imizamo yamuva eU.S. Congress yokuqinisa iFOIA ibonisa isidingo esiqhubekayo senguquko.

Ukubaluleka Kokulandisa Kukahulumeni

Ukulandisa kukahulumeni kuyisibopho sezikhulu zomphakathi nezinhlangano sokuchaza izenzo zazo, ukwamukela umthwalo wemfanelo, nokubhekana nemiphumela yokuziphatha okubi.

Okwenza Ukuba Kube Nezindaba Zokulandisa

Ukulandisa kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi embusweni onempilo wentando yeningi:

  • iveza ukonakala nokusebenzisa kabi amandla: Uma izikhulu zazi ukuthi izenzo zazo zihlolwa, azinakukwazi ukuhileleka ekufumbathiseni, ekukhetheni, noma kwezinye izenzo ezingekho emthethweni.
  • Ithemba lomphakathi eliqinile: Izakhamuzi ezikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wazo usobala futhi zilandisa cishe zivumelana nemithetho, zikhokha izintela, futhi zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi.
  • Iziproteshi zokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi: Izinhlangano zomphakathi zidinga ukwaziswa okunembile ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kukahulumeni futhi kusekelwe ushintsho.
  • [ ukuvumela ukuthembisana komphakathi: Lapho abantu beqonda ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani, basengozini kakhulu yokuvota, yokuya ezindlebeni, nokunikela enkulumweni yeningi.
  • Ifaka imiphumela yenkambiso: ukucindezela kokulandisa kuphoqelele ohulumeni ukuba bathethelele ukukhetha kwabo, ngokuvamile kuholele ezimisweni ezingcono, ezisekelwe ebufakazini obengeziwe.

Ukuhlobana phakathi kokubonana nokulandisa akuzenzakaleli; kudinga ukucophelela kwezincwadi, ukuqapha kwezakhamuzi, kanye nezinqubo eziqinile ezingokomthetho. Imithetho yomphakathi inikeza ukwaziswa okungalungiseki kwalendawo ezungezile.

Indlela Imithetho Yomphakathi Yokungawutholi Usizo Ebangela Ngayo Umlando

Imithetho yomphakathi isebenza njengendlela ephakathi kukahulumeni nabalawulwayo, iguqula izinqubo eziwubufakazi obufiphele zibe ukwaziswa okufinyelelekayo.

Ukunika Izintatheli Amandla Nezinhlangano Eziqaphile

Izintatheli zithembele kakhulu emarekhodini omphakathi ukuze zihlole futhi zibike ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. Imibono yokuchitha imali, izingxabano zesithakazelo, kanye nokuhluleka kwezimiso ivame ukuqala ngesicelo se-FOIA noma ukubukezwa kwemizuzu yemihlangano ekhona obala. I-Unitivement in Regionation[ nezinhlangano ezifana ne [[FLT:] iKomiti yeNkululeko yeNkululeko yePFOM inikeza ukuqeqeshelwa nokusekela okungokomthetho kwezindaba ngokusebenzisa lemithetho. Isibonelo, uchungechunge lwezicelo zeFOIA [FLT:] i-Shyton Post[FFFLT] [FFFFFF:5] embuliwembulwe ngokuhleleka ngokuhleleka kwezimiso zezempilo, i-VFMphathist, ehostmenty.

Ukudala Umphumela Owethusayo

Ukubona gcaluku kusebenza njengesithiyo sokuziphatha okubi. Uma izikhulu zazi ukuthi ama-imeyili azo, izimiso, kanye nokuvubukula okungokwezimali kungabukezwa umphakathi, akunakwenzeka ukuba zihileleke ekuziphatheni okungabazekayo ngokwezimiso. Ukuhlola kwe-Stunight Foundation [ kwathola ukuthi imithetho evulekile ebhalwe phansi kakhulu ibhekene nesilinganiso sokonakala komphakathi esilinganiswa yizinkolelo ezingaphansi kwemithetho ekhohlakazekayo kahulumeni.

Ukunakekela Izindawo Ezingangeni Ezakhiweni Ngemithetho Nezimo Ezizimele

Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho, ababali, nabahloli jikelele baxhomeke ekutholeni izincwadi zikahulumeni ukuze zenze umsebenzi wawo wokwengamela. Imithetho yokudalula i-odoli iqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zindikimba zezobubonisi zingathola amarekhodi eziwadingayo ukuze zihlole ukuthi kungenzeka kusetshenziswe kabi. Ngokwesibonelo, iRomagement Accounting Office (GAO) nabahloli bezwe basebenzisa ukutholakala kwazo ngokusemthethweni ukubukeza izivumelwano zikahulumeni nezitatimende zezimali.

Izakhamuzi Ezizehlisayo Ziyahlanganyela

Izakhamuzi ezivamile nazo ziyazuza emithethweni yomphakathi. Abazali bangahlola izinqumo zezikhulu zesikole, abashisekeli bangahlola imvume yendawo ezungezile, futhi abanikazi bebhizinisi abancane bangahlola amarekhodi agciniwe. Lokhu kuvezana komsindo kuqinisa idemokrati kuzo zonke izinga.

Izinselele Zemithetho Yomthetho Ongavunyelwe Umphakathi

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, imithetho yomphakathi ibhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezilulaza ukuphumelela kwayo.

Ulimi Olungenamthetho Nesici Esingokomthetho

Izimiso eziningi zembulo zibhalwe ngamazwi avulekile, angacacile ashiya indawo yokuchaza. Amagama afana "nenqubo yokuzimela" noma "ukwaziswa okunemininingwane" anwetshiwe ukuze kuthethelelwe ukungadiscim. Imithetho yokwahlulela eguquguqukayo ibangela ukuthobelana okunzima, idala uhlelo lwezimo oluhlukahlukayo ngokulawula ngisho nangenkantolo.

Izinkulumo Zokusola Nabantu Abayimfihlo

Nakuba ukukhulula kudingekile ekuvikeleni imfihlo nokulondeka kwesizwe, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Ohulumeni bangabhekisela ekukhululweni okubanzi ukuze bagweme ukudalulwa okuphoxayo noma ukuvikela ukwaziswa okuzwelayo kwezombangazwe. Ilungelo lezemfihlo lezemfihlo eUnited States, ngokwesibonelo, liye lacelwa ukuba livimbele izicelo zeFOIA ngisho nalapho kungekho nsizalo yokulondeka yesizwe esobala esengozini. Imizamo yenguquko ihlose ukuqinisa imibandela yokungadingi ukukhululwa futhi idinga izinhlangano ukuba zibonise ukulimala okuthile ngaphambi kokugcina amarekhodi.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ukuhlela izicelo zokwambulwa komphakathi kudinga isikhathi nemali. Izinhlangano eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezisezingeni lendawo, zintula izikhulu ezinikezelwe ze-FOIA noma ubuchwepheshe obufanele bokusingatha izicelo ngokunempumelelo. Izicelo zezinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka kuvamile, kunqabela ngokuphumelelayo ukufika. Umbiko ka-2019 ovela kwi-National Freedom of Information Coalition wathola ukuthi isifunda nezinhlangano zendawo zivame ukuphawula ukuswela kwezimali njengesizathu sokulibala.

Ukunganaki Komphakathi Nokungaqapheli

Izakhamuzi eziningi aziliqapheli ilungelo lazo lokucela amarekhodi kahulumeni noma azikwazi ukubhala isicelo. Kwezinye izimo, ngisho noma amarekhodi enyatheliswa ngokuqhubekayo, kunzima ukuthola noma ukuwahlela ngezindlela ezingekho nobungane nomsebenzisi. Amaqembu ezingane aziphatha Gight-to - To - Yazi , kodwa ukuthatha isinyathelo kuhlala kuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa naleyo engenzeka.

Izithiyo Zobuchwepheshe Nokuhlukana Kwamanani

Nakuba ohulumeni abaningi benyathelisa amarekhodi kuyi - Internet, akubona bonke abantu abanayo i - Internet enokwethenjelwa noma ukufunda nokubhala okuyimfihlo ukuze bafune izincwadi ezibhaliwe, futhi amarekhodi e - electronic angasetshenziswa kalula noma asuswe.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Imithetho Yomphakathi Evimbelayo Iyasebenza

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa amandla nokulinganiselwa kwemithetho yomphakathi.

Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Ithatha Isinyathelo E - United States

Kusukela ngo- 1966, i-FOIA iye yasetshenziselwa ukuveza yonke into kusukela ekungcoleni kwendawo ezungezile ezindaweni zezempi kuya ekuchitheni imali ekuhambeleni kukahulumeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-panel kuhlanganisa ukukhululwa kwamarekhodi e-Dominiting Street Memory[ (okukhanyisa ukuhola kuya eMpini yase-Iraq) kanye nokuvezwa kwe FI] irekhodi elihlobene namaqembu amalungelo omphakathi. Nokho, i-FOIA futhi iye yagxekwa ngenxa yemvume yayo engemuva. Kunyaka wama-2022, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zamukela izicelo ezingaphezu kuka-20 000 000, kanye nesikhathi esivamile sezicelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. [[FLT:] [FLT]

Ukufinyelela Isenzo Sokwaziswa ECanada

Umthetho kahulumeni we-Australia wokungena eCanada, owamiswa ngo-1934, uye waba yimfashini ekwambuleni ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni. Impumelelo ephawulekayo ihlanganisa ukukhululwa kwezincwadi ezihlasimulisayo zehlazo lobushiqela eziye zaholela ekuweni kukahulumeni weLiberal ngo-2006. Noma kunjalo, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho uphelelwe isikhathi, kanye nezinkombazo eziningi (kuhlanganise neSibhishobhi). IKhomisha yolwazi yaseCanada [ imemezele inguquko ebanzi, kuhlanganise nokuveza i-mfashini ebanzi.

Imithetho Yomphakathi Engaphansi KoMbuso E - U.S.

Ama- ama-texas (Umthetho wokwaziswa okuyimfihlo) kanye New York (Umthetho wolwazi) ubeyizibonelo zokubona. ETexas, umthetho ufuna izindikimba zikahulumeni ukuba ziphendule izicelo phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi zebhizinisi, neHhovisi le-Attorney General ibophekile. Nokho, ngisho nakulezi zimiso eziqinile, izinselele ziyaqhubeka. Isibonelo, upheniso lwa 202020 lwathola ukuthi eminye iminyango yamaphoyisa ayezishaya indiva njalo izicelo zeminyango yekhamera ye-pale, idlulisa ezemfihlo ezingacakali.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokugunyaza Imithetho Yomthetho Womphakathi

Ukuze bakhulise ithonya lemithetho yomphakathi yokudalula, ohulumeni kufanele bathathe iqoqo lemisebenzi esekelwe kubufakazi obungcono kakhulu. Lezi zinguquko zisingatha amaphutha avame kakhulu achazwe engxenyeni edlulileyo.

Ukuqinisa Ulimi Olunezimiso Zemvelo Nokunciphisa Ulaka

Imithetho kufanele ichaze amagama ayinhloko ngokucacile futhi inciphise izaba. Umthetho ka-2007 e-United States oqiniselwe i-FOIA ngokufuna izinhlangano ukuba zilungise izicelo ngokushesha kakhulu nangokubika ngezenzo zazo. Ngokufanayo, umbuso wokulinganisa uvula amarekhodi ahlelwe yizinhlangano ezinjenge-National Conference of Legastieslaturestures inikeza amathematikethi acacile, agunyaziwe.

Ukwanda Kwezimali Nokusekela Izinhlangano

Ukubona bhaka kahle akukhululekile. Ohulumeni kumelwe bahlelele amahhovisi e-FOIA, ukuqeqesha, nobuchwepheshe. FOIA.gov unikeza imininingwane ekhonweni lezinhlangano, iqokomisa lapho ukutshala imali kudingeka kakhulu khona. Ohulumeni bendawo bangahlanganyela izimali ngokumisa amahhovisi okubona esifunda.

Izimiso Zomchamo Ezisebenza Kancane

Kunokuba balinde izicelo, ohulumeni kufanele bamemezele ulwazi lwenani eliphakeme ku-inthanethi. I-Open Government Directive ekhishwe yi-Obama izinhlangano ezidinga amarekhodi acelwa njalo kumawebhusayithi abo. Lendlela inciphisa inani lezicelo zomuntu ngamunye futhi yenza ulwazi lutholakale ngokushesha. Amazwe anjenge California iseke amatheku e-data avulekile avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifune izicelo, zisebenzise, zikhokhe, zifake nesivumelwano sokwaziswa.

Ukuqhuba Imikhankaso Yemfundo Yomphakathi

Izakhamuzi azinakuwasebenzisa amalungelo ezingawazi. Ohulumeni kufanele bafake izimemezelo zenkonzo yomphakathi, i-internet-m-alphane, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ezichaza indlela yokubhala amafayela ezicelo. Imishini ehambisana nemitapo yezincwadi, amaqembu omphakathi, nezikole zinganwetshwa. Inkululeko yesizwe yokwaziswa inikeza amathuluzi emikhankasweni enjalo.

Yakha Imizimba Ezimele

I-ombudsman ezimele noma ikhomishane yolwazi ingahlola izikhalo mayelana nokungahambisani nemithetho ebophayo. U.S. Office of Government Information Services isebenza njengenkonzo yokuphendula izimpikiswano ze-FOIA kodwa intula amandla okuqinisekisa. Ngokungafani, i-Officeernator’s Officerser [[ eUnited Kingdom inegunya lokukhipha ihlawulo futhi idinga ukuvuselelwa.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwanamuhla Kwezingosi Zokubhala

Njengoba ukuxhumana kukahulumeni kushintshela e-imeyili, iziphakamiso zemiyalezo, nemihlangano yevidiyo, amarekhodi emithetho kumelwe avumelane. I-APTIOT kumele yamukele izinqubo zokuphatha eziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izixhumana ezingokomthetho zibanjwa, zigcinwe, futhi ziyaseshwa. Predifitial Records Act[[FLT:] kanye ne [[FLT] Federal Records Act kunikezwa amapulani, kodwa kudingeka uphengululo olufihla amarekhodi e-electal.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yomphakathi iwumgogodla kahulumeni onobuthakazelelo, obonisayo. Inika izakhamuzi, izintatheli, nezindikimba zongamele amandla okwenza izikhulu zibe necala ngezenzo zazo. Ubufakazi bucacile: imibuso enemithetho enamandla yokubona inciphiswa inkohlakalo, ukwethenjwa komphakathi okuphakeme, nokulawulwa komphakathi okuphumelela kakhulu. Kodwa le mithetho ayikona ukuzilimaza. Idinga ukudweba, imithombo eyanele, ukuphoqelela izisebenzi, kanye nomphakathi oboshiwe.

Izinselele zisala − ukukhulula, ukubambezela kwezikhulu, nokunganaki komphakathi kusongela isithembiso sokubona ngaphandle. Kodwa indlela engaphambili icacile ngokufanayo. Ngokuthatha imikhuba emihle kakhulu: ukuqinisa ulimi lwe-station, ukubambisana kwezimali, ukuvumisa, nemfundo yomphakathi.) [Ohulumeni bangaguqula inhloso kahulumeni obala ukuba ube ngokoqobo. Kulesi sikhathi sokuphelelwa kwethemba ezikhungweni zentando yeningi, imithetho eqinile yokwambula inikeza indlela eqinisekisiwe yokwakha kabusha ukholo esimisweni. Ilungelo lokwazi ukudayisa izinto ngemali, ukudayisa, ukunelisa; kuyisisekelo sokuzibeka komuntu ngokwakhe.