Indima Ebucayi Yomthetho Ekuvuselweni Kwamanzi

Izingqimba zamanzi ezincishisiwe zenza ukuba amanzi angabinalutho, imifula, amaxhaphozi, amaxhaphozi asogwini, kanye namathafa asogwini asogwini oluphansi, kumele ezinye zezenzakalo ezicindezela kakhulu zendawo ezungezile esikhathini sethu. Ukungcola okubangelwa ukukhishwa kwezezimboni, ukukhucululwa kwezindawo zokulima, ukulahlwa kwendle okungalungiswanga, indle, amanzi angenazo namanzi asemadolobheni kuye kwanciphisa izinga lamanzi nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunciphisa lezi zingcindezi ngenxa yokushintsha kwezindlela zemvula, amazinga andayo andayo, futhi kuhlola indlela isimo sezulu esishintshayo esikhudlwana kakhulu. Ukulungisa lezindawo akudingi nje kuphela izinhlelo eziphambili nezithuthukisiwe zembulunga yonke impumelelo.

Ukubeka Izindinganiso Nemithetho

Emqoka wesimiso samanzi esiphumelelayo kunezinga ezibophayo ezingokomthetho ezichaza amazinga amukelekayo ezinto ezingcolisayo njenge-nitrogen (PES), i-phosphorus, izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanye ne-athogens. Lezizindinganiso zakha isisekelo sezinga lamanzi okumelwe imizamo yokubuyisela ifezeke. Ngokwesibonelo, i-CWA. Le Nhlangano yamanzi ehlanzekile yamanzi (CWA) imise i-National Polutant Devolution Devotion Devision System (NPE) e-PE), edinga ukuvunyelwa kwezindawo ezikhona. Emashumini eminyaka, i-CWA inciphise ngokuphawulekayo ukungcoliswa kwezemboni ne-masipala, nakuba imithombo engekho kwezolimoli emboni ihlala iyinse inselele inselele inselele. Ngokufanayo, i-Uningo-European Union’s Fomactive Disoliveive Intellivence (WD) idinga ukufinyelela isimo esihle sawonkers, i-omist, i-akemical hydrometic, i-

Ukusekela Imishini Nezici Ezingokomnotho

Umthetho uqondisa futhi izimali ezingokwezimali ekulungiseni. Izimali ezibolekiswayo zikahulumeni, imali ephansi kakhulu, kanye nezimali zokuxhasa izimali zingaba nemisebenzi engekho ngokwendlela ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Evironmental Protection Agency’s Clean Water State Revoiver Fund inikeza izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ukuze kusetshenziswe imfucumfucu yezemfucu yamanzi nemithombo engekho sisekelo sokungcola. Ku-European Union, iCohession Fund nohlelo lokuxhasa ukuphila kungasekela ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi ezizweni ezingamalungu. Izisusa zezomnotho ezinjengentela yabalimi abamukela inqubo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo noma ukukhokhwatshwa kwezelelwa kwezindawo (PES) ezikhutha izinhlelo zokuphatha ngokuzithandela. Izinhlelo zemisebenzi ethuthukisa izinga lamanziwonga achitha amanzi noma ukunciphisa umnyobo wemali phakathi kwezindawo nokulungisa izindawo. Izindawo ezingokohwebela kakhulu lapho imingcele yezezombangazwe zibhekene khona kuphela.

Ukusetshenziswa Komhlaba Nokuhlelwa Kwamanzi

Izinga lamanzi lixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwendawo. I-policies eqondisa ukukhula kwamadolobha, ukukhucululwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokulima ingavimbela ukuwohloka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Imithetho yokuvimbela ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezigcwele amanzi noma eduze kwezindawo ezibandayo ezizwelayo inciphisa imfucumfucu nokuthwa kwezakhi. Ukulondolozwa kwezindawo zokuhlala kuvikela ukuncishiswa kwamanzi okuyingozi. Ukubuyisela amanzi ezweni elibanzi kusebenzisa amapulani asemadolobheni, anjenge-Cepakey Program enciclications acription's awes ahlelayo amapulani awenziwe ngezindawo ezisemzingeni. La zinhlelo zokulungisa izakhiwo zincike kakhulu.

Ukuhlolwa, Ukuphoqelelwa, Nokulandisa

Imithetho iphumelela kakhulu njengoba isebenza. I-Robustt ihlola indlela yokulandela imithombo yamanzi, iveza izinsongo ezivelayo, futhi ihlola intuthuko eqondene nemigomo yokubuyisela. Izimiso zokuphoqelela − kuhlanganise nezokukhokhwa, ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho, nokumiswa kwemithetho ngokomthetho. (* kodwa ukugcinwa kwamandla kuyalulaza noma kunqandelwe ngokwezombangazwe. I-Bhungani yaseYurophu, ngokwesibonelo, iye yaqala ukuphazamisa ukuhlobana kwamalungu ezindaweni ezifuna ukuphumelela kwe-WFD. Emazweni asathuthuka, amandla alinganiselwe enhlangano nenkohlakalo kungalula ukugcinwa ngokuphelele. I-akhawunti idinga ukubiwa nokuhlanganyela okusobala. I-Proligile egunyazwe, abezwayo, noma abezakhamuzi bezinhlelo zesayensi zokulawula izigqephulelo zendawo yamazwe okuzisebenzela i-Gand, i-Gand, i-Action, i-end, inxenye yayo iyaziwa ngokuba i-odculdertive.

Ukungenela Okuphumelelayo Kwezimiso Zokugada: Ukuhlola Izifo Embulungeni Yonke

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kubonisa indlela isimiso esingathuthukisa ngayo izinga lamanzi nempilo yendawo ezungezile. Ucwaningo olulandelayo lubonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola izimo zezombangazwe nezokuma komhlaba.

E - United States: Umthetho Ohlanzekile Wamanzi Ne - Chesapeake Bay Reformation

I-Chesapeake Bay Program, i-Ceat Water Act, eyamiswa ngo-1971, inguquko yokuphatha amanzi ngokuqondisa nokusebenzisa indlela yokuwasebenzisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okunamandla kakhulu kungaba i-Chesapeake Bay Reake. I-Chesapeke Bay Program, i-Universal Agement, isebenzisa i-Moral Daily Lat (TMDL) ye-aglone, i-"eyess" ngokushintsha indlela yokudla okungcolisa i-indleka, i-phosphos, i-phosphorus, nemfutho yemfucul. Izwe ngalinye liye lasungula i-Impaclementation Planmentation Plan enezisekelofication eqondile, futhi lisebenzisa i-U. Ukuvikela i-U.[3] I-TPlatray: Kusukela ngo-2010, u-Frase .[0]

I - European Union: Isimiso Samanzi Esiqondisayo

I-EU Water Framed Directive (WFD) yakhiwa ngo-2, imelela indlela ebanzi yokuhlela amanzi. Idinga wonke amanzi aphakathi nesogwini ukuze afinyelele "kwisimo esihle" ngokusekelwe entweni ezungezile nasekhemithini. IWFD esungula amapulani okulawula umfula, ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, nokuhlaziywa kwamanzi. Amazwe kumelwe axhumane emingceleni yokulawula ukuze akhulume ngezinkinga zokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Danube River Basin Dislity ihlanganisa amazwe angu-14 asebenza ndawonye ukunciphisa ukungcola nokubuyisela ixhaphothi. Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo akunakile ekuhleleni i-D, kodwa kuvezwe ukuncishiswa kwemali ezindaweni ezinziswa imithombo ye-octiveration. [FF]

ENdiya: Icebo Lesenzo Seganga

IGanga River, engcwele kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-500, baye bahlushwa yindle engalashwanga, imfucumfucu yezezimboni, nokuthutha kwezolimo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. I-Indiya yamisa iGanga Action Plan (GAP) ngo-1986, ilandelwa yiNational Mission for Clean Ganga (NMGG) ngo-2014. Le mithetho ehloselwe ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwezindawo zokukhucululwa kwendleka, ukuthuthuka komfula, nokuhlangana komphakathi. Nakuba isigaba sokuqala silwisana nokunakekelwa okungaphelele, i-NMCGG isungula imingcele eqinile, imishano ye-ogathe yomphakathi, nemithetho engokomthetho ngeGreeanbunal. Imibiko ibonisa ukuthi amazinga emoya asethuthukile kwezinye izindawo, izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi, imfucucumfucumfucumfula, futhi incike, futhi incike isesilinganisweni somfutho esiphezulu se-yo ephakeme kakhulu sesizwe sesizwe.[Fog.] [eved orgast]

EChina: Isivikelo SoMfula IYangtze

Izezimboni zeChina ezisheshayo zangcolisa kakhulu uMfula iYangtze, zisho uchungechunge lwezimpendulo ezinamandla. Ngo-2016, uMongameli uXi Jiping wamemezela icebo "IYangtze River Economic Belt" lokuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo. Imithetho emisha yavimbela amapaki emboni ngasemfuleni, ukudoba, nokugunyaza ukukhucululwa kwemfucumfucumfucu. Imiphumela yokuqala ibonisa intuthuko ethile emfuleni wamanzi angcolile. "UMfutho Wezwe Wendawo Yokudoba Imfula Imfuyo" eYangtze, inhloso yokubuyisela amasheya ezinhlanzi nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo. Imithetho eyaziwa kakhulu ewebhusayinwe ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu, kodwa izinga lokungcola ngokomlando lizothatha amashumi eminyaka ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho, ukuhlelwa futhi ezinye izinhlelo zezomnotho ezisathuthuka ngokushesha.

Australia: Umrray-Darling Basin Plan

I-Murray-Darling Basin, indawo ebucayi kwezolimo, yabhekana namanzi anzima ngenxa yokuthuthwa kwezindawo ezithile kanye nezinkinga zikasawoti. I-Murray-Darling Basin Plan (202) yamisa imingcele eqinile yokuzinzisa futhi yasebenzisa amanzi okugobeka ukuze ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye ibuye imo-ase endaweni ezungezile. Ukuhamba kwamanzi okusizungezile kuye kwabuyisela indawo ezungezile, kwasekela ukuzalanisa izinyoni, futhi kwathuthukisa ukufuduka kwezinhlanzi. Ukuhlelwa kwecebo lokusebenza kwamandla ezilwaneni kuye kwaba okuphikisana nokugadla amanzi, futhi ososayensi baphikisa ukuthi izisulu azinele kangakanani izisulu (ukuhweba ngamanzi) kodwa kubonisa indlela yokuzithengiza inqubo yokuzihambela nokuphatha impumelelo. Uhulumeni wase-Australia ukhipha imibiko yaminyaka yonke empilweni; bheka [FLD]

Izici Ezishintshayo Zesimiso

Ngaphandle kwemithetho engokwesiko nokusekela imali, amathuluzi amasha esimiso athola imvume yokubuyisela izidumbu eziwohlokile ngokunenzuzo nangokulinganayo.

Izimali Zokukhokhela Izinkonzo Ze - Ecosystem

Izinhlelo ezikhokhelwayo zezinkonzo zezemvelo (i-PES) zivala ngokuqondile abanikazi bezindawo noma imiphakathi yemisebenzi yokulondoloza amanzi ethuthukisa izinga lamanzi. ECosta Rica, uhlelo lwezwe lwePES lukhokhela abalimi ukuba balondoloze amahlathi avikela amanzi achithekile. Izinhlelo ezifanayo zikhona e-United States (umz., i-Conservation Reservation Program ye-Pise) ne-China (umz., i-Sloving Land Revolution Program). I-PES ihlela izisusa zezomnotho ngemigomo yokulungisa, kodwa idinga umklamo wokuqinisekisa ukuvuselelwa kwemivuse. I-PES ivame ukuhlasela ukuncishiswa kwezakhi zomphakathi, ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezincishiniwe. I-World Bank iye yasekela imisebenzi echumayo emhlabeni wonke, ngobufakazi obukhulayo lapho ihlangene nezingamele ukubusa.

Ukucwilisa Amanzi

Ukuhweba ngamanzi anezinga lokulinganisela kuvumela abathengisi abalawula ukungcoliswa kwezindawo ukuba bathenge ezinye imithombo ezinciphisa ukungcola okushibhile kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isitshalo sokudambisa amanzi angcolile singathenga izakhi kumlimi ofaka izitshalo ezimbobo noma ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo ezisendlekile. Lendlela esekelwe emakethe ingaletha ukuncishiswa kokungcola ngezindleko eziphansi. I-U.S. inezinhlelo eziningi ezisebenzayo zokuhweba ngamanzi, kuhlanganise ne-Ohio River Basin Trading Project ne-Cheapeake Bay Nutrient Trading Program. Abagxeki bahlanganisa ukukhathazeka ngokuqinisekisa intengo yangempela, ukuncitshiswa kwenani eliphansi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ezohwebo zisenenka inkambiso ethembisayo yokuhweba inzuzo yezentengo yezente esendaweni ezungezile.

Ukulawula Isimo Esizivumelanisa Nesimo Sezulu

Kudingeka izinqubo ezihlanganisa ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu okungaqinisekile. Ukulawula ukuguquguquka kuhilela ukubeka imigomo ecacile, ukuhlola imiphumela, nokulungisa amasu asekelwe elwazini olusha. Ukubuyiselwa e-Everglades eFlorida kusebenzisa uhlelo lokuqondisa oluvumelanayo ukuze kubhebhethekiswe ukushintsha kokuhamba kwamanzi nokwehla kolwandle. Ngokufanayo, izinga lamanzi neDelta lokulungisa imvelo kuhlanganisa ukuhleleka kwamanzi kanye nokulungisa imvelo kuhlanganisa nokulungisa izinqumo ezivumelana nesimo sezulu. I-polices kumelwe futhi ikwazi ukubhekana nesimo sezulu esiqinile esifana nemihlume ne-mihlume yamanzi nolwandle. Ngokubuyisela izinga lokukhuphuka kwesimo sezulu esizinziswayo kuhlala kusesilinganisweni samanzi futhi kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi imboni yezokulungisa izimali zihlala ngaphansi kwezimo eziphumelelayo.

Izinselele Nezithiyo Zokulawula Inqubo

Naphezu kwentuthuko, izithiyo ezinkulu zivimbela isimiso ukuba sifinyelele ngokugcwele amandla aso okubuyisela amanzi.

Ukuzingelwa Kwezombangazwe Nezeziqu

Ukulawula amanzi kungokwemvelo. Ukubuyiselwa kudinga izindleko zesikhashana zezikhathi ezinde, futhi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinganqikaza ukumisa imithetho evusa intukuthelo njengezezolimo noma ezemboni. Izinhlangano ezihlukene .Apho izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zengamela izinga lamanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo, kanye nezolimo . Ukulungisa kuholela ekuxabaniseni izinto eziza kuqala nokungavumelani kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, e-U.S., i-EPA ilawula izinga lamanzile lapho i-UDA ithuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, ngezinye izikhathi kuyingozi. Ukunqoba lezi zinkampani zifuna ukubusa okuhlangene, njengoba izimemezelo ezisetshenziswa emfuleni eYurophu nase-Australia. Ukwakha i-Probangletton kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwe-vocation, ukunakekelwa kwezezindaba, nokusetshenziswa kwezomthetho.

Ukukhokha Amagebe Nezentengiselwano Zezomnotho

Ukubuyiselwa kuyabiza. Izindawo zokulambisa amanzi angcolile, imishini engenisa amanzi angcolile, nokubuyisela izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi zibiza izigidi zezigidi zezigidi. Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka antula inhloko yesimiso sokukhuculula indle, ingasaphathwa eyokugcina indle. Ngisho nasemazweni acebile, izakhiwo zamanzi ziguga futhi zincishiswe phansi. I-EPA ilinganisela igebe eliyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-71 zezindawo ezishinyene zemfucumfucu yamanzi eminyakeni engu-20 ezazayo. Ukuhweba ngezomnotho nako kuphakama lapho ukuvuselelwa kwentuthuko noma inzuzo yezolimo. I-Policies kumelwe ilinganisele isebenzise futhi inzuzo enjengezibophonsi, izivumelwano zomphakathi, noma izimali zomsebenzisi zisekela ukubuyiselwa kwamashumi eminyaka alandelayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuphikiswa

Izimiso ezihlelwe kahle kakhulu zehluleka ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa. Ukukhishwa okungekho emthethweni, ukungahambisani nemvume, nokugadwa okubuthakathaka kuvumela ukungcola ukuba kuqhubeke. Ukonakala nokungabonisi kwezinye izizwe kwenza abaphula umthetho baphule izijeziso. Ngisho noma kuqiniswa, izindikimba eziningi zamanzi ziwohloka kangangokuba ukufinyelela izisulu zokubuyiselwa kudinga ukuncishiswa okukhulu kunemithetho efunwayo yamanje. Izehlakalo, izindikimba eziningi zamanzi zaseYurophu azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nemigomo yeWFD ngenxa yokuqeda ukungcola kwezolimo okunzima ukulawula. Ukuqinisa inqubo yokugcinwa kudinga izinhloli, imininingwane engcono, nezimiso zokwahlulela ezithatha izenzakalo ezingathi sína. Ukugawunda nokuvikelwa kwemilo esemthethweni kunganezela ekuvinjweni.

Iziqondiso Nezituso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuze basheshise ukubuyiselwa kwezindikimba zamanzi eziwohlokile, abakhi bezimiso kumelwe bathathe uhlelo oluphambili oluqinisa amathuluzi akhona lapho belungisa izindlela ezintsha.

Ukuqinisa Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sasemthethweni

Amapulani angokomthetho kufanele avuselelwe ukuze axazulule izinselele ezivelayo njengemicroplastics, izinsalela ezithaka imithi, kanye nemiphumela yesimo sezulu. Kufanele futhi ahlanganise izisulu zemvelo kunezindinganiso zamakhemikhali kuphela. Ilungelo lendawo enempilo liyaqashelwa emithethweni emikhulu nasezinkantolo, ukunikeza isisekelo esiqinile esingokomthetho sokubuyisela. Amazwe kufanele asebenzise izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke njenge-UN Watercourses Convention ne-Ramsar Convention eWetlands. Imithetho yasekhaya kufanele ihlanganise ukubuyiselwa okusemthethweni okunelisayo kwemikhambiso ephothiwe ngemithetho egciniwe nesijeziso esiqinile.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesayensi Nomphakathi Ngokuthuthukisa

Umthetho kumele waziswe ngesayensi engcono kakhulu ekhona. Izimiso zokuhlola isayensi yendawo ezungezile kufanele zilandelele izimpawu zezemvelo ngalé kwesayensi yezobuchwepheshe − njengemithonje eyisisekelo ye-EUC, i-macrointe monement, nenani lezinhlanzi. Ukulawula ukuvuselelwa kwemidanti kufanele kudingeke ngokwezimiso ezingokomthetho emahlelweni okulungisa. Ukubophana komphakathi kubaluleke ngokufanayo: ulwazi lwendawo, isayensi yezakhamuzi, kanye nokuhlanganyela ekuhlonzeni i-patroli kwakha ithemba futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kokubekwa phambili kwendawo. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-EUFD idinga ukuxoxa nomphakathi ngamapulani omfula. Abaphathi bemiphakathi kufanele bakhe izinhlelo zezindawo zomphakathi kanye nezokuhlala, njengoba kwenziwa eWananiuni.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubambisana Komhlaba Wonke

Cishe amaphesenti angu-60 amanzi angena emanzini ageleza emingceleni yesizwe. Ukubuyisela izindikimba zamanzi agudlene kudinga ukubambisana ekunciphiseni ukungcola, ekuhleleni ukuhamba, nasekuhlanganeni kokwaziswa. I-Danube River Protection Convention ne-International Joint Commission (U.S.Nadada) ziyizibonelo zokuphumelela kokubusa kwe-transpansi. I-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) inikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe nokusheshisa ukuhlanganisa amanzi ahlukene. Imali yezizwe zonke (i-Geneticlementalment Fund, World Bank, nentuthuko yezifunda ze-RCM.) isekela ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezisemgobelo okuncishisiwe okuneyo njengeMgoqoko Yokuthuthukisa 6 (ahlanzekile amanzi) nenjongo engu-14 (ukuphila ngaphansi kwamanzi) iqinisa ukubaluleka kokubuyisela amanzi ngokusebenza kanye.

Isiphetho

Umthetho awusona nje isici esilawula ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi. Ngezimiso ezilinganisela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, izisusa zezomnotho ezivuza ubuphathi, nokuhlela ukuthi kuhlanganiswe indawo eqinile, izinqubo zenza ukuba isimiso sesimiso sithuthukise intuthuko engokoqobo, ihlangene ekulungiseni amashumi eminyaka. Ukuhlolwa okuvela e-United States, e-Europe, e-China, nase-Australia kubonisa ukuthi nakuba kungekho ukusondela kanye ekufezekeni kwempumelelo, indinganiso yezindinganiso eziqinile, ukusekela imali, ukugcinwa kwemithetho eqinile, nokuqondisa impumelelo okuphathekayo kuveza intuthuko ephathekayo. Nokho, izinselele eziqhubekayo zokuwohloka kwezehluka-athsus, ukugcinwa kwemali, ukugcinwa kwemali, ukugcinwa kwenani elikhona, ukugcinwa kwenani eliqhubekayo, nokungaqiniseki kwenani lezindawo zokuvusemkhaza. Izimiso zokulungisa izizukulwane zezindawo zezindawo nokuzisebenzela.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezimiso zembulunga yonke zokulungisa nokulungisa, vakashela i-'[FLT' Branque" Amanzi ezwe lonke[ ikhasi kanye UNIP] quater [ yetheku.