Ithonya Lezigaba Zezombangazwe Ekwenzeni Kwesinqumo SoMbuso

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza njengezimoto eziyinhloko ezihamba phambili ezifuna izikhundla eziphethe futhi kamuva zibusa. Ezingeni likahulumeni, ithonya lamaqembu kumbusi i-’ izinqumo zidlulela ngalé kwezithembiso ezilula; zihlela izenzo zokuqondisa usuku nosuku, uhlelo lwezinto eziza kuqala, ukugcinwa kwemithetho elawulayo, nokusabela okunzima. Ukuqonda leli thonya libalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ohulumeni basebenza kanjani endaweni encintisanayo.

Abaqondisi bezwe ababuswa yilutho. Bathembela emihlanganweni yeqembu ukuze basekele abavoti, bambisane nemithetho, kanye nobuchwepheshe bezimiso. Ubuhlobo phakathi kombusi neqembu labo buyinkimbinkimbi, buhilela kokubili izimiso ezingokomthetho i-̬ njengokusebenzisana kweqembu kanye nezakhiwo zobuholi i-̬ futhi ukucindezela okungahleliwe, kuhlanganise nokuqoqa izisekelo zobuvolo kanye nokugqugquzela utshani. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela eziyinhloko amaqembu ezombangazwe athonya ngazo isinqumo sesikhulu, sinikeza izibonelo ezingokomlando nezingahambi phambili, sihlola ukuphakama kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene, futhi sicabangela imiphumela yokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Imishini Yethonya Leqembu Kwabaqondisi BoMbuso

Lezi zinqubo zisukela ekulawuleni ngokuqondile izinqubo ezihlelwa yizishaya - mthetho kuya ekucindezeleni okungaqondile ngombono womphakathi namaqembu ezithakazelo ahambisana neqembu.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nezokuhlobisa

Iqembu elikhulu lezombangazwe lilondoloza iqophelo lesifundazwe i-̬ iqoqo lezindawo ezingokomthetho ezithathwa emihlanganweni yesiphambano noma ngezinqubo zangaphakathi. Nakuba lamapulatifomu engabophi umbusi, anikeza uphawu olucacile lweqembu i-’ amathemba. Ohulumeni abatshuza kude kakhulu nengozi yepulatifomu belahlekelwa isisekelo seqembu elisezikhundleni noma babhekene nokugxekwa abaholi beqembu elinethonya. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi weqembu eliye lalwela intela enduneni liyo ukucindezela okubalulekile kokulinganisela ukuncitshiswa kweholo likahulumeni noma intela yempahla, ngisho noma isimo semali yombuso sisikisela ukuqapha isixwayiso.

Ithonya leqembu ezimisweni eziza kuqala linamandla ikakhulukazi phakathi negama lokuqala, lapho zisakha umlando wabo futhi zifuna ukukhethwa kabusha. Ikomiti kahulumeni ivame ukusebenza eduze nombusi i-’ ihhovisi lokuthola izimpikiswano ezimbalwa ezizochaza ukuphatha. Lemiyalo yezikhulu eziphethe, izihlongozo zokuhlela, nokukhipha izivumelwano zemithetho.

Ukusekela Nokwakha Imithetho

Umbusi u-̱ ikhono lokukhipha umthetho lixhomeke kakhulu ekulawuleni kweqembu eliphethe isishayamthetho sombuso. Uma umbusi ehlanganyela iqembu neningi kuwo womabili amagumbi, umholi weqembu usebenza njengomzila wezeziphambili. Umbusi usebenza nomholi weningi nezihlalo zamakomiti ukuze ahlele ukuqulwa kwecala, amavoti ashaya isibhakela, nokuxoxisana. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni ezinobunye, ngokuvamile ukujeziswa kweqembu kuyaphakama, futhi ukuphambuka kuyaqa.

Ngokuphambene, uma isishaya-mthetho silawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo, umbusi kumelwe athembele ezinhlanganweni ze-bipartisan noma asebenzise i-veto ngoku ngokomthetho. Ngisho nakuhulumeni ohlukene, umbusi i-̱ yena ngokwakhe umbusi weqembu esigungwini sombuso angandisa noma avimbele iziphakamiso zesikhulu esiphazamisayo. Abaholi beqembu bangakuyeka ukusekela umbusi i’ abathatha isinyathelo uma bekholelwa ukuthi ululaza amathemba eqembu i-̱ abazuzisi bonke.

Ukumiswa Nezinqumo Zezisebenzi

Ababusi bakahulumeni bamisa amakhulu ezikhulu, kuhlanganise neziphathi zekhabethe, iziphathi, amalungu ebhodi, namajaji. Lokhu kumisa kunikeza indlela eqondile yokulawula ithonya lomphakathi. Abaphathi bakhetha njalo abantu abanezihlalo eziqinile zeqembu, njengangaphambili izihlalo zeqembu, abanikele ngemikhankaso, noma abaqotho abaye bakhonza ezinhlanganweni zeqembu. Laba abamiselwe ukumiswa kulindeleke ukuba basebenzise umbusi i̱ izihlongo zokuhlela ngokuvumelana nezimiso zeqembu.

Izinhlangano zeqembu ziphinde zigcine uhlu lwabafanelekele ukumiswa ezikhungweni zokuphatha. Ihhovisi likambusi i’ lingase lithintane nesihlalo seqembu likahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba lenze ama-odansi abalulekile, liqinisekise ukuthi abamisiwe bamukelekile eqenjini. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ukuqinisekiswa kwezinqumo ezithile kudinga ukuvunyelwa uhulumeni we-senate, lapho abaxhasi ababambeki abangavimbela noma ababambezeleki ababonwa beqotho ngokungafaneleki eqenjini elikhulu.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokucindezela Okunamandla

Amaqembu ezombangazwe anekhono lokuguqula umbono womphakathi ngemikhankaso yezokuxhumana, ukuhlelwa kweminyango yotshani, nokuthumelelana imiyalezo ngemithombo yezindaba. Umbusi ofuna ukuphishekela isimiso esingathandeki angase athembele eqenjini ukuze akhe ukusekela komphakathi.

Usongo lwenselele eyinhloko elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu iqembu elinawo ngaphezu kombusi. Uma umbusi ethatha isikhulumi seqembu ngokuphindaphindiwe, umphikisi othembekile osekelwa yiqembu angaphazamisa umsebenzi wakhe. Lokhu kushukumisa kukhulu kuvezwa ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezinezinhlangano eziqinile kanye nokhetho oluyinhloko. Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele ngokucophelela ukusabela kubo bonke abakhethwe kanye nokuthembeka eqenjini labo.

Imali Nengcebo Ekhona

Amaqembu oMbuso aphakamisa futhi asakaza imali eningi okhethweni, kuhlanganise neminikelo emikhankasweni yokuzivotelela. Nakuba ababusi bevame ukuba nezinxoxo zabo, basathembele eqenjini ukuze bahlele izindleko, baphumele ngaphandle, futhi bahlanganyele ekutholeni izinhlu zosizo. Lokhu kuncintisana kwezimali kudala ithonya elicashile kodwa eliphikelelayo: umbusi ohlukanisa abaholi beqembu angakuthola kunzima ukusekela imithombo yeqembu ngenxa yokuhlela kwabo noma ukusekela abazakwabo abaphangi abahambisana nezinhlelo zabo.

Ngaphandle kweminikelo eqondile, abameleli abathola ukwaziswa okuphendulwayo, iseluleko esiwusizo, nocwaningo lwezimiso bazuza kulemithombo, kuyilapho labo ababhekwa njengabangaphucuzeki bangase bazithole behlukanisiwe.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nezangesikhathi Esidlule Zethonya Leqembu

Ukuze siqonde indlela lezi zinqubo ezisebenza ngayo, kuwusizo ukuhlola izibonelo ezithile zomlando waseU.S. nokubusa kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni muva nje.

Iqembu Elisha Neqembu Elibusa Ngentando Yeningi Liyabusa

Isibonelo esivelele kakhulu sethonya lenhlangano yezenhlalayenza kumphathi wezwe phakathi nenkathi ye-New Democratic Democratic Committee nezinhlangano zenhlangano kahulumeni ukuze kusebenze uhlelo olubanzi lwezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, imisebenzi yomphakathi, nesimiso sezomnotho. Nakuba i-Roosevelt iyisibalo sesizwe, imithetho yakhe yaba nemiphumela emikhulu kubaphathi bakahulumeni. Abalawuli kulo lonke izwe kwakulindeleke ukuba basebenzisane nezinhlangano ze-Dermocratic National Administration ne-Civinian Conservation Corporation. Ababusi be-democraticus abamelene nezimiso ezintsha zokulahlekelwa yizimali zikahulumeni nokusekelwa kweqembu. Le nkathi ibonisa indlela iqembu lesizwe elinamandla elingamisa ngayo iziphakalo zezikhulu zikahulumeni, ngisho nalapho abaholi benhlangano yendawo ethile.

Impi Ye - partisan Engalawuleki Kahulumeni

Ngo-2010, impikiswano emayelana nomthetho we-Affordcable Care Act ̱ i-Medicaid yabonisa ukukhula okujulile kweqembu lababusi bezwe. Ababusi be-Democratic, belandela iqembu labo i-̱ basekela isikhulu sesizwe, cishe yonke indawo, kuyilapho ababusi baseRepublican Republican bewusekela noma befuna ezinye izingcebiso. Ezizweni ezinjengo-Ohio noMichigan, ababusi baseRepublican Republic basebenza neqembu labo i-̱ izikhulu eziyinhloko zokuvimbela ukwanda, naphezu kobufakazi bokuthi kuzoba zuzisa abalawuli babo abambalwa. Lapho ababusi baseRepublican Republic, njengoJohn Kasich wase-Ohio, bagqugquzela, babhekana nokwanda okukhulu, babhekana nokugxekwa kakhulu yize eqenjinini laba bashisekeli bembubhisholi bezwe nabase izikhulu, kodwa bandisa icala eliphawulekayo kuphela.

UMbusi uGavin Newsom noCalifornia ’ Umbuso Onamandla Ombuso

ECalifornia, uMbusi uGavin Newsom usebenza phakathi kwesigaba esiqinile seDemocratic Party emazingeni akho kokubili ama-propati emithetho ne-ocestration. Izinqumo zakhe zesimiso u̬ zisuka ekushintsheni isimo sezulu zigunyaza ukuba kuhlalwe imithetho ye-̬ zihlangene kakhulu nesifundazwe seDemocratic Party ’ zihambisana neqophelo eliqhubekayo. Lapho i-Newom ihlongoza ukukhutshwa kwentela yegesi ephikisayo ekuqaleni kwenkathi yakhe, abaholi basiza ekusekeleni. Lapho i-&817; imigomo.

Ohulumeni BaseRepublic Nomthetho Wentela ERed States

Ezifundeni lapho amaRepublican elawula khona ngokuhlangene, ababusi baye baqhubeka befuna ukukhokhwa kwentela, ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano, nokugcinwa kwezimiso zomphakathi njengezinto eziyinhloko eziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi uGreg Abbott waseTexas walwela ukushintshwa kwentela yempahla nemingcele esetshenziswa uhulumeni wendawo, bathatha inyathelo elisekelwa ngokuqinile i-Texas Republican Partior. Ngokufanayo, uMbusi Ron Desantis waseFlorida wasebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu zezemfundo ezingokwesiko futhi wamisa ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zemfundo ezingokwezinguquko ezihambisana eduze nemithetho yesizwe yeRiphablikian. Kuzombili, ababusi babhekana nokuphikiswa okuncane ngenxa yokuthi izenzo zabo zaziveza umuzwa weqembu elikhulu.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwamazwe: Izici Ezithonya Iqembu Eliphakathi

Izici eziningana zokwakha nezombangazwe zingandisa noma zinciphise ithonya lamaqembu kubabusi abaphethe i-’ izinqumo.

Uhulumeni Ohlukene

Uhulumeni ohlangene (lapho umbusi u’ umbutho ulawula womabili amagumbi okushaya umthetho) uthambekele ekunyuseni ithonya leqembu ngoba umbusi uncike kumphakathi wesishayamthetho ukuze enze izinqubo. Kuhulumeni ohlukene, umbusi ngokuvamile kumelwe avumelane neqembu eliphikisayo, elinganciphisa ithonya leqembu labo siqu. Nokho, ngisho nakuhulumeni ohlukene, umbusi u’ iqembu lingasebenzisa ithonya elinamandla ngobunye be-caucus, ukusongela, nokulawula inqubo yokugunyaza ukumiswa.

Amandla Ezinhlangano Zeqembu LoMbuso

Amaqembu kahulumeni ayahluka kakhulu enyangweni yawo yokuhlela. Ezizweni ezinezakhiwo zeqembu eziqinile, ezinamaqoqo i-̬ njenge-New York, California, noma Texas ̬ leliqembu lingasebenzisa izikhali ezinkulu kubabusi. Ngokungafani, namaqembu abuthakathaka noma ahlukene, njenge Nebraska (ene-untadaval comporation compons) noma iVermont, ithonya eliqondiswe kakhulu. Kulezi zifunda, ababusi bangasebenzisa izintambo ezizimele, bakhe imifelano ephakathini.

Amandla Okuzibamba Namakhoba Aqinile

Abanye ababusi bezwe banamandla amakhulu ahleliwe, kuhlanganise negunya eliphethe umugqa, amandla amakhulu okumisa, nokulawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Abaphathi abanamandla abuthakathaka bangazithola bencike kakhulu ekuxhumeni kweqembu ukuze bafeze imigomo yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi ontula amandla okuhlela kabusha izinhlangano ngaphandle kokukhetha angase adinge ukusekelwa eqenjini ukuze ahlele kabusha amasu, kanjalo anike iqembu i-gastela.

Imingcele Yezikhathi Nemijikelezo Eshintshashintshayo

Abalawuli abangenakukwazi ukuthatha imingcele futhi abangakwazi ukugijima ukuze bakhethe futhi bangazizwa benokucindezela okuncane kokwenza ngokuvumelana nezidingo zeqembu, ikakhulukazi esikhathini sabo sokugcina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ababusi abasezingeni lokuqala begama labo basabela kakhulu ezimemezelweni zeqembu, njengoba bedinga ukusekelwa kweqembu ukuze kuphumelele kokubili ukumiswa kwemithetho kanye nokukhethwa. Ukusondela konyaka wokukhetha kufaka futhi ithonya eqenjini, njengoba ababusi begxila kakhulu ekwaneliseni isisekelo seqembu ekunqobeni kokuqala.

Izingcindezi Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nokubusa

Ithonya lamaqembu ezombangazwe ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni linezinzuzo nezingozi zokubusa ngentando yeningi.

Izinzuzo Zethonya Leqembu

Amaqembu ezombangazwe anikeza ukubambisana kwenhlangano kanye nesimiso sokuziphendulela. Abavoter bangalindela ngokunengqondo ukuthi umbusi weqembu elithile uyoqhubekisela phambili lowomzabalazo i-̱ iziyalezo ezimisiwe. Lokhu kucacisa kusiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi ebhokisini le-collet. Amaparishi asebenza njengezindlela zokuhlukanisa izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene, ukwakha imifelandawo ehlangene, nokunikeza i-ekerona kumandla ombuso ozimele. Uma umbusi ewenzisa esitejini, ukugxeka kwangaphakathi kungasebenza njengesivikelo ekuthatheni izinqumo ezingekho hlangothi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu angandisa izwi lamaqembu ancishisiwe ngokufaka phambili izindaba zesikhulu sikahulumeni i’ izihlongozo. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu eligcizelela amalungelo omphakathi noma ubulungisa bemvelo lingashukumisela umbusi ukuba athathe izimiso ezingase zinganakwa. Isiyalo seqembu singanciphisa ithonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile, ngoba ababusi babekwa icala eqenjini i̱ lifaka amalungu anwebekile kunakubantu ngabanye abanikelayo.

Izingozi Zokwenza I - partisan Ithandwe Ne - gridlock

Izici ezingezinhle zethonya leqembu zibaluleke ngokufanayo. Ukwethembeka okudlulele kweqembu kungaholela ekunqandeni i-gripbock, ikakhulukazi uma umbusi neningi lomthetho bengabamalungu amaqembu ahlukene. Kulezozindawo, imisebenzi ebalulekile yokubusa i-̬ njengokudlula kwemali noma ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kokwahlulela i-̬ isitebhulo. Ukugadla kungasunduzela ababusi ezikhundleni eziphezulu ezithi zincipheni ezihlukanisayo futhi kululaze ukuthemba umphakathi kuhulumeni.

Enye ingozi ukubekwa phambili kwenhlangano ethakazelela inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Abalawuli bangase bamelane nezinqubo ezisekelwe ebufakazini ngenxa nje yokuthi ziyaphikisana nezimfundiso zeqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi weqembu elimelene nokwanda kwentela angase enqabe ukuxhasa intuthuko engokwezenhlalakahle ngisho nalapho ukuhlola kubonisa ukusekela komphakathi okunamandla. Lokhu kungasusa izinga lezinkonzo zikahulumeni futhi kuholele ezinkingeni ezinde.

Okokugcina, ithonya leqembu linganciphisa ukuzimela kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphethe. Uma ababusi bemisa abalandeli beqembu ukuba bahole iminyango, ochwepheshe bangase bancishiswe ekuqondiseni ukuhleleka kwemibono. Lokhu kungahlehlisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile noma impilo yomphakathi.

Ukulinganisela Ithonya Leqembu Nokukhalipha Okuphakeme

Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukulinganisela phakathi kokulandisa kweqembu nokuqondisa. Ohulumeni kumelwe bakwazi ukusebenzisa ukwahlulela okuzimele, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziphuthumayo noma lapho bebhekene nezimo ezishintsha ngokushesha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, badinga iqembu i-’ ukusekela ukuze balawule ngokuphumelelayo. Izimiso zezombangazwe zezwe ezinempilo kakhulu yilezo lapho ithonya leqembu liwumthombo wokusekela nokulandisa, hhayi isithiyo esivimbela ukwenza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe kahle.

Abaphathi bezwe abaphumelela ukuqondisa izingcindezi zeqembu bavame ukwenza kanjalo ngokwakha ubuhlobo obuqinile nabantu abaholi beqembu, ukulondoloza izindlela zokukhulumisana ezivulekile, nokubonisa isibopho sangempela eqenjini i-̱ isho izindinganiso eziyisisekelo lapho ijwayela izimo zendawo. Kwezinye izimo, ababusi baye basebenzisa ukuthandwa kwabo ukuze bavule izikhundla eziphambili, bahola iqembu labo ngokuphumelelayo kunokuba balilandele nje.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlala enethonya elinamandla ekulolongeni ukwenziwa kwesinqumo sezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ngezindlela ezinjengokuphoqelela inqubo yeqonga, ukumisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukumiswa komthetho, ukumiswa komphakathi, ukuqoqwa kombono womphakathi, kanye nezimali zomkhankaso, amaqembu anethonya elikhulu kubabusi nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni. Izibonelo zezenzakalo zesikhathi samanje nezokuma kwe-̬ kusukela kuyiNew Deal kuya ezimpini zobunono zobulungu lezempilo nakulwa kwezezezentengiselwano zentela ̬ kulinganiswe indlela ukumiswa kweqembu elingaqhuba ngayo noma linyanze inyathelo lesikhulu. Nokho, izinga lale thonya lihluka kakhulu lisekelwe ezicikweni ezihlangeneniswe uhulumeni, amandla enhlangano, kanye nemibuso yenhlangano yezenhlala-groubrative.

Kubafundi nabafundisi besayensi yezombangazwe nezenhlalo, ukuqonda ubuhlobo obungaqondakali phakathi kwamaqembu nabaphathi bakahulumeni kubucayi. Akwembuli nje kuphela indlela amandla asetshenziswa ngayo kodwa nendlela ukulandisa kwentando yeningi okulondolozwa ngayo i-̵ futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuhlolwa. Njengoba ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo kuqhubeka kubumba ezombangazwe zaseMelika, indima yamaqembu ezombangazwe ekwenzeni izinqumo zezikhulu zikahulumeni ilokhu iyinhloko yesifundo nempikiswano.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, bheka iBrookings Institution ’ ukuhlaziywa kombuso nokubusa kwezwe kanye nombuso ; i-National Conference of State Legistrations ’ inzuzo ku- ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zombuso [[[[FLT:]]; nokucwaninga kwezemfundo yezesayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi yezezwe eMelika ku ichaza izombangazwe nethonya leqembu.