Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iyinjini yentando yeningi, iguqula imibono ibe umthetho obophayo. Nakuba isimo sikahulumeni sinikeza ipulani, amaqembu ezombangazwe anikeza uphethiloli nesiqondiso. Cishe kunoma isiphi isigaba sentando yeningi yanamuhla, amaqembu awazona izibukeli nje; ayizimboni eziyinhloko ezilawula amacebo, ukulawula impikiswano, nokunquma imiphumela. Kubafundi bomlando nesayensi yezombangazwe, ukuqonda indima yamaqembu ezombangazwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imithetho yenziwa kanjani, ukuthi kungani abanye behluleka, nokuthi abanye bahluleka kanjani ukulinganisela kwegunya kushintshashintsha isikhathi.

Ukuqonda Izigigaba Zezombangazwe: Imigomo Yama - core Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awawona nje amaqembu ahleliwe ezakhamuzi ezihlanganyela izinkolelo zemibono futhi zisebenzela ndawonye ukuwina okhethweni nokubusa.

Ukumelela Nokuhlangana Kwezithakazelo

Ngezinga eliyisisekelo kakhulu, amaqembu ahlanganisa izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zezigidi zabavoti ezihlangeneyo emapulatifomuni ahlukene. Lokhu kuvumela inqubo yomthetho ngokuvumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bavumelane nezikhundla ezibanzi zenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, iDemocratic Party eUnited States ngokwesiko iye yasekela amalungelo ezisebenzi nenhlala - kahle yezenhlalo, kuyilapho iRepublican Party iye yamisa izimakethengiso ezikhululekile nohulumeni olinganiselwe.

Nokho, ukumelela akuphelele. Imicimbi kumelwe ilinganisele imfuno yesisekelo sayo nesidingo sokubusa esimisweni sokuzichaza ngezindlela eziningi. Lokhu kucindezeleka kuvame ukuholela ezimpikiswaneni zangaphakathi nasezinkingeni eziyinhloko, ezingaphazamisa izigijimi zemithetho nokuphoqelela amaqembu ukuba aphinde abheke izinto zawo eziza kuqala.

Ukuthunjwa Nokuhlaselwa

Izindawo zokubunganisa ziwumgogodla wenhlangano wentando yeningi. Zifaka abafuna ukukhokha izinkonzo, imikhankaso yokukhokha izikhwama, futhi zivotela. Ngaphakathi, izinhlangano zeqembu zinikeza uhlelo: izabelo zamakomiti ezibekwa ngasemgqeni, izikhundla zokuhola zinqunywa abaholi beqembu, futhi amakhalenda okulawula alawulwa abaholi beqembu. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu., izinhlangano zemithetho zingenza umzamo wokusebenza ngoku ngokuphumelelayo, njengoba abamisi-mthetho ngabanye bengeke bavumelane.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomthetho Nesimiso Seqembu

Amafektha ayizindawo zokuhlela izinqubo. Ziphethe imihlangano, iziteshi zomdwebo, kanye nezindawo zokumisa amaphepha aqondisa ukumiswa kwemithetho. Ezimisweni zephalamende njenge-United Kingdom, i-propectionos ziyizithembiso ezibophayo; ezimisweni zomongameli njenge-United States, amapulatifomu asebenza njengepulani yethemba. Inqubo yemithetho iqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba isimemezelo sesivumelwano siqalwe ngombono weqembu wokubusa.

Ukulandisa Nemfundiso Yokulandisa

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza futhi njengezimoto zokulandisa. Abavoter bangavuza noma bajezise amaqembu ebhokisi levoti elisekelwe ekuphumeleni kwemithetho. Lokhu kunikeza isikhuthazo esinamandla sokuba amaqembu anikeze izithembiso zawo. Inkolelo-mthetho ithi umshayi weqembu owinayo unegunya lokusebenzisa isikhulumi sakhe, esiwanika igunya lokuqondisa izinhloso zawo ngomthetho wemithetho.

Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Enqubweni Yomthetho

Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayiwona umshini ongathathi hlangothi; ungowezombangazwe ezijulile. Izindawo zithinta cishe zonke izigaba, kusukela lapho kucatshangelwa umqondo oya ekuvoteni kokugcina. Ngezansi, ngiphula izici eziyinhloko zethonya.

Ukumisa I - agenda Esemthethweni

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu elinaleli qembu lilawula uhlelo. Ingxenye enkulu esigqeni somthetho inquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezicatshangelwayo, kuhlelwe kanjani, futhi isikhathi eside kangakanani. Lamandla okugcina isango angenza noma aphule izinqubo.

  • Ukulawula kwe-Majority Leadership Control: Endlwini yabameleli yase-U.S., i-Majority Modeath ne-Miles Committee (ebekwe amalungu amaningi eqembu) inquma ukuthi isikweleti sifika phansi yini. Bangakhulula izikweleti ezithandwayo noma bangcwabe labo abaphikisayo. Ngokwenqubo ye-[FLT:] Conrefer.gov Grogist i-octist [[, iKomiti yemithetho ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-pace cop" yeSishaya-Hulume.
  • Ithonya leQembu lobuMority: Amaphathi amancane awanamandla. Angasebenzisa amasu okuveza anjenge-procedrose e-S. Sigele ukuze libambezele noma livimbele amavoti. Nokho, iningi linganqoba lamacebo uma lilondoloza ubunye.
  • I-Morement e-Compare: Ezimisweni zephalamende njengeJalimane, uhlelo olubusayo luhlelwa kakhulu yikhoshane elisebenza neqembu elihlangene. Amaqembu okuphikiswa anamandla aphansi kodwa angasebenzisa isikhathi sokungabaza nokuzwa komphakathi ukuze alolonge.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwe - Agenda Nombono Womphakathi

Imikhosi futhi ithonya uhlelo ngokuphakamisa izimpikiswano emithonjeni yezindaba nangokwemikhankaso yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkulumo - mpikiswano yokulungisa izinkonzo zempilo ka-2009-2010, uMongameli u-Obama nomholi weDemocratic waqhuba izenzakalo eziningi zomphakathi ukuze akhe icala le-Affordible Care Act. Lokhu kucindezela kwaguqula ikhalenda lezemithetho kanye namaRepublic aphoqelelwe ukuphendula, ngisho noma ayemelene nemvume. Ukuhlolwa kwe- Uphengululo lwezesayensi yezentengiselwano lubonisa ukuthi ukuphendulela kwezezindaba zezezindaba eziphambili kuthinta ikhalenda yemithetho kanye nemali ebhekwa njengo-Revition.

Ukuchitha Impikiswano Engokomthetho

Uma nje isikweleti sesihleliwe, abaphethe basebenzela ukulawula ukulandisa. Impikiswano ayiyona imvume yangaphandle; ihlelwa iziswebhu zeqembu nabaholi abanquma ukuthi ubani okhulumayo, isikhathi eside kangakanani, futhi kuziphi izihloko.

  • Ukuhlukanisa nokuthumela: Amadili anezimo zokukhanga izisekelo zawo futhi aphinde avote. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiqesha-the lika 2017 saklonyeliswa ngamaRepublican njengo “mthetho wesigaba esinemikhawulo-mitha” naphezu kokucushwa kwezindlela ezibonisa izinzuzo ezinkulu kakhulu zaziya ezinkampanini nakwabanindiswa kakhulu. Ama-Democrates ayenza ithengwe njengethengwa abacebile. I-part yeqembu ngalinye lithonye ithonya umphakathi nomfutho womthetho.
  • Ukulawula i-Floor: Ezindlini eziningi zomthetho, ingxenye enkulu ingalinganisela isikhathi sokuphikisana phakathi “kumthetho osondelene” ongavumeli ukumiswa, noma“umthetho omisiwe” ovumela kuphela ukulungisiswa okuthandwa yiningi. Lokhu kunciphisa ikhono ledlanzana lokuguqula isikweletu.
  • Ukuzwa Nobufakazi: AmaKomiti aphatha iziqu zamacala obala lapho ochwepheshe namaqembu enzalo befakaza. Izihlalo zamaqoqo ngokuvamile zikhetha ofakazi abasekela isikhundla sabo, ngaleyondlela zilololonga umbhalo ofundisa ingxoxo ephansi.

Indima Yesimiso Somphini

Amaparthime ayabelwa ukuba abale amavoti futhi anxuse amalungu ukuba asekele umkhakha weqembu. Asebenzisa ukucindezela ngenhlanganisela yenhlanganisela yezokunxenxa, izithembiso zezabelo zamakomiti, nezinsongo zokugodla ukusekela izikweletu zelungu. Kumaqembu akhuliswe kakhulu, ukuphambuka kungaba nemiphumela enzima yomsebenzi. Ngokwe- Encclopedia Britannica[, iziswebhu ezinamandla kakhulu ezimisweni zephalamende njengeCanada neUnited Kingdom, lapho ukuvotela iqembu kungaholela khona ekuxoshweni eqenjini.

Ukukhangisa Ngobunye Neqembu

Kulapho ithonya leqembu libonakala kakhulu khona. Ezindlini eziningi zomthetho womthetho, ukuhlangana kweqembu kuyisibonakaliso esisodwa esingcono kakhulu sokuvota kwelungu.

  • Ingxenye enkulu yoBunye Inye Inye:[ Ukucwaninga kuka Govrack [ kubonisa ukuthi izishayamthetho zaseMelika ezivela kuwo womabili amaqembu amakhulu zivota neqembu lawo elingaphezu kuka-90% esikhathini esikhona ezindabeni zomxhasi. Lobubunye buqine nakakhulu ezimisweni zephalamende, lapho ivoti emelene nohulumeni ingabangela khona ukuthunyeza.
  • Isakhiwo sobukhomanisi: Uma kungekho qembu eliphethe iningi, njengoba kuvamile ezimisweni eziningi njenge-Netherlands noma i-Italy/isigaba kumelwe sakhe imifelandawonye ukuze kudluliswe umthetho. Lokhu kudinga ukuxoxisana nokuyekethisa, kodwa isivumelwano esihambisanayo ngokuvamile sichaza uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho.
  • Ukuvula nokuvote Trading: Idili futhi lisiza ekubhaleni i-log rollling, lapho amalungu ehweba khona ngamavoti ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene. Abaholi beqembu bayasiza ekutholeni lezi zibopho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikweletu ezibalulekile ziqhubekela phambili.

Umphumela Wokweqisa Kwezombangazwe

Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa adlule, ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe kuye kwajula embusweni wentando yeningi, ngokuyinhloko kushintsha inqubo yokushaya umthetho.

Ukwanda Kwesigaba Sobupristi Nokuncipha Kobudlelwano

Ezikhathini ezidlule − njengango-1960 no-1970 abaqondisi abavela kuwo womabili amaqembu babesebenza ndawonye ngamalungelo omphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Namuhla, ukubhalisa i-bipartashishi ayivamile. Ukwethembeka kweqembu kuye kwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-litermus kwaba yi-litrons eyinhloko yabavoti, okunqanda ukubambisana okuphambanisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Dodd-F inguquko yezezimali yadlula ngokusekela okukhulu kwe-DEdemocratic, kuyilapho u-20181818 kwadingeka ukuba kunqotshwe izivumelwano ezingavamile zeDemocrates neRepublicans ukuze kunqotshwe ukuhlukanisa.

Ukuvela Kwe - Caucus

Phakathi kwamaqembu, iziphakamiso zemibono ziye zathola ithonya. I House Freedom Caucus e-U.S. noma i-European Conservatives and Reformers ePhalamende laseYurophu zingavimbela umthetho ngisho nalapho abaholi beqembu bewusekela. Lamaqembu angaphakathi angenza inqubo yokushaya umthetho ibe nzima futhi angenza abaholi beqembu balahlekelwe ukulawula.

Isilinganiso Semithetho Nemiphumela

Uma ukuhlukana kwezindawo kukhula, i-gridlock ilandela. I-Gridlock yenza uma iningi nedlanzana lingavumelani ngisho nangezinyathelo eziyisisekelo, eziholela ekuvaleni imingcele, izinqumo eziqhubekayo, nokwehluleka ukuxazulula izinkinga ezicindezelayo zezwe.

  • I-Gridlock e-Bridge:[ Uhulumeni wase-U.S. uye wabhekana nokuvinjelwa okuphindaphindiwe kusukela ngo-1995, okuphawuleka kakhulu ngo-2013 nango-2018-2019, lapho izingxabano ngokunakekela impilo nokuvikela umngcele zinqanyuliwe.
  • Jodicial Ingliefment Blages:[ Ukuhlaziywa futhi kuthinte ukumiswa kokwahlulela. Iparisan ilwa eNkantolo Ephakeme, njengesimo saseMerrick Garland ngo 2016, iye yaba yinqubo evamile kunokuba ingabi yiyo ehlukile.
  • I-Ialict on Public Trust Trust:[ Isifundo se- i-Pew Research Center[ ibonisa ukuthi ukuthembela kuhulumeni kuye kwehla ngokuphawulekayo njengoba i-gripbock iye yanda. Abaqondisi babheka izigaba njengezinesithakazelo kakhulu ekulweni kunokubusa, okululaza umthetho wentando yeningi.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Ithonya Leqembu Ezimisweni Ezihlukahlukene

Akuwona wonke ama-partio asebenza ngendlela efanayo. Ithonya lamaqembu lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezimiso zomongameli ne-palementi, futhi kuqhubeke phakathi kwezimiso ezihlukene ezimbili nezihlukene.

Umongameli/umongameli/iPhalamende Izimiso zePhalamende

Ezimisweni zobumongameli njenge-United States, amagatsha aphetheyo nawabezomthetho akhethwa ngokwahlukana. Lokhu kungaholela kuhulumeni ohlukene, lapho iqembu elithile lilawula khona umongameli kanye nezinye izintambo zombuso. Ezimweni ezinjalo, amaqembu asebenzisa amandla awo okulawula ukumelana nohlelo lukamongameli, aphumele ezimpini eziphakeme nasemagqumeni avamile. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uthathwa kumthetho, kusho uhulumeni uyala ukuba kube neningi. Lokhu kwenza iqembu likwazi ukukhipha iziyalezo eziqinile futhi kube lula ukudlula, kodwa futhi lingabangela namazwi aphikisayo avamile.

Amaphartics ama-v.Izimiso eziningi

Izimiso ezinezigaba ezimbili, njenge-U.S. kanye ne-U.K., zivame ukuveza imithetho eqinile necacile yokulandisa. Nokho, zikhuthaza futhi ukukhuthaza ukuphatha kwezombangazwe. Izimiso eziningi, njengalezo eJalimane, eSweden, noma e-Israel, zidinga ohulumeni abahlangene, abangaholela ekubeni bavumelane ngokwengeziwe umthetho obekwe phansi, izivumelwano zingantengantenga, futhi inqubo yokushaya umthetho inganciphisa inqubo njengoba amaqembu exoxa ngayo yonke imininingwane.

Indima Yokukhuthaza Iqembu Namaqembu Anesithakazelo

Kuyintando yeningi, amaqembu ancike eminikelweni evela ezinhlanganweni, ezinyunyana, nakwabantu abacebile. Leli thonya lezimali lihlela izinto eziza kuqala. Abaholi beqembu basebenza eduze nabaholi beqembu ekufakeni izikweleti zomthetho, ukufaka iminikelo, nokuvimbela izinyathelo ezingezinhle. Nakuba ukuncedwa kungokomthetho, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi linikeza izithakazelo ezicebile amandla angenakulinganiswa. [[FLT: 0] I-Opensecrets [[[FLT: 1]] ihlola indlela imikhankambiso ehlanganisa ngayo amavoti emithetho e-U.S., inikeza ukukhanyisa ngokukhanya kodwa futhi nokuxhumana phakathi kwemali nenkambiso.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ithonya Leqembu Elenziwayo

Ukuze ubone ukuthi lezizimiso ziyasebenza, uMthetho wemithetho ophawulekayo — iAffordble Care Act (2010) neTax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017) — phawula indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe angaqondisa futhi alolonge ngayo inqubo yemithetho.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakulinganiswa (2010)

I - ACA yayiyinguquko ephawulekayo ekunakekeleni impilo eyayisekelwa uMongameli Obama ne - Democratic Party.

  • Party Leadership: U-Nancy Pelosi noMphathi weSigele uHarry Reid wasebenzisa igunya labo ukugcina incwadi ihamba naphezu kokuphikiswa okukhulu kweRepublic. Basebenzisa iziphakamiso zemiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa uhlelo lwemali ukuze badlulise uRebianbuster eSigele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izindawo zomphakathi: amaRepublica asebenzisa wonke amathuluzi akhona ukuze abambezele futhi alungise izindleko, kuhlanganise nokunikeza amakhulu ezinto ezilungisiwe ekomitini. Imali yokugcina yadlula ngamavoti amaRepublican eNdlu futhi amancane kuphela eSigeqe, eveza ukuhlukana okujulile.
  • [ Imali efunyenweyo: I-ACA yasinda ezinkingeni zomthetho futhi ihlala isemthethweni, kodwa ukudluliswa kwayo kwaqokomisa ubunzima bokudlulisa umthetho omkhulu endaweni ehlukene. Yahlanganisa nezikhundla zeqembu ekunakekeleni impilo iminyaka ezayo.

IsiKhaxa Sentela Nemisebenzi (2017)

I-TCJA kwakuyisignesha sasekhaya se-Trump kanye nohulumeni ohlangene weRepublica. Yabonisa indlela ukubambisana kwedili nokulawula inqubo okungasheshi kudlulela ngayo esikhwameni esikhulu.

  • Ingxenye yenkokhelo: amaRepublica asebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlela ukubuyisana ukuze agweme isigebengu seNdlu ye-palbuster, ivumela ukuba imvume idlule neningi elivamile. Naphezu kwezimpikiswano zangaphakathi ngemininingwane", ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokungalawuleki kwezwe nentela yendawo, leliqembu lalondoloza ubunye obanele ukudlulisa incwadi yemali ngoDecember 2017.
  • [[NT.0] I-Bpartishashi ehlangene: Akukho Home Democrates ovotelwe ukuze kuthathwe umthetho wokugcina, futhi iSigele esisodwa kuphela iDemocrat − Joe Manchin-e. Indinyana yemali yagcizelela ukwahlukaniswa okujulileyo kwenkambiso yentela. I-TCJA futhi yaqokomisa amalungiselelo ayinkimbinkimbi okuthi ukushona kwelanga ngemva kweshumi leminyaka, ibonisa ukukhomba kwenani lemali ekhokhwayo kwezombangazwe.
  • Impatho-Term: ITCJA iye yaziswa ngokuthuthukisa ukutshala inkampani nokugxeka ngokukhuphula inzuzo. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo ilungile, iyisibonelo sencwadi yemithetho yeqembu esemthethweni eqenjini lentando yeningi yanamuhla.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lamaqembu ezombangazwe enqubo yomthetho linamandla futhi lisakazeke kakhulu. Kusukela ekumiseni uhlelo nasekulawuleni impikiswano kuya ekunqumeni amavoti nokwakha imifelandawonye, amaqembu ahlela zonke izici zokwenza umthetho. Enkathini yokuwohloka okujulile nokucindezela okuqhubekayo kwemithombo yezindaba, ukuqonda lokho kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Kubafundi nothisha bomlando nesayensi yezombangazwe, isihluthulelo siwukuthi umthetho awuyona neze itechnocratic kuphela . Imithetho yalomdlalo ingaba engathathi hlangothi kakhulu, kodwa abadlali bayinto engekho ngaphandle. Ngokufunda indlela amaqembu asebenzisa ngayo ithonya lawo, sizuza ukuqonda amandla nobuthakathaka bokubusa kwentando yeningi. Futhi njengezakhamuzi, ukuthi ukuqonda kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekubambeni amaqembu nemithetho elandisayo.