Ukunakekela nokunakekela izingane nokuzisebenzela kokukhulisa izingane kuyizici ezibalulekile zesimiso senhlala - kahle yabantwana, ukunikeza izingane ezilondekile, ezizinzile, kanye nezinakekela izingane ezingakwazi ukuhlala nemikhaya yazo ezelwe. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwalezi zinkonzo akuhambelani ne-United States. Umbuso nezimiso zendawo zenza iqoqo lezimfuneko, amazinga axhasa imali, kanye nezakhiwo ezithinta ngokuqondile indlela izingane ezingenela ngayo ukunakekela, isikhathi eside, nezinhlobo zezinketho ezingcono ezikhona. Kubafundisi, abafundi bezemisebenzi yezenhlalo, nabenzi bezimiso ezifanayo, ukuqonda ithonya lalezimiso kubaluleke kakhulu ekuboneni izikhala, ukukhuthaza inguquko, futhi ekugcineni kuthuthukisa imiphumela yezingane ezisengozini.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela eziyinhloko zokuthi imibuso nezimiso zendawo zilolonge ngazo ukunakekelwa kokwamukelwa nokutholwa. Kusukela ekuhleleni izindinganiso zokusekela nokusekela izimali kuya ekudluliseleni izinyathelo ezithandwayo zomphakathi, sihlola imiphumela ehlongoselwe nengahlolwanga yezinqumo zenqubo. Ngokubheka izinselele zamanje namathuba avelayo, sinikeza ibalazwe lezimiso zenhlalakahle zabantwana ezingcono neziphumelelayo.

Indima Yemithetho Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni banegunya eliyinhloko ezimisweni zezenhlalakahle yabantwana, bemisa uhlelo olungokomthetho olusetshenziswa ekunakekeleni izingane zokutholwa nokutholwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa izimfuneko zokunakekela abazali abatholwayo, ukunquma amazinga okukhokhelwa nokusekelwa, ukumisa izimali nezimali zikahulumeni, nokuchaza imigomo yayo eqondile. Ngenxa yokuthi isifunda ngasinye sinesimiso saso somthetho, imithetho yabaphathi, nezenzo zokwahlulela, okuhlangenwe nakho kwengane ekunakekeleni abazali abatholwayo kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi sikweliphi isango likahulumeni esiya eqenjini lezwe esiya eqenjini lezwe esiya kulo.

Izimfuneko Ezidingayo Nemiphumela Yazo

I-licens inqubo yokugcina amasango emikhaya ekhulelayo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zahlela inqubo yokunciphisa izithiyo nokwandisa iziteshi zamakhaya akhona. Ngokwesibonelo, inani elandayo lezifundazwe liye lasebenzisa “ngobungane” ukuvimbela ukuthi imfuno ezithile ezingalondekile, njengokubalekela izinombolo eziyisikwele noma umlilo, kuyilapho zilondoloza izinhlelo eziqinile zokuhlola isizinda nokuphepha kwasekhaya. Ezinye izifunda zigcina izindinganiso eziningi eziqinile ezingabambezela ukufakwa kwemikhaya noma ziqede abazali abangabakhulisayo.

Nakuba izindinganiso eziqinile zizimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, zinganciphisa amandla. Uma kunemizi encinci enamaphepha-mvume, izingane zingabekwa emakhaya eqembu noma ezinhlanganweni, ngokuvamile ezingazinzi futhi ezibiza kakhulu. Ukucwaninga okuvela ku- Umtholalwazi we-International Gateway[ kubonisa ukuthi ngezindlela zokungena ezinomsinga we-injini zivame ukuba nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu ezibekwa emakhaya asekelwe emndenini nasekunakekelweni okumfushane.

“ Inqubo yokuvimbela kufanele ivikele izingane ngaphandle kokukhipha abanakekeli abafanelekayo.

Ukuxhasa Izakhiwo Nemithombo Yengcebo

Imali esetshenziswayo kahulumeni ithonya kakhulu izinga lokunakekela nokunakekela izingane zokutholwa. Izwe linikela izimali zalo siqu ngamanani alinganayo e-AR3, futhi isilinganiso siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zinezela ekusekeleni kukahulumeni ngokunikeza ukuqeqeshwa, amaholo omsebenzi, nezinkonzo zokulungisa amashende. Ezinye zithembele kakhulu ezimalini zikahulumeni futhi zizama ukugcina amazinga anele okuphatha izisebenzi, okuholela ekuthwaleni amanani aphakeme nokutubeka.

Izinkonzo zokutholwa zithinteka futhi ngezinqumo ezixhaswa ngemali. Izwe lingase linikeze izimali zokutholwa ukuze likhuthaze ukutholwa kwezingane ngezidingo ezikhethekile, kodwa izinga nesikhathi salezozimali kuyahluka. Izimiso eziguquguqukayo zingadala ukuhlukana kwezimali emikhayeni ecabangela ukutholwa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezidinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwezokwelapha noma kokwelashwa.

Ukuhlola okwenziwa yi- Annie E. Casey Foundation kwathola ukuthi ngenani eliphezulu lokutholwa kwabantwana abathola izingane zokutholwa kanye nezikhathi zokuzithobisa ezinde kufinyelele amazinga aphakeme okutholwa kwabantwana abanakekelwayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantwana abadala namaqembu amancane.

Indima ephambili: Ukunakekela iKinship v. Ukunakekela okungaguquguquki

Izimiso zikahulumeni ziluthonya kakhulu uhlobo lokunika umntwana umntwana i-Fostering Connections to Success and Act ka-2008 ikhuthaza amazwe ukuba ahlele ukunakekelwa kobudlelwano kodwa ukusetshenziswa kuyahluka. Ezinye izigodlo zifuna ukuba izihlobo zibhekwe kuqala futhi zinikeze izinkonzo ezingokwezimali nezisekelayo ezilingana nalezo zabazali abazalayo abangebona abazalanayo. Ezinye zinikeza imbuyiselo ephansi kubanakekeli abasekhaya noma azinikezi izinga elifanayo lokuqeqesha nokusekela, okungaholela ekuntengantengantenga.

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izingane ezibekwa nezihlobo zibhekana nokuphazamiseka okuncane kokuhambisa, zilondoloza izibopho eziqinile zempucuko nezokushaya kwemizwa, futhi zinemiphumela engcono eqhubekayo. Izikhulu ezisekela ngokulinganayo abanakekeli bobuhlobo − njengokunika izihlobo imali yokuzipha izihlobo, ukuvikela okuncane, nokuthola ukunakekelwa kwezingane (ukunakekelwa) kuthuthukisa ukuzinzisa okuphawulekayo.

Amaphoyisa Asendaweni Nethonya Lawo

Nakuba izifundazwe zihlela uhlelo olubanzi, izinhlangano zendawo zenza izifunda-kakhulu noma iminyango yezenhlalakahle yabantwana ephakathi kwedolobha("ukuhlelwa kwezimiso nokuzivumelanisa nezidingo zomphakathi. Izimiso zendawo zingacophelela izimvume zikahulumeni, zibhekane nezinselele ezithile zenani labantu noma indawo, futhi zikhe izinhlelo ezintsha ezisabela ngokuqondile kubantu ezibakhonzayo.

Izinhlelo Zomphakathi Nezimo Zokunakekelwa

Izinhlangano zendawo zivame ukwakha izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuhlangabezana nezidingo zemiphakathi yazo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobhana elinezingane eziningi ezichayeke ebudloveni lingase lithole ukuqeqeshwa kokunakekelwa okunokuphazamiseka kwabo bonke abazali bokutholwa kanye nabaphathi bezezimali. Isifunda sasemaphandleni esinezinkonzo zempilo elinganiselwe singase sihambisane nabagcini bezokunakekela izingane nge-telbonerheath ukuze banikeze ukwelashwa okungokoqobo.

Lezi zinyathelo zendawo zingaphumelela kakhulu kodwa futhi zincike ekutholeni imali etholakalayo kahulumeni nokuvumelana nezimo. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza inkululeko ebanzi yokuklama izinhlelo, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile kuhulumeni ogunyaziwe. Izinga lokuzimela lomphakathi linganquma ukuthi umphakathi ungasabela ngokushesha yini ekuvezeni izidingo, njengokwanda okungalindelekile kwe-opioidāy.

Ukuzigcina Nemikhaya Ezidlayo

Izinhlangano zendawo zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthola nokusekela imikhaya ekhuliswayo. Izinhlangano zezokuxhumana, izenzakalo zokuthatha izithuba, nezisusa zingahlela ukuhlukahluka nenani letheku lokutholwa kwabazali. Amanye amadolobha aye aqala imikhankaso yokuhlasela imiphakathi engaphansi kwe-LGBTQ, imikhaya, abazali abangabodwa, nemikhaya evela ezizindeni ezithile zobuzwe noma zempucuko. Lemizamo ifuna ukuthola izindawo ezifanelana nezindawo zomntwana futhi inciphise imingcele ye-translatemmentsmendium noma i-translate divisionsmesmending uma kungadingekile.

Izimiso zendawo ezinikeza ukuqabuleka, ukusekela okunamandla kwabasizi bezimali, nezinhlelo zontanga zinganciphisa inguquko phakathi kwabazali bokutholwa.

Ukulandelana Kwesiko Nokufaneleka Kwabantu

Izimiso zendawo zingakusingatha ngokuqondile ukuhluka kwezimiso zezenhlalakahle yabantwana. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imingcele iye yasebenzisa ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kobandlululo kuzisebenzi ezisebenza ezindaweni ezithile, ukusungulwa kwamakomiti aqondisa ukubukeza ukwaziswa okungavumelani nokwehlukana, futhi yasungula izikhungo zomphakathi ezihlanganisa imikhaya eye yabhekana nalesimiso. Le mizamo iyaqaphela ukuthi ubandlululo lwezimiso nobandlululo lungaholela ekususweni kwezinga eliphakeme lokususwa kwezingane zabamnyama nezamaMelika Omdabu, kanye nezithiyo zokubuyiselwa nokutholwa kwemikhaya enemibala.

Izinhlangano ezifuna ukuba izinhlangano zendawo zibike ukwaziswa ngohlanga nohlanga futhi zibeke imigomo elinganayo cishe ziyobona intuthuko. Ngaphandle kwalezo zinqubo, ukungalingani kungaqhubeka noma kube kubi kakhulu.

Izinselele Namathuba

Naphezu kwezinhloso ezingcono kakhulu zabenzi bezimiso abaningi, kusenezinselele ezinkulu. Ukukhokha imali, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho yezikhulu, nezindinganiso eziguquguqukayo kudala isithiyo ekunikezeleni inkonzo ephumelelayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvela kwamathuba okuguqula kunikeza indlela eya esimisweni senhlalakahle yabantwana esisabelayo nesiyamukeleka.

Ukusebenzisa Igebe Nokulawula Imithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano zezenhlala - kahle zabantwana kuwo wonke amazinga zibhekene nokungahlali kahle. Izifunda eziningi azizange zande izindleko zokunakekela ukunakekelwa kwabantwana noma amazinga okutholwa ukuze zihambisane nokwehla kwamandla emali, zishiye imikhaya ilwa kanzima ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo eziyisisekelo zezingane. Amaholo odokotela ngokuvamile ancishisiwe ngokwezidingo zomsebenzi, okunezela ekuphenduleni amazinga aphakeme afinyelela ku-30-50% ngonyaka kwezinye izindawo. Ukuthwala kakhulu kusho isikhathi esincane kumntwana ngamunye nomkhaya ngamunye, ukunciphisa izinga lemisebenzi.

Imithombo exhasayo yezimali, njengesihloko se-IV-E, ixhunyiwe ezindinganisweni ezithile ezinganciphisa ukuvumelana nezimo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Sihlomo se-IV-E singasetshenziselwa ukunakekela ukunakekela izingane ezifanelekayo kodwa hhayi izinkonzo zokuzivikela noma ukusekela kwangemva kokuzimela, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yamuva nje. Umbuso nabaholi bendawo kumelwe basebenzise imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhasa imali engadala i-ifficiencies.

Izithiyo Zasebudreatcracy Nezindinganiso Eziguquguqukayo

Amazinga amaningana kahulumeni nezimiso ezibekwa phansi anganciphisa inqubo emisha. Ingane ingaba sebuthweni lombuso othile kodwa ibekwe esihlotsheni kwesinye isifundazwe, idinga inqubo ye-internat (ICPCA) ethatha izinyanga. Esimweni esisodwa, izilinganiso ezihlukene zingachaza isimiso ngendlela ehlukile, okuholela ekutholeni ukulingana kwezinkonzo.

Izindinganiso eziguquguqukayo zithinta nokuqeqesha abazali abakhuliswayo. Ezinye izigodlo zidinga amahora angu - 30 okuqeqeshwa kwangaphambi kokuqeqeshwa, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga nje angu - 12. Uma umkhaya usugunyaziwe, ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kuyahluka, okungathinta izinga lokunakekela nekhono labazali bokutholwa lokusingatha izingane ngezidingo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukungalingani Okutholakalayo Nemiphumela

Abantwana bemibala, ikakhulukazi abantwana abamnyama nabenani labomdabu baseMelika, banikezwa kakhulu ekunakekeleni okunakekelwayo ngamazinga adlula kakhulu ingxenye yabo yenani elivamile lezingane. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kubangelwa yizici eziningi, kuhlanganise nobumpofu, ubandlululo ekubikeni nasekuhloleni, nokungatholi ukufinyelela ezinkonzweni zokuvimbela. Uma sezikhona, lezizingane zivame ukulinda isikhathi eside ukuba zithole umntwana noma ziphinde ziphinde ziqaliswe.

Imithetho kahulumeni neyasendaweni ingathuthukisa noma inciphise lezi zimo ezingafani. Ngokwesibonelo, ithi iye yasebenzisa “izinqubo ezihlukile” .Nxayathiso ezikhona (hhayi lapho imibiko ephansi ye-risk ihlangatshezwa ngezinkonzo esikhundleni sokuphenya) iye yabona ukwehla kwenani lezingane zabamnyama ezingena ekunakekelweni. Izikhulu ezisekela izinkonzo zokulondoloza umkhaya, njengosizo lwezindlu nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, zinganciphisa futhi ukususwa.

Izinguquko Nezinguquko Zemithetho

Ziqaphela izinselele, izifundazwe eziningi nezindawo ziphishekela izinguquko ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunakekelwa kwabantwana abakhuliswayo nokutholwa kwezingane. Le mizamo igxile ekubambisanani, emikhubeni yezingane u-"%ambive, ekutholeni izinqumo ze-data .

Ukunqwabelana Kwabantu Ngalé Kwezinhlangano Nezinhlangano Zehlelo

Inhlalakahle yabantwana ephumelelayo idinga ukubambisana nezinye izimiso, kuhlanganise nemfundo, impilo yengqondo, indawo yokuhlala, nobulungisa bezingane. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasungula amandla ahambelanayo ukuze zihlele izinqubo futhi zihlanganyele ukwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni uvumela izikole ukuba zihlanganyele amarekhodi ezezezenhlalakahle yabantwana nezinhlangano zezemfundo ukuze zibone izingane ezisengozini futhi zinikeze izisekelo ezisheshayo.

Ukuhlobana kudlulela nasengxenyeni ezimele. Ukunakekelwa kwabantwana abavolontiya nezinhlangano zokutholwa kwabantwana kufeza indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekuhleleni izakhiwo ezikhethekile. Izivumelwano zendawo nalezi zinkampani zingamisa izindinganiso ezifanele, kodwa ukuqondisa kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kumele kuhlaziywe.

Imikhuba Engokwezingane: Ukubeka Ukuthambekela Phambili

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva ukugcizelela ukufinyelela ukulingana kwengane ngayinye (hhayi ngokuhlanganiswa, ukutholwa, noma ukunakekelwa. izikhulu ezifinyeza isikhathi sokususa ingane ekunakekeleni ingane ekhaya lokunakekela ingane, kuyilapho zisanikeza abazali ithuba elifanele lokubuyisela, zilinganisele isidingo sengane sokuzinza nobuqotho bomkhaya.

“Izimiso zokuhlela zasikhathi sinye” zidinga ukuba izinhlangano zisebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa ekuhlanganiseni futhi naso sinye isicwangciso esihlala njalo, kunciphe isikhathi ingane esichitha ingaqiniseki. Izwe eligunyaza ukuhlelwa kwasikhathi sinye futhi liqeqeshe izisebenzi ukuba zithole ukutholwa ngokushesha futhi izingane ezimbalwa ezigugayo zivele ngaphandle kokunakekelwa.

Ukulandisa Kwemininingwane Nokubona Kahle

Izwe nezindawo zisebenzisa ukwaziswa ngokwandayo ukuze kuqhutshwe izinqumo zenqubo nemiphumela. I-Reatrition and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) inikeza indinganiso yesizwe, kodwa amabhodi aphakeme kahulumeni avumela ukulandelelana okukhulu. Ezinye izifunda zihlanganyela imininingwane elinganayo yokuzinza kwesimiso, amazinga okuhamba, nesikhathi sokuzenza zikwazi ukwenza izinhlangano zendawo ziphawule ukusebenza kwazo nokuhlukanisa izindawo zokuthuthukisa.

Imithetho edinga ukubika njalo ngalezi zici ezilinganayo, ezitholakala emphakathini, ibangela ukulandisa.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nomkhaya

Inguquko ephumelelayo yezimiso ihlanganisa amazwi alabo abathinteke kakhulu. Izindawo eziningi ziye zadala amabhodi akhucululayo abantwana abanakekelwayo, ama-almni okunakekela izingane zokutholwa, abazali abazalayo, kanye nabanakekeli abahlobene. Lamabhodi anikeza incazelo ngezinguquko zenqubo, asiza ekuklameni izinto zokuqeqesha, futhi asebenze njengamanxusa emphakathini obanzi.

Izimiso zendawo ezixhasa ukubambisana kwabazali − lapho abazali abangomakad’ebona besiza labo abahamba ngesimiso − ziye zabonisa imiphumela ethembisayo ngokuthuthukisa ukuthembisana nokunciphisa isikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Ngokufanayo, imikhandlu yentsha ekhuthaza ukusekelwa kwemfundo, ukushintsha kwezindlu, nezinkonzo zempilo zengqondo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zikahulumeni nezendawo ziyizindlela zokunakekela izingane ezisakhiwa ngazo. Zinquma ukuthi zingaki izindlu ezikhona, uhlobo lokusekela okungokwezimali nokungokomzwelo okutholwa yimikhaya, nokuthi lesi simiso singazivumelanisa yini nezidingo eziyingqayizivele zomphakathi ngamunye. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokungathandisi, ukubuswa kwe-intertia, kanye nokungahleleki okungokwezimiso, ukuqhubekela ekwazini kokuthola ukwaziswa okungalingani, umntwana ophakathi, kanye nenqubo yomphakathi ye-kolishi enikeza ithemba langempela lentuthuko.

Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabasekeli, isihluthulelo siwukuthi isimiso asisona isisekelo esikude esithathekayo, kodwa sithonya ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezingane nemikhaya enakekelwayo. Ngokuqonda indlela lezizimiso ezisebenza ngayo nokuthi zishiyeka kanjani, singaphoqelela ukuba kwenziwe izinguquko ezihlela ukuqina, ukungalingani, nokungalingani. Zonke izingane zifanelwe ikhaya elilondekile, elinothando, nelihlala njalo; izimiso esizakhelayo zingazenza ukuba lowombono ube yiqiniso noma zikwenze ungabi khona.