Ukulwa kwembulunga yonke nokulwa nobuphekula kuye kwaguqula kakhulu izimiso zasekhaya, izimiso zomthetho, kanye nezici zezenhlalo ezikuwo wonke amazwe phakathi namashumi amathathu eminyaka adlule. Nakuba umgomo oyinhloko wokuvikela izakhamuzi ebudloveni, ukufezeka kwazo ngokuvamile kubangela imiphumela efinyelela kude yenkululeko yomphakathi, ubudlelwane bomphakathi, kanye kanye kanye nesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola umsuka, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye nethonya elihlukene lobuphekula ubudlova bezenkambiso yasekhaya nezenhlalo, kudwebe izimpawu zomlando kanye nezimpikiswano zanamuhla.

Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwendlela Yokumelana Nezenzo Zobuphekula

Amasu okumelana nobuphekula awazange avele aphele. Imizamo yokuqala yagxila ekusabeleni okuqondiswe emaqenjini athile, njenge-Baader-Meinhof Gang eNtshona Jalimane noma iRed Brigades e-Italy phakathi kwawo-1970 nawo 1980. Nokho, izinga nokufinyelela kwembulunga yonke kobuphekula banamuhla kwashintsha kakhulu ngemva kokuhlasela kwangoSeptember 11, 2001. Leso senzakalo sabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwemithetho yokulondeka, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, nokungenela kwempi.

I-United States yadlulisa ngokushesha iSigunyazo sokusebenzisa Impoqo Yamabutho (AMF) kanye noMthetho we-USA PATRIOT, owandisa amandla okuhlola, wadambisa imingcele ekwabelaneni ngokuhlakanipha, futhi wasungula izigaba ezintsha ezingokomthetho kwabathunjwa. Amanye amazwe alandela isu: i-United Kingdom yawine uMthetho we-Terrogistism Act 2006, i-Australia yadlula i-Anti-Trorismism Act ngo-2001, futhi iCanada yasungula i-Anti-Trorismism Act ngo-2001, izinqubo zaqala ukunikeza izinsolo ezinjengasethutho, i-injini enobudlova, kanye nokuhlasela kwe-ogadaywodwa.

Izindikimba zomhlaba wonke zafeza indima yayo. i - United Nations Security Council yamukela iSigqizo 1373, amazwe acindezelayo ukuba aphuce amaphekula izimali, ahlanganyele ukuhlakanipha, futhi aqinise ukulawulwa kwemingcele.

Ukuphendukela Ekulondekeni Okuyisilingo

Isici esivelele sesimiso sobuphekula esiphikisana nomthetho siyindlela yokususa umthetho owenziwe ngokuwuqeda unqanda. Ohulumeni baqala ukugcizelela ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa okunokuhlakanipha, ukuvinjelwa, nokuqashelwa kwemiphakathi yonke kunokuba nje isolwe ngabantu. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "isimiso somthetho" owenziwa ngomthetho" owenziwe ngokusemthethweni, kwaholela ekwandisweni kwamandla okuqinisekisa umthetho ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo esiphuthumayo saseFrance ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-15 kweParis savumela ukuboshwa ngaphandle kokukhokhwasa, ukuphenyiswa, nokuvalwa kwezikhala zomphakathi.

Izindlela Zokuvimbela Ama - Cyber E - computer Nezokuvimbela Amanani

Njengoba amaqembu amaphekula athatha amathuluzi emishini okugunyaza, ukusakaza inkulumo - ze, nokuhlela ukuhlasela, imizamo yokulwa nobuphekula eyanwebeka kuyi-inthanethi. Imishini enjenge-National Security Agency ne-UK Governmental Peatherquals (GCHQ) yasungula amakhono okuhlola izokuxhumana kuyi-intanethi ye-intanethi, ukuphazamisa okunethonya elinamandla, kanye nokulawula i-crypocurture esetshenziselwa ukuxhasa izimali. I-GDPR) yabangela ukungezwana phakathi kwamalungelo ezindaba eziyimfihlo nezidingo zokuqapha, ikhuthaza izimpi ezingokomthetho eziqhubekayo zeqoqo lemininingwane yemininingwane nemidatha.

Ithonya Enqubweni Yasekhaya

Izenzwe zobuphekula ziye zayiguqula kakhulu inqubo yasekhaya ezindaweni eziningi zokwenza imisebenzi yenkonzo enikezelwe, imikhosi yemisebenzi, nezinhlangano ezinemithetho ekhethekile yokulwa nezokulwa. Lezi zindikimba zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlelwayo futhi zihlolwe umphakathi ngokulinganiselwe, okungaqeda ukulandisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umthetho Nokwanda Kwamandla Aphethe

I-USA PATRIOTT Act mhlawumbe iyisibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu sendlela umthetho wezenhlalaphansi owandisa ngayo igunya lobuphekula. Yavumela amanxusa ahlakaniphile ukuba angenise amarekhodi ebhizinisi, enze ama-wasentaphama, futhi asebenzise i-National Security Letters ukuze athole ukwaziswa kwamakhasi ngaphandle kwemvume yenkantolo. Imithetho efanayo kwamanye amazwe, njenge-Indiya’s Unnowrial Act (Prevention) Act, i-Anti-Trorismism Act yaseJalimane, yanika amaphoyisa ukuboshwa nokuseshwa kwe-BKA, kwamandla engeziwe. Amaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi aye ayibekela inselele njalo lemithetho, ephikisa ukuthi ayibeka inqubo efanelekile futhi adala amathuba okuxhatshazwa.

E-United States, i-USA Freedom Act ka-2015 yabuyisela ingxenye yeqoqo lemininingwane eminingi kodwa yagcina amandla amaningi okuhlola. Lenkulumo mayelana ibonisa ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo: kuyilapho usongo lushintsha, uhlelo lwemithetho oluhloselwe ukumelana nazo luvame ukuthatha isikhathi esifushane noma ukuphamba.

Injabulo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu nesimiso sobuphekula i-athom. Izinhlelo ezinjengokuhlola amaqhinga e-PRISM e-U.S., i-UK’s Tempora, kanye ne-"Plan Vigiparate" ziye zaqoqa inqwaba enkulu yocingo nemininingwane ye-Internet. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi lamathuluzi abalulekile ekutholeni amaqhinga ngaphambi kokuba avele, bacaphuna izindaba ezifana nokuchitheka kwezindiza ze-untarlatetic ka 2006. Nokho, abagxeki be-Plan Vigipatey baveza ukuphumelela okuncane ekuvimbeleni ubuphekula izikhali ezinjalo eziyizingcingo eziyingozi kakhulu nenkulumo ekhululekileyo.

I European Court of Justice iye yalahla iziqondiso zokugcinwa kwemininingwane yezokuxhumana ezigunyaza ukugcina imininingwane yezokuxhumana, izithola zingavumelani namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngaphansi kwe- Eucal Convention on Human Rights. E-United States, i-ACLU inqobe ukumangalelwa okuningi okuye kwabekela inselele yokuhlola okungenasiqinisekiso. Lokhu kungenela kokwahlulela kuqokomisa ukuxabana phakathi kwezimiso zokuphepha nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuzigcina Nokuzimela Okufanele

Izimiso zokulwa nezenzo zobuphekula nazo ziye zayiguqula imikhuba yokuboshwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-Guantánamo Bay, eyamiswa ngo-2002, ibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezokulondeka nokubusa umthetho. I-Detaines yabekwa iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokulingwa, yafakwa ekwandiseni amasu okuphenya, futhi yaphika ukuthi i-habeas corpus. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. kamuva yanquma ukuthi abathunjwa bangabekela inselele ukuvalelwa kwabo, ikamu lihlala livulekile. Izenzo ezifanayo ziye zavela kwenye indawo: iziqondiso zika-UK futhi kamuva i-UK's Pherectionism and Invectionagements (TPIM) zilinganisela inqumo nokuxhumana namaphekula amaphekula amaphekula ngaphandle kobugebengu obungabo.

Izindikimba zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise ne - UN Human Rights Committee, ziye zagxeka amazwe amaningi ngokusebenzisa ukuboshwa kweziphathimandla nobufakazi obuyimfihlo emacaleni obuphekula.

Imiphumela Yezenhlalo

Ngaphandle kwezinkundla ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho, ubuphekula bunezindlela ezijulile zokulwa nomphakathi.

Ukuphoxeka Nokuhlambalaza Izinhlanga

Izindlela zokulondeka ngokuvamile zincike enkolweni, ebuhlangani, noma emzalweni wesizwe. Ukuhlola izinhlelo zezindiza, imingcele yemvume, kanye nemibuso yokumisa amaphoyisa nokuhlola kuye kwahlasela ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi namaSulumane nabantu bohlobo lwaseMpumalanga Ephakathi ne-Asia eseNingizimu. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwe-UK’s Prevention ludinga izisebenzi zomphakathi ukuba zibike abantu abasolwayo, okuholela ekukhonondeni ukuthi amaSulumane abhekene nokusolwa okungadingekile. E-United States, ukuvinjelwa kohambo okubekwe ekuqaleni emazweni ama-Muslim-majority, kubangela ukuphikisa okusakazeka nezinselele ezingokomthetho.

Lokhu kuhlanjalazwa kungabangela ukuhlukaniswa nokungathembani ezikhulwini, ngokudidayo kululaza ukubambisana kwezenhlalo okuhloselwe ukuvikela. Ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi ukubheka ubandlululo njengolubalulekile kwandisa ingozi yokukhucululwa, kwakha ukuvuselelwa lapho izimiso zokulondeka ezinamandla zingathuthukisa khona usongo abalufunayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nezinhlelo Zokuvuselela Igazi

Besabela kwezinye zalezi misebenzi ezinamandla, ohulumeni abaningi baye bafaka izinhlelo zomphakathi zokulwa nobuphekula. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-U.S. "Ukwakha iResilience Against Golder Extremism" (BRAVE), uhlelo lwe-UK’s Channel, nesibonelo se-Aarhus eDenmark sigxile ekungeneleni kwasekuqaleni, ekunikezeni iziluleko, nasekusekeleni umphakathi kubantu abasengozini yokuzifaka engozini. Lezinhlelo zigcizelela ukubambisana nezinhlangano zomphakathi, abaholi benkolo, nochwepheshe bezengqondo.

Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa imiphumela exubile. Nakuba umklamo we-Aarhus uye wanconywa ngokunciphisa ukuphinde uhlanekeze futhi uxube ababenobushiqela, ukukhathazeka ngo "ukufakwa kwemvume" nokuhlanganiswa komsebenzi wezenhlalo nokuqoqa ukuhlakanipha kuyaqhubeka. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lezinhlelo zingayishayisa ihlazo yonke imiphakathi futhi zicindezele abantu ukuba bazisane.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nokusetshenziswa Komphakathi

Izindaba zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ukuqonda umphakathi ngobuphekula nobuphekula. I-microsalist ibika, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhlasela okukhulu, ingakhulisa ukwesaba nokusekela izinyathelo zobudragon. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ladium yophengululo yezincwadi iye yadalula ukuxhashazwa, njengokusetshenziswa kokuhlushwa ezindaweni ezimnyama ze-CIA noma ukuqashelwa kwabacosheli bezindaba nabashisekeli bezombangazwe.

Umphakathi unezimo ezihlukahlukene emazweni. E-United States, ukuhlola kubonisa ukusekela okuphikelelayo kokuqapha kodwa futhi kubonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulayo ngenkululeko yomphakathi. EYurophu, izimo zengqondo ziyangabaza, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuvuza ngokuhlanganyela ukuhlakanipha nokugcina ukwaziswa. Lokhu kuphikisana kunikeza izinqubo ezikhethweyo futhi kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kwenkulumo - mpikiswano esobala.

Indima Yobuhlakani Ezinkampanini Zokulwa Nezenqabela Ubuphekula Basekhaya

Izinkampani zobuhlakani ziye zagxila kakhulu ezindabeni zasekhaya ngenxa yokulwisana nobuphekula. Ngaphambi kuka-9/11, izinhlangano ezinjenge-FBI no-MI5 zigxile ngokuyinhloko ekuhlakanipheni kwamanye amazwe noma ezinsongweni ezithile. Namuhla, ziqoqa ukwaziswa njalo ezakhamuzini, zibambisana namaphoyisa endawo, futhi zihlanganyela ukwaziswa nezinkampani ezizimele njengemboni zobuchwepheshe nezinhlangano zezimali.

Lamalungiselelo aye afiphaza umehluko phakathi kokuhlakanipha kwezizwe nakwasekhaya. Izimiso zomthetho njenge-Fregmical Surveillance Act (FISA) ziye zalungiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze zivumele ukuqapha kwasekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume uma isisulu sibhekwa "isithunywa samandla angaphandle". Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lencazelo isibanzi, ihlanganisa izintatheli, abameli bamalungelo abantu, nabashisekeli bezombangazwe. iNhlangano engenisa i- inyathelise ukucwaninga okukhulu mayelana nokuphumelela kokuhlakanipha kobuhlakani, hhayi ukuthi nakuba inganciphisa ubugebengu, futhi iphakamisa izikhundla.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa

Ukwengamela kudingekile ekuvimbeleni ukuxhashazwa. Izindikimba ezizimele, njenge-U.S. ukuhlolwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi ne-Oficial Oversective Board noma i-UK’s Investigatication Powers Commissioner, zadalwa ukuze zinikeze ukuhlola. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwazo kuye kwabuzwa: ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuhlukanisa ukwaziswa, zisebenza ngezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe, futhi zibhekene nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Ukuqinisa lezinhlangano ngokugunyazahlulelwa kokuqapha, ukubika ngokuphoswa kwemithetho, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemivikelo ye-mfel-msss ``irreverer''' icebo lokuvikela izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu [[FLT:][FLT] kanye ne-AMANDlty International.

Ukumelana Nesimiso Sokuthutha Abashokobezi Nomthetho Wokuvimbela

Enye indawo ephawulekayo ethintelwa yizentshontshane yindawo yokuthutha. Amazwe amaningi anezimfuneko eziqinile ze-vsav, ukudingiswa okukhushulelwe eziqinisweni zokuphepha zesizwe, futhi asungula ukunqatshelwa kwesizwe ukuthatha indawo yesizwe ehlangene nobuphekula. Ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba kwe-U.S. i-U.’s "morived project" inkambiso, nokukhishwa kwe-Australia kwalabo ababhekwa njengengozi esabekayo kubonisa ukuthi imingcele manje iboshelwe kanjani ngokuqondile ubuphekula.

Lezi zinqubo zingadala ukungabi nabuzwe, imikhaya ehlukene, futhi zithene amandla abafuna isikhoselo ekubalekeleni izimpi. I-UNHCR iye yaxwayisa ngokuthi ukubiza bonke abafuna isikhoselo ezindaweni ezinezimpi ngokuthi usongo olungase lunciphise ukuvinjelwa kwababaleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izimiso ezivimbela ukufuduka azibunciphisi ubuphekula kodwa zingandisa izikhalo phakathi kwemiphakathi ye-diaspora.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Inkinga eyinhloko yezenhlansi zokuvikela umphakathi iyindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngaphandle kokudela inkululeko echaza izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Akukho nqubo yendawo yonke; izwe ngalinye kumelwe lisebenzise amasiko alo angokomthetho, impucuko, nendawo ezungezile engokobupolitiki. Nokho, izimiso eziningi zingaqondisa isimiso esiphumelelayo nesokuhlonipha amalungelo:

  • Incazelo: Isilinganiso: Izilinganiso kumele zihlolwe, zidingeke, futhi zilinganiselwe. Ukuhlola imfucumfucu noma ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kokusolana kucishe kuphumelele ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe.
  • Umthetho: Ohulumeni kufanele bembule ukwaziswa okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngezinhlelo zabo zobuphekula, ezingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho yokuvikela. Isikhala sibangela ukungathembani.
  • [ Ukugada kobubusi: izinkantolo ezizimele kufanele zibe namandla okugunyaza noma ukwenqaba izinqumo zokuqapha nokuvalela ejele, ngezindlela eziqinile zokudlulisa izicelo.
  • [ I-Piciony Ingxenye: i-Piconce kufanele iphuhliswe ekuthintaneni nemiphakathi ethintekile, hhayi ebekwe phezulu. Isivumelwano sithuthukisa ukwethembana futhi sithuthukise ukuhlakanipha.
  • Fakela u-Claus:[ Imibuso yesikhashana ephuthumayo kufanele iphele ngaphandle uma ivunyelwe futhi izishaya-mthetho ngemva kwengxoxo yomphakathi.

Amazwe anjengeCanada neNew Zealand asanda kuguqula imithetho yawo emelene nobuphekula ukuze ahlanganise izinqanda zamalungelo abantu eziqinile, ebonisa ukuthi ushintsho lungenzeka. Ithonya lasekhaya lobuphekula obulwa nodweshu aliwona umgwaqo owodwa ohamba ngezinyawo, ungalolongwa ngempatho yentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lokumelana nesimiso sobuphekula enkambisweni yasekhaya nasemphakathini likhulu futhi lihlala njalo. Liye labhalwa kabusha imithetho engokomthetho, lahlelwa kabusha amanxusa kahulumeni, futhi laguqula ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi. Ekujuleni kwalo, inselele iyaqhubeka ifana: indlela yokuvikela idemokhrasi ngaphandle kokuyibhubhisa. Amasu aphumelela kakhulu alwa nomthetho wobuphekula yilawo alondoloza ukwethenjwa umphakathi, ahlonipha amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi azivumelanisa ukushintsha izinsongo ngaphandle kokukhohlakala. Njengoba ukuhlasela okungokomzimba kuqhubeke kusuka ku-injini ye-internationalism kuya ku-evolution nengsongo oluyi-idia, ukuthatha ubufakazi obusekelwe ekungeneni okungakaze kube nokunye okugxeka kakhulu. Ukukhulumisana phakathi kohulumeni, umphakathi, nezakhamuzi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphishekela ukulondeka akufinyeliswanga ekufuneni kwethu kakhulu.