Indlela Imithombo Yezolingo Esetshenziswa Abathengi Abanamandla Ngayo

Ukuqulwa kwecala likaJury sekuyisikhathi eside kusebenza njengendlela ebucayi izakhamuzi ezivamile ezihlola ngayo amandla enkampani futhi zilolonge indawo engokomthetho. Uma amajaji ekhipha izinqumo ezicandayo, izinqumo zawo zivame ukuxazulula impikiswano eyodwa kuphela — zingahlanganisa ushintsho olukhulu emithethweni yokuvikela abathengi. Ngokuhumusha ukuvuvukala kwempicabadala yezentengiselwano eziyingozi ukuze ihlulele ngokubopheka, lezi zinqumo zithumela izimpawu ezinamandla kokubili izimboni nabenzi bomthetho, ziqokomisa imingcele yemithetho ekhona kanye nokukhuthaza izenzo zemithetho elawulayo.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemiphumela yabahluleli nenguquko engokomthetho abuqashelwanga nje. Kuwo wonke umlando, izinqumo eziwuphawu lwezigebengu ziye zashukumisela izishaya-mthetho zesizwe nezishayamthetho ukuba zimise izindinganiso eziqinile zokuphepha, izimfuneko eziphoqelelwe zokwembulwa kwemininingwane, kanye nezindlela zokuphoqelelwa komthetho eziqinile. Ukuqonda lokhu kudingekile kubasekeli babathengi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nabenzi bezimiso abazama ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla esimiso somthetho.

Indima Eyisisekelo Yovivinyo Lobusha Ekulingweni Kwabathengi

Ekujuleni kwecala, icala labahluleli liyinhlangano yentando yeningi enika izakhamuzi amandla okuxazulula izimpikiswano ezisekelwe emaqinisweni nakumthetho njengoba kufundiswa.

UJuries uletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enkantolo. Izinqumo zabo zibonisa lokho umphakathi okubheka njengokuziphatha okwamukelekayo ezinhlanganweni. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo esikhipha isijeziso esiphawulekayo, sidlulisela umyalezo ocacile wokuthi ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kwadlula umngcele. Lesi sahlulelo somphakathi singaba namandla kakhulu kunenkokhelo evamile, ngenxa yokuthi sivela kontanga kunokuba sithathwe kulezoziphakamiso.

Emashumini eminyaka, ukuqulwa kwecala elikhulu labahluleli kuye kwabonisa lobu mbuso ngokuphindaphindiwe. Uma umsizi ebopha umkhiqizi ukuba alandise ngemiphumela eyingozi, imiphumela yokuzaca ingadlulela ngalé kwendaba eyenzekayo. Imithetho ye-mishuwalense yokushintshwa, izinhlelo zokusebenza kwenkampani zishintshwa, futhi izindinganiso zezemboni ziguquke. Ezimweni eziningi, umphumela ekugcineni uwumthetho omusha noma umthetho owenza ukuba abasizi bavikeleke ngokuphelele.

Ukutadisha Icala: I - Ford Pinto Nokukhula Kwemithetho Yokulondeka

Ayixoxiswanga ngethonya labasizi bejaji emthetho wabathengi ngaphandle kwecala likaFord Pinto lika-1970. Ngemva kokuba ijaji lithole iFord inecala lokufa okungalungile kwentsha eyaqhuma empikiswaneni yangemva, isinqumo sashaqisa imboni yezimoto. Isinqumo sabahluleli, esasihlanganisa ukulimala okukhulu kokujeziswa, sadalula iphutha elibulalayo ekuhlolweni kwezindleko ze-Ford: inkampani yalinganisela ukuthi izindleko zokubulala imoto ziyoncitshiswa ngokungenwa esikhundleni sokulungisa umklamo wemoto.

Ukukhala komphakathi okwalandela isahlulelo kwakukukhulu. Izindaba zagxila ezimfunekweni zobuqotho bangaphakathi zikaFord, ezazibonisa inzuzo ebandayo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni. Ukuphendula, izishaya-mthetho zeSishaya-mthetho nombuso zathatha izintambo zaya eziminyene ezindinganisweni zokuphepha kwezimoto. Icala lisalokhu liyisibonelo sencwadi yesinqumo esisodwa sokudalula izikhalazo zobuqotho besimiso sikaphethiloli, futhi isenzakalo esabekwa amajaji sanikela ngokuqondile kuyi-Mur Vehicle Safety Act amentment eyalandela. Icala lisenesibonelo sencwadi sendlela isinqumo esisodwa sokulawula inqubo yomthetho esibonisa ngayo imikhawulo yokulawula nokulungisa inqubo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngendaba yePito kanye nokuphepha kwayo, bheka izinhlelo zemoto ezivikelayo ze-NTSA kanye nokucubungula ukukhwabanisa kwenkampani.

Johnson & Johnson Talcum Pewder: Izigwebo Ezashintsha Izindinganiso Zokuvimbela

Uchungechunge lwezinqumo zamajaji ngokumelene noJohnson & Johnson ngemikhiqizo yakhe yempuphu ye-alcum lunikeza esinye isibonelo esinamandla. Kusukela maphakathi no-2010, amajaji eMissouri, eCalifornia, kanye nezinye izifunda zanikeza izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi engonakalisa abesifazane ababa nomdlavuza wesibeletho ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka besebenzisa impuphu yenkampane. Izincwadi zangaphakathi ezasungulwa ekuhlolweni zabonisa ukuthi uJohnson & Johnson wayewazi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba angcoliswe imvuza engcono kakhulu iminyaka eminingi kodwa wahluleka ukuxwayisa abathengi.

Lezi zinqumo zabahluleli zaba nomphumela osheshayo. Ukuqaphela umphakathi kwanda, futhi amaqembu abathengi afuna ukubizwa nokuhlolwa okunamandla okufunekayo. I-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yasabela ngokuhlola ngokwengeziwe imikhiqizo ye-talc yobuhle futhi ekugcineni ifaka izindinganiso ezintsha zokuhlola. Izifunda zikahulumeni eziningi zifaka umthetho ofuna abenzi bezimonyo ukuba bahlole i-asbestos futhi baveze imiphumela ephepheni lemikhiqizo. Ngo-2020, u-Johnson & uJohnson wamemezela ukuthi izoyeka ukuthengisa imfucu esekelwe e-talc eUnited States naseCanada, kodwa zidlulisele “imisformation” kodwa futhi zivume ukuthi i-partive.

Imiphumela eminingi yamajaji emacala ejaji ibonisa indlela izahlulelo eziphindaphindiwe ngenkampani eyodwa ezingabangela ngayo ukucindezela okwanele kwezombangazwe ukuze kuphoqelelwe ushintsho. Ukuze kucaciswe indima ye FDA ekuphepheni kokubukeka, kubhekiselwe kuhlelo lwe-FDA Cosmetics system [.

IVolkswagen Egistrals Scandel: Ukukhwabanisa Kwabathengi Kukhipha Imingcele Yezindinganiso Zendawo Ezungezile

Ihlazo lokukhipha u - diesel elamaVolkswagen, elaphela ngo - 2015, laholela ekutheni ikilasi labathengi lithathe isigwebo futhi kwaqulwa amajaji e - United States. Lapho kutholakala ukuthi i-Volkswagen yayifake izinhlelo zezinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukukhohlisa imishini yokukhipha igesi, ezisezindaweni eziningi zathola ukuthi inkampani inecala lokukhohlisa nokukhohlisa kwabathengi. Izinqumo ezavela, zihlangene nezenzo zomthetho, zaphoqelela i-Volkswagen ukuba ikhokhele izinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi zezimoto futhi ithenge amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezimoto.

Ithonya lomthetho lalilikhulu. I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) yabukeza imithetho yayo yokuhlola ukuze ibone imishini enqotshiwe ngokuphumelelayo, futhi i-Congress yalalela izinqubo eziphambili zokukhipha imvume kubo bonke abenzi bezimoto. Imithetho yokuvikela yabathengi ezifundani njengeCalifornia neNew York yalungiswa ukuze ihlanganise ulimi olucacile ngokukhwabanisa kwendawo ezungezile. Icala i-Volkswagen lakhuthaza futhi ukusungulwa kwemithetho emisha ye-EPA yamaloli namabhasi [, idlulisa izifundo ezifundwe ekuqulweni kwejaji.

Lokho okwaboniswa izinqumo zeVolkswagen ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kungalungisa ukulimala ngokomzimba kuphela kodwa futhi nokulahlekelwa okumsulwa kwezomnotho okubangelwa ukukhohlisa. Lapho abathengi bekhokha intela yemoto ehlanzekile ‘ engcolisayo' eqinisweni, amajaji ajezisa ukukhohlisa okwanele ukuguqula ukuziphatha kwenkampani nokuphatha kukahulumeni.

I - Legislative Sedfued Boop: Ukusuka Esontweni Kuya Esiya Esiya Emithethweni

Inqubo inqubo abahluleli abaphume ngayo ekuthonyeni imithetho yokuvikela abathengi iqondwa kangcono njengendlela yokubuyisela izwi. Uma ijaji likhipha isinqumo esibalulekile, indaba ikhuliswa yinyuswa yinyuswa imithombo yezindaba. Imithetho iyaqaphela, ikakhulukazi uma isinqumo sembula ubuthakathaka eqenjini elingokomthetho elikhona. Ukucindezela okuqinile, futhi kugcinwa izimemezelo. Ekugcineni, kubhaliwe, kuphikiswana ngendaba, futhi kudluliswa.

Leli jika lisebenza kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni. Eqinisweni, eziningi zezivikelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zabathengi e-United States zazalwa ezinqumweni zejaji ezaziveza amagebe emthethweni. Itafula elilandelayo linikeza ukuqhubekeka okuvamile:

IVerdict-to-Law Pippline

  • Ukuvezwa kwegebe: Isinqumo samajaji sembula ukuthi umthetho wamanje uhlulekile ukuvikela abathengi ekulimaleni okuthile.
  • Imedia kanye no-Previce Awarereness:[ Izinqumo eziphezulu-profile zibangela ukusakazwa kwezindaba, ukufundisa abenzi bomthetho nomphakathi ngokufanayo.
  • [ I-Inquiry e-Integer: i-Congress congression noma ikomiti yesizwe yemithetho iqala uphenyo kulendaba eyisisekelo.
  • I-Protosal: abamisi-mthetho bamisa umthetho oklanyelwe ukuvala igebe, ngokuvamile ucaphuna icala labasizi-jaji ngokuqondile.
  • Ukuzwa kwePublic ne-Advocacy: amaqembu abathengi, abameleli bezemboni, nochwepheshe bomthetho bayafakaza, ngesinqumo samajaji esisetshenziswa njengobufakazi besidingo senguquko.
  • Izenzo:[[FLT:] Umthetho omusha uqala ukusebenza, unikeza abathengi isivikelo esinamandla futhi unqande ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhathi esizayo.

Leliphayiphi aliziqalisi. Lidinga ukukhohliswa okuqhubekayo okuvela ezinhlanganweni zabathengi, abameli bezombangazwe abanezimo eziguquguqukayo. Kodwa isinqumo sabahluleli sisebenza njengesakhi esinamandla, sinikeza isibonelo esiqinile sokulimala okungenakushaywa indiva.

Izenzo Zesigaba SeKhathena Eliphezulu Nethonya Laso

Izinqumo zekilasi zinethonya elikhulu kakhulu emthethweni ngoba zihlanganisa inani elikhulu labantu abathi. Uma ijaji lithola ukuthi inkampani imelene nesigaba esithile, isahlulelo sivame ukuhilela izigidi noma izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi. Lezi zinqumo ziveza izihloko eziphambili futhi ziphoqelela ukuba ziqashelwe kuhulumeni ophakeme kakhulu.

Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo iSivumelwano esinguMphathi kagwayi uSettlement, esathi saphetha amashumi eminyaka empikiswano nokuqulwa kwecala kubenzi bakagwayi abakhulu. Nakuba isivumelwano sokugcina sayindawo yokuxoxa, salolongwa yizinqumo zejaji ezazisezibeke isijeziso esikhulu kakade. Isivumelwano saholela ekuvuleni izinguquko ezinkulu ekukhangiseni ngogwayi, ekukhangiseni imingcele yokukhangisa, nasekusunguleni kwe-American Leace Foundation. Sabuye sakhuthaza imithetho kahulumeni edinga ukuvunywa kwezingozi zempilo ezihlobene nokubhema.

Muva nje, ukukhipha izinqumo ezithathwa ikilasi ngokumelene nezinkampani ezithaka imithi ngokuthengisa ama - opioid okukhohlisa kuye kwashukumisela abameli bezwe ukuba baphishekele umthetho omusha ovimbela ukugunyazwa nokumiswa kweminikelo yezemisebenzi ezimalini zokwelapha eziluthayo. Indima yamajaji kulezi zimo ibiwukuqinisekisa ukuhlupheka kwezinkulungwane zama - alphantiff nokulinganisela umonakalo ngendlela abalawuli abangeke bawubeke ngayo.

Indlela Iziphakamiso Ezithonya Ngayo Ukuziphatha Okuqinile Ngaphandle Komthetho

Akubona bonke amacala amacala abahluleli axhomeke emithethweni emisha. Ngezinye izikhathi usongo nje lwesinqumo samajaji lungashintsha ukuziphatha kwenkampani. Amakhampani aqondisa izinqumo ezicushwe abahluleli, ikakhulukazi ezikhundleni ezisebenza kuzo. Uma inkampani ibona umncintiswano ushaywa ngenkokhelo enkulu yamajaji ngenxa yenqubo ethile, ngokuvamile ishintsha izinqubo zayo ukuze igweme icala elifanayo.

Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “umphumela wobuwula” wamacala abahluleli. Isebenza ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isenzo somthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwezahlulelo eziningana ezimelene namakhaya asebekhulile asebekhulile abasebenza ngokungafanele, izakhiwo eziningi zandiswa ngokuzithandela izilinganiso zabahlengikazi ezize zifike ezindinganisweni ezibekelwe isineke ngisho noma kungekho mthetho omusha kahulumeni ozifunayo. Baqonda ukuthi ijaji liyohlola ukuziphatha kwalo ngokuphambene nendinganiso yokucabangela, futhi bavumelanisa.

Imiphumela yokunqanda inamandla ikakhulukazi uma kuhileleke isijeziso. Ukujeziswa kuklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukujezisa nokunqanda ukuziphatha okubi. Uma amajaji ephoqelela, awathumeli nje kuphela ummangalelwa kodwa kuyo yonke imboni. Ingozi yokujeziswa iyisisusa esinamandla ezinkampanini ukuba zifake imali ekuthobeleni, ekulawuleni izinga, nasekulondekeni kwabathengi.

Nokho, ukuncika ekunqandeni amajaji kuphela kunemingcele. Ezinye izinkampani zingabala ukuthi amathuba okumangalelwa aphansi ngokwanele ukuba kuthethelelwe ukuziphatha okuyingozi. Yingakho imibuso enamandla kakhulu evikela abathengi ihlanganisa ukufinyelela kobujaji ngezindinganiso ezicacile. Zombili ziqinisana: imithetho ebeka iphansi, futhi izinqumo zingaphoqelela izinkampani ukuba zeqe lelo gumbi.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinselele Ebuhlotsheni Bomthetho KaJury

Izinselele eziningana zinganciphisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinqumo zejaji nokushintsha kwemithetho. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukusebenzisa ukuqalwa njengethuluzi lokuguqula inguquko.

Imiphumela Eguquguqukayo

Izincwadi zakhiwa abantu, futhi abantu banezici ezihlukene. Kwezinye izimo, abasizi bejaji bangase babe nozwela olungafanele kummangalelwa wenkampani, ikakhulukazi uma imfuno yabamangalelwa ibonakala yeqisa. Kwezinye izimo, abahluleli bangase bathonywe ukunxenxa okungokomzwelo kunokuba banikeze ubufakazi obuqinile. Lokhu kuguquguquka kungakwenza kube nzima ngabamisi-mthetho ukudweba izifundo ezicacile ezinqunyweni zabahluleli.

Ngokwesibonelo, ijaji kwelinye izwe lingase likhokhele ukulimala okukhulu kwezidakamizwa ezikhubazekile, kuyilapho ijaji kwelinye izwe lilahla ukumangalela okufanayo ngokumelene nommangalelwa ofanayo ngamaqiniso afanayo. Abenzi bomthetho bangase bangaqiniseki ukuthi babheke isinqumo njengobufakazi benkinga yesimiso noma njengokuvimbela.

Izindleko Eziphakeme Zokuqamba Amanga

Icala lokuvikela lezentengiselwano liyabiza. Badinga ofakazi abangochwepheshe, abathola okuningi, futhi ngokuvamile iminyaka eminingi yokumangalela. Kubathengi abaningi, izindleko nengozi yokuletha icala lejaji ingekho esimweni. Ngenxa yalokho, amacala angathi sína kakhulu noma labo abazolimala kakhulu bafinyelela esinqumweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ithonya labasizi bejaji ligxile ezimbonini eziphambili, kuyilapho izindawo ezingazuzisi kakhulu zokulimaza abathengi zingase zingaba yizintambo.

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho njengamalungiselelo okukhokha imali nezinqubo zekilasi zisiza ekunciphiseni izithiyo, kodwa ukufinyelela ubulungisa kuseyinselele. Uma ama - caltiff acebe kakhulu noma amanxeba angathi sína kuphela ebangela ukuqulwa kwecala, uphawu oluthunyelwa kubamisi - mthetho aluphelele.

Ukumelana Nokwenqatshwa Nokwephulwa Kwemithetho

Ngisho noma isinqumo sabahluleli sibonisa ngokucacile isidingo sesivikelo esisha, isenzo somthetho asiqiniseki. Izimboni ezinamandla zivame ukumelana nezinguquko, ziphikisa ngokuthi imithetho ekhona yanele noma ukuthi imithetho emisha ingenza izindleko ezingadingekile. Kwezinye izimo, izishaya-mthetho zesizwe ziye zamisa imithetho [ isilinganiso ikhono lokugcina izinkampani zinecala, njengangokopha izindleko zokukhipha isijeziso noma ukubeka izimfuneko zesigaba esiqinile.

Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo i-Class Action Fairness Act ka-2005, eyashukumisela amacala amakhulu esigaba kusukela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuya ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, lapho izithiyo zezentengiselwano zivame ukuba zinkulu khona. Lo mthetho wawusekelwa izithakazelo zezebhizinisi ezaziphikisa ukuthi amacala enkantolo ayengenaluzwela kakhulu. Imiphumela yayiwukunciphisa izinqumo zesigaba futhi kanjalo ukucindezela kwabenzi bomthetho ukuba balungise imithetho evikela abathengi.

Ukuqinisa Ukuhlobana Phakathi Kwemibukiso Nesivikelo Sabathengi

Ithonya lemithetho yokuvikela abathengi lingase liqiniswe kanjani uma kucatshangelwa izinselele, ukuqulwa kwecala liyokwenqatshelwa.

Ukufundisa Amaphupho Ngezindaba Zezohwebo

Abakhokhi abanakwenza izinqumo eziqondiswe ngolwazi uma bengaqondi izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho nomongo. Izinkantolo nabameleli basemthethweni kufanele basebenzele ukuthuthukisa iziyalezo zejaji futhi banikeze izincazelo ezicacile zezindaba zesivikelo zabathengi ezisengozini. Uma abajaji beqonda ukubaluleka okukhulu kwendima yabo, bathambekele kakhulu ekukhipheni izinqumo ezivumelana nezindikimba zemithetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, emacaleni ayinkimbinkimbi okuthaka imithi, amajaji angasebenzisa ulimi olulula ukuze achaze indlela inkampani ehluleka ngayo ukuxwayisa abathengi ngendlela ehlukile kweyezemboni.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubona Okucace Enqubweni Yokulahla

Ukubona ngaphaya kwamandla kubalulekile ekuguquleni isinqumo somthetho esisebenza ngokukhipha izinqumo. Uma izinqumo zivalwa noma ziyimfihlo, ukuvinjelwa kwazo nemiphumela yazo ephawulekayo kuyaqashelwa. Izinkantolo kufanele zivumele ukutholakala komphakathi emibhalweni egciniwe equlwayo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela impilo yomphakathi noma ukuphepha. Amaqembu abathengi angasiza ngokukhipha izinqumo ezisemthethweni nangokuhumushela izifushaniso ezifinyelelwe imithombo yezindaba nomphakathi.

Izinhlangano eziningana zigcina izinhlelo zesinqumo sejaji ezicatshangelwe abantu. Le mininingwane iyimithombo ewusizo kubacwaningi nabenzi bezimiso abafuna ukubona ukuthi kuyini ushintsho olungokomthetho futhi bahlole isidingo sokuguqula inqubo yesinqumo. Uma iqhubeka iveza izimpawu, kulapho ithonya layo likhula khona.

Ukusekela Okukhuthazayo Kwemithetho

Abenzi bomthetho kudingeka bafundiswe ngokubaluleka kwezinqumo zejaji. Amaqembu abathengi nabameli abavamile bangafeza indima ngokunikeza ubufakazi phambi kwamakomiti omthetho, ukunikeza ukwaziswa ngezimiso zesinqumo, nokuxoxa ngezindaba zezisulu ezingemva kwamacala. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nemithetho nezisebenzi zawo kuqinisekisa ukuthi uma amazwe anqumayo amakhulu, kuthathwa njengengxenye yenqubo ehlukile kunokuba kube isenzakalo esihlukile.

Ngokwesibonelo, ummeli omkhulu kahulumeni angase anikeze umbiko ngemva kwesinqumo esikhulu sokukhwabanisa abathengi, achaze imiphumela ehilelekile. Lemibiko ingaba isisekelo sezikweletu ezintsha.

Ikusasa Lethonya LikaJury Ekuzinzeni Okungokomthetho Okushintshashintshayo

Njengoba umthetho wokuvikela ovela kubathengi uqhubeka ushintsha, indima yabasizi bejaji cishe iyoshintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezifiso zomphakathi nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe.

Ingozi Yobuchwepheshe Nenqwaba

Ubuchwepheshe obusha — kusukela ebuhlakani bokuzenzela kuya ekuthunyeleni imininingwane yokuphulwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu — buyoveza izinhlobo ezintsha zokulimala kwabathengi ezingase zingangeni kahle eziqenjini ezingokomthetho ezikhona. Amajukupho azobizwa ukuba ahlole ukuthi izinkampani ziye zadlula ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha nezingokomthetho kulamasimu angakaqashelwa. Izinqumo zazo ziyonikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile kubenzi bomthetho abazama ukuhambisana nokusungulwa.

Igagasi lamuva lezehlakalo zokwephulwa kokwaziswa liyafundisa. UJury ukhipha izinqumo ezimelene nezinkampani ezinjengo-Equifax noMarriott ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuvikela ukwaziswa kwabathengi kuye kwashukumisela izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuba zihlongoze ukugcinwa okukhulu kweze-inthanethi kanye nokuqaphelisa izimfuneko. Njengoba imininingwane yemfihlo iba indaba eyinhloko yabathengi, amajaji ayoba nendima eyinhloko ekuchazeni izinga lokunakekela.

Enye Impikiswano Nethonya Layo

Ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwezisho ezigunyaziwe zezivumelwano zabathengi kusongela ukunciphisa inani lamacala abahluleli. Uma abathengi bephoqelelwa ukuba bafake icala, balahlekelwa ilungelo lokuba abahluleli, futhi uphawu lomphakathi olunikezwa isinqumo alukho. Lokhu kushintsha kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabasekeli babathengi, abaphikisa ngokuthi ukuncishiswa kwemithetho kululaza kokubili ukwahlulela nokuguqula isimiso somuntu ngamunye.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zaqala ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa okuphoqelelwe, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela ukulimala komuntu siqu noma ukukhwabanisa.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

Ithonya lamacala abahluleli abasemacaleni abathengi alikho e-United States kuphela. Nakuba izimiso zabahluleli zingavamile kwamanye amazwe, amazwe amaningi aye amukela izici zokuhlanganisa ukuthatha iqhaza kwezakhamuzi. Emazweni anjengeCanada, i-United Kingdom, ne-Australia, amacala omphakathi angathonya imiphumela yokulawula ngezindlela ezifanayo zokuphikisa.

Izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziye zaqaphela futhi ukubaluleka kokuqulwa kwecala lejaji lesizwe njengendlela yokuhlola amandla enkampani. Njengoba izimakethe zabathengi zinwetshwa kakhulu, ithonya lejaji elinqamule imingcele liyokhula. Isinqumo sombuso wejaji kwelinye icala singashukumisela abathengi ukuba benze imisebenzi yokuzimela nokulungisa imithetho kwezinye, kubangele ukunqwabelana kwezindlela zokuvikela ezidlula imingcele yezwe.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwemiphumela yecala lejaji nemithetho yokuvikela abathengi kunamandla futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Kusukela kuyiFord Pinto kuze kuthathe ihlazo lokukhipha i-Volkswagen, umlando ubonisa ukuthi amajaji angasebenza njengezisekelo zokuguqula okungokomthetho, aguqule izikhalo zomuntu ngamunye zibe ushintsho olungokwezimiso. Izinqumo zawo ziveza izikhala ezisobala emthethweni, umbono womphakathi, kanye nabakhi bomthetho abacindezelayo ukuba bathathe isinyathelo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimiso sinamaphutha aso. iBias, izindleko, nokumelana nemithetho kungalinganisela ithonya lezinqumo zamajaji. Kodwa ngokufundisa abahluleli, ukukhuthaza ukubonakala, nokukhuthaza ukusabela kwemithetho, abagcini bemithetho bangaqinisa lokhu kuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezivamile nemithetho ezizivikelayo.

Ikusasa lesivikelo sabathengi ngokwengxenye lixhomeke ekulondolozeni nasekuthuthukiseni indima yejaji. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha budala izinhlobo ezintsha zokulimala, futhi njengoba izinkampani zisebenza ezimakethe ezikhudlwana, isidingo sesimiso sokwahlulela esiqinile somphakathi asikaze sibe sikhulu. Ukuqulwa kwecala, ngegunya lazo lentando yeningi nelezimiso zokuziphatha, kuyoqhubeka kufeza indima eyinhloko ekuqinisekiseni izinkampani ukuba ziphendule futhi zivuse izinguquko ezingokomthetho eziqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle kwabo bonke abathengi.