Isingeniso

Umsebenzi womthetho wamuva nje kulo lonke elase-United States uyiguqule ngokuphawulekayo imfundiso engokomthetho yokuvikela ubukhosi, evikela uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo emacaleni ngaphandle kokuba bavume ukumangalelwa. Nakuba ukuvikela kombuso kunezimpande ezijulile emthethweni wesiNgisi, eminyakeni embalwa edlule iye yabona igagasi lemithetho kahulumeni elinganiselwe noma enwetshwe ubukhulu bayo, idala umsebenzi wemithetho onamandla nophikisanayo. Lezinguquko zithinta yonke into ngokuzisho kwamaphoyisa ukuthi angaziphathi kahle ezikhwameni zesikole zomphakathi, ngemiphumela engokwezimali nangemisebenzi emikhulu yezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nemithena yemithelo.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izinguquko zikahulumeni eziwumphumela omkhulu, sihlaziya imiphumela yazo ngezakhamuzi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi sihlola ukuthambekela okubanzi okungokomthetho okuyobumba isimiso sokuzimela esizimele eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo.

Ukuqonda Ukungahlangani KoMbusi: Umbusi Oyinhloko

Ngaphakathi, ukuvikela kombuso ozimele kuvikela indikimba kahulumeni ekumangalelwe ngaphandle kwemvume yayo ecacile. Lemfundiso isuka esimisweni sesiNgisi senkathi ephakathi sokuthi “inkosi ayinakwenza okungalungile,” futhi yafakelwa eMelika ngomthetho ovamile. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., iSichibiyelo seshumi nenye siqinisa ukuvikelwa kobukhosi bemibuso, kodwa imithetho yesizwe nemithetho yayo futhi inikeza isivikelo sazo siqu sezinhlangano zikahulumeni, amadolobha, izilinganiso, nezinye izigaba zezombangazwe.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho ziye zaqaphela ukuthi ukugonyelwa okuphelele akunakwenzeka embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zadlula zisho ukuthi ukuzivikela kohlobo oluthile lokunganaki (umzk., izingozi zezimoto ezihilela izimoto zikahulumeni) kodwa zikugcina lapho kungenziwa izinqumo ezingokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, i-Civil Act of 1871 [42] Act of FLT (42 U.S.C. 1983) ivumela ukuba kugwenywe ohulumeni bendawo ngenxa yokuphula umthetho, nakuba kungawulondolozeli ngokuphelele umthetho owezwelo. Umphumela umqulu oyinkimbinkimbi wemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho.

Ukuqonda indawo yamanje kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela akuwona umthetho owodwa kodwa iqoqo lamacala ahlukile, imingcele, kanye nezingasikeli ezihluka kakhulu ngokombuso. Umsebenzi wamuva wemithetho uye wagxila ezicini ezintathu eziyinhloko: izinhlobo zokusho okuvunyelwe, inani lengozi elula, futhi izithiyo ezisemgangathweni kumelwe zinqotshwe.

Izinguquko Zomthetho Kahulumeni Muva nje: Ukubukeka Okunemininingwane

Phakathi kuka - 2021 no - 2025, okungenani imibuso engu - 20 iye yamisa imithetho enweba noma egunyaza isivikelo sokuzivikela sobubusi. Amaqembu alandelayo ahlola izibonelo eziphawulekayo, eziqokomisa ukuhlukahluka kwezindlela zokungena kanye nesimiso esiziqondisayo.

IFlorida: Izindawo Zokulimaza Nezintsha Ezihlukile

Ngo-2023, iFlorida yadlulisa i-SB 236, eyandisa ukulimala kwesimiso sokuzivikela kombuso okusuka ku-R240 000 kuya ku-R340 000 umuntu ngamunye futhi yaveza inguquko entsha esukela ku-R340 000 kuya ku-R6 000 ngengozi yempi emelene nombuso kanye nezindawo zayo ezingaphansi. Umthetho futhi wandisa umkhohlisi ukuba ahlanganise [[[FLLT:0]] nowembula ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo [[ [R1] futhi waveza ukuhlukana okusha kokuthiwa kwebhethri yebhhobhini yizisebenzi zikahulumeni. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi iseza ibhithi liphansi kakhulu ukuba likhokhele izisulu zezingozi ezinkulu, kuyilapho abaphikisi bemishuwa kakhulu kohulumeni bendawo. INhlangano yaseFlorida yalinganisela ukuthi ukushintsha izakhiwo zezindawo ezingaphezulu ngonyaka ngonyaka [ayizigidi ezingu-50]

Ngokuphawulekayo, umthetho walondoloza imfuneko kahulumeni ye-, egunyaza ukuba uhele uhele ube yisaziso esingokomthetho phakathi neminyaka emithathu yesenzakalo, isithiyo se-procedrogue esivimbele izibalo eziningi. Abagxeki bathi lemfuneko ilulaza isikweleti esikhudlwana. ( Bheka isifushaniso seSigebe se-Florida ])

ECalifornia: Ukunwebeka Kwemisebe Ye - Waiver Yokuphepha Komphakathi Nempilo

ICalifornia ngokwesiko ithathe indlela ebanzi yokuvimbela ukuvikela komzimba ekuzimela, kodwa umthetho wamuva uqhubekele phambili. AB 1988, isayiniwe ngo-2022, ivumela ukusho kwe-tort ngokumelene nohulumeni bendawo ngokunganaki ukusabela ngokunganaki ezingcingo zezokwelapha [ lapho uhulumeni eye wathatha umsebenzi wokunikeza izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle. Umthetho washukunyiswa yindaba lapho umthumeli wama-911 wahluleka khona ukuthumela i-ambulensi cishe imizuzu engu-40, okuphumela ekubulaweni kwesiguli. Umthetho omusha ususa “inkonzo yasobala” lapho uhulumeni uvikekile idolobha ngaphambili.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SB 419 encishisiwe evikelayo ekwakheni imingcele ebanzi yokuzisholo ukuthi ivela ku ukungcola kwamanzi okuphuzwa umphakathi yizinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezindawo, kuhlanganise nalezo ezibangelwa ukwehluleka ukuvumelana ne-Sefic Meter Act. Lo mthetho waqhutshwa yinkinga yamanzi nezenzakalo ezifanayo ehlanekezelwe eCalifornia. Indawo ezungezile yancoma lo mthetho njengenyathelo lokuziphendulela ngezindleko zikahulumeni, kuyilapho izifundazwe zixwayisa “ukuchoboza”. [[ Bheka uMthetho-AB

ITexas: Ukwanda Okuncane ‘ Ngesimiso Semithetho ’

Umthetho waseTexas ngokuvamile udinga umthetho oqondile ukuze uvimbele ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke. Ezimisweni zamuva, isishayamthetho sidale izigijimi ezimngcingo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, iHB 2065 (2023) ivumela amasudi amelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze kulondolozwe imigwaqo ehlolwe uhulumeni [[ ekwisimo esibangela ukushayisana kwemoto /a imbangela yesenzo ngaphambili esivinjelwe ukuzivikela. Imali yalwe yimikhaya ye-injini ye-injini eyalimala kabi emigwaqweni emikhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo zase Texas ziye zachaza i-Taxas Tort Actiess Act ngokukhululekile, zivumela ukufunwa kwe-“premisses centre" eyake yathathwa njengeyekwa emakhawulweni. Ithonya lenetha ukukhucululwa kancane kancane kwesimiso sokuvikela impahla ezicaleni ezihlobene nempahla, kodwa isishayamthetho sinqabele isimiso esihlukene esibizwa abameli abathe “asingathathi i-ocessies triary". futhi abameli baphikisane yimfuneko ekuvikeleni umphakathi i-fisc.

INew York: I - Nkosi I - Immunony ne - Vaccine Mandai Era

Okuhlangenwe nakho kweNew York kokuzivikela kobukhosi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 kubonisa i-ENCT yemfundiso. Ngo-2024, isishaya-mthetho sakhipha umthetho owenqabela ukuvinjelwa kombuso i-COVID-19 yomjovo wokugomela ugunyaza ukumangalelwa [[ kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezadutshulwa noma zayalwa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukugonywa. Umthetho waklanyelwa ukuqeda ukulwa kwecala lesigaba eliye lathathwa ngezizathu zokuvikela izikhali, kodwa wabangela ukuba kube nempikiswano mayelana nokungavumelani komthetho womthetho we-retroiserveve. INkantolo yezokudlulisa (inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni) yasekela umthetho ekupheleni konyaka ka-2024, ithola ukuthi igunya elikhulu lokulawula imvume yokuzivumela imibandela.

Lelicala libalulekile ngoba libonisa ukuthi abalweli abazimele abavikelayo bangasetshenziswa ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambili ebesibhekwa njengeqanda. Isinqumo siye sakhuthaza ezinye izifundazwe ukuba zicabangele iziphakamiso ezithathelwanayo zezinkinobho ezishisayo njengezinto ezibangela unya lwamaphoyisa kanye nokukhokhwa okungalungile. ( Funda iNkantolo Yezimpinda )

IMichigan: Ukuhlanganisa “Umsebenzi Ongokwenkolo”

Isishaya-mthetho saseMichigan siye sathatha indlela evimbela kakhulu, sihlose ukunciphisa ukwanda kwecala ngezinqumo zenkantolo. Ngo-2023, iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseMichigan yanquma ku Ridle v. Michigan ukuthi i-'inhlangano kahulumeni ingamangalelwa ngenxa yokunganaki okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi yecala'inqubo” (umz., ukusebenza isibhedlela) kodwa hhayi ngenxa yemisebenzi yezentelezi” (umkl. isivikelo samaphoyisa). I-Provice yaphendula nge-HB 4254 (2024), eyafaka ukuhlolwa okukhulu komthetho futhi yenezela ulwelwelwesi olusha lwezenzo ze-[FLD [FLD] [FFFT] [3] lapho i-Republic. I-Republic Republican ivikela i-odvrention, futhi yakwayadiv, kwadingeka kuhulumeni bendawo, futhi i-Delshievinywe i-orrul.

Ukuthutha kukaMichigan kuyingxenye yokuthambekela okubanzi: izifunda eziningi, kuhlanganise iTennessee neIndiana, eminyakeni yamuva nje ziye zamisa imithetho ecacisa noma eqinisa ukuvikeleka ngenxa yezenzo zokuzinqumela, ebonisa ukumelana nezenzo zokwahlulela ezicatshangelwayo.

Izicelo Zokusetshenziswa Kukahulumeni Nokulawulwa Kwezingozi

Ukushintsha kokuzivikela kobushiqela kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa ngayo imali, eziqasha ngayo izisebenzi futhi zilawule ingozi.

Izindleko Ezikhulayo Zokubheja Nezikhungo Zomshuwalense

Uma ukuzivikela kombuso kuncishisiwe, izindleko zokuvikela amacala ziyanda ngokulinganayo. Ohulumeni bathenga [[FLT: 0] umshuwalense wokuzimela kubathwali abazimele noma abazandisa ngemali ehlangene. Ngokombiko ka-2024 we-Romational Accounting Standards Board (GASB), uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bebonke bakhokhe imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R6,2 [ayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-202] ezikwehlela umshuwalense ngonyaka 2023/12% okhuphuzwa yimali ehlangeneyo. EUnited States njengo-Florida nase California aye abona izingozi ze-10-18. Izingozi manje zisekela ukuphepha okukhulu, njengokuqeqeshelwa kwezimoto nokuthunyelwa kwezimoto ezithuthukile, ukunqanda ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo zokuzimpi.

Izinguquko Eziwusizo Emsebenzini Womphakathi

Ukwesaba ukuphakanyiswa kungaholela ohulumeni ekushintsheni izinkonzo noma ngisho baziqede. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokwehliswa kwe-AB 1988 kwe-EMS e-California, izilinganiso eziningana zasemaphandleni zamemezela ukuthi zingalinganisela inkonzo yazo ye-ambulense ukuze “zithunyelwe kuphela lapho isiteshi sigcwele,” ziveza izinkathazo. Ngokufanayo, izifunda zesikole zaseTexas ziye zacabangela ukususa imidlalo ngemva kwamahora amaningi ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwenkantolo yokukhipha ukuthi umsebenzi wokunakekela udlulela ngalé kwamahora esikoleni. Lemiphumela engalindelekile ibonisa ukuthi izintambo zomthetho ezimisiwe eziqinile kumelwe zihlasele lapho imithetho yokuvikela isebenza.

Ithonya Ezisebenzini Zikahulumeni Nokuqasha

Ohulumeni bangase babhekane nobunzima bokuthola ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe − ikakhulukazi izisebenzi ezisiza abaqeqeshiwe, amaphoyisa, nonjiniyela abasebenza emphakathini (uma bebona ingozi enkulu yokuzibeka icala. Nakuba izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza izikhulu zezempilo ukunyuselwa kwezisebenzi [ ezimangalelwe emandleni angokomthetho, izikhala zisekhona. Izinguquko zamuva zemithetho eGeorgia nase Louisiana ziye zandisa ukuchayeka komuntu siqu izikhulu zezempilo zasobala [ phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zomhlalaphansi kuleyo minyango. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izigodlo ziye zasabela ngokuvikela komthetho ezisebenzini, njengokuvikela abashazi bebhasi bebhasi besikole seOhiogcoption ngenxa yokunganaki evamile.

Izimfuneko Zezakhamuzi: Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni Nokubambisana

Kubantu abalimala ngenxa yokunganaki kukahulumeni, izinguquko ezingokomthetho zokuvikela izifo zingashintsha ikhono labo lokuthola isinxephezelo.

Izingqinamba Eziyisisekelo Zisalokhu Zingatholakala

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga ukuvalwa kwemibono [ yalabo abangenakho ukumelelwa ngokomthetho] ngaphakathi kwefasitela elimfushane (futhi izinsuku ezingu-90 kuya kwezingu - 180), ukuvumelana ngokuqinile nezenzo zetort, nokuphelelwa amakhambi okulawula ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe icala. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ama-pactic aphansi nalawo angenawo umthetho avame ukulahlekelwa yile mithetho. Umthetho wamuva ezizweni njengaseNingizimu Carolina ne-Missississippi owandisa izimfuneko ze-procedturas awuzange ukwenze kube lula ngesikhathi esisodwa, uholela abameleli ukuba baphikise ukuthi “ukuguqula okungakholekiyo. Izinkantolo zisekela ukuthobela okuqinile, ngisho nasezimweni ezibonisa uzwela.

Umonakalo Uba Inkemba Enezintambo Ezimbili

Umonakalo wezimpahla ze-faces − njengomngcele omusha we-$200,000 (R1 000 000) person , osetshenziswa njengophahla oludinga ukululama, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungakanani ukulimala noma izinga lokuphambuka. Nakuba izikhonkwane ziqinisa izimali zikahulumeni, zingazikhokha ngokuphawulekayo izisulu zezingozi zenhlekelele. Ukuhlolwa okushayo [kungu-2023] kwe- i-American Law ne-Economics Association ithola ukuthi izifunda ezinezikhothako ezizimele ngaphansi kuka-R50 000 000 [R1] zibona kuphela izinxephelo zezomnotho ezikhokhwayo ezikhokhwayo, kanye nezinsalelayo ezincishiwe yintela, intengo encithane, imboni eholayo, nemikhaya emisha. Lokhu kuye kwandisa isingciso sokubiza izimali eziboza imali, kodwa izintambo ezimbalwa eziboshelwe ukunyuka.

Izisulu Zamalungelo Omphakathi Ziyaphulwa: Isigaba Esikhethekile

Ingxenye 1983 iphika ohulumeni bendawo (kodwa hhayi ngokwesifunda) abangaphansi kwesimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni, ngenxa ye-Supremacy Claus. Nokho, izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ziye zanciphisa izimo lapho omasipala bengase babekwe khona ngokomthetho owemithetho engekho ngokwemithetho engokomthetho (bona Monell v. Umnyango WezeNtlalo-nkonzo izizwana ezisemzingeni]). Umthetho kahulumeni awunakwandisa ukuzivikela ngalé kwalokho okuvunyelwe nguMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ungenza ezinye izithiyo, njengokufuna isithiyo enyanyeni elingekho mthethweni" kunokunganaki nje. Izizwe eziningi, kuhlanganise noMissouri no-Arkanskansday, ziye zadlulisela imithetho ephansi ngenxa yemithetho engokomthetho yecala engokomthetho yemithetho engokomthetho, kodwa ezinhlangothini ezihlukene kuphela.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezindaba Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko zemithetho yezwe ezichazwe ngenhla azizange zithathelwe cala enkantolo. Abameli baye baphakamisa izimpikiswano ezintathu eziyinhloko zomthetho-sisekelo: (1) lezozihlukumezi eziyekelelayo ziphazamisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokuthatha izahlulelo zokugcina; (2) lezozinhlonhlo zomonakalo ziphula ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji; (3) nokuthi abanye abahluli bakhetha ngaphandle kwezikhulu zezwe ngokwephula amalungelo nokwephula amaImmunion Claus.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nezimpaphe Ezidla Ubhedu

ENew York, isigaba se-appellate sasekela i-panective date-manton irraiser, icaphuna amandla afanayo omthetho wokulungisa isimo sokuthatha isibopho “nangemva kwembangela yesenzo.” Nokho, i-Tennessssssssssssssses Supreme Court [ ibulala i-panerveiser efanayo ngo-2023, iphethe ukuthi ayizange ilulaze isiphetho sokwahlulela. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ekugcineni iNkantolo Ephakeme ingase idingenzeke ekuxazulu.

Izinselele Zovivinyo Lobusha

Umonakalo, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezinjenge-West Virginia neKentucky eziye zalondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elibi, uye wabekelwa inselele njengokwephula amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. INkantolo ePhakeme yaseKentucky ngo-20222 yabulala ipeyinti lombuso kahulumeni kaR250 000 yesimiso sokuvikela izikhali “njengoba ivunyelwe ngokomthetho ngelungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji,” iholela isikhulu sendlu yomthetho ukuba senze isigqebhethezelo esisha, esiphakeme sika-R350 000 esinenkomba esintantayo. Amanye amazwe aye athathe isaziso, futhi okungenani ayisithupha acabangela iziphetho zomthetho-mfakelo ezingokomthetho ezingavumela ngokuqondile ukulimala kwabamangalelwa abahubi.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo: Ingabe Kuzokwenziwa Okufanayo Noma Kuyohlukaniswe?

Isivumelwano somthetho womthetho wokuzivikela kombuso asiqinisekile. Kwesinye isandla, i-Uform Law Commission ngo-2024 idededele uMongameli Immunity Tort APpects ezizama ukulinganisela izinhlelo zomthetho ezizodwa, ukulimaza izigqoko, nezimfuneko ze-procedtura. Ukuhlanganisa, amazwe amathathu kuphela asungule umthetho osekelwe kumfanekiso, futhi awawudlulisi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubekwa kwezombangazwe ezisemkhankabeni zeze zezempiliso yamaphoyisa, izibopho zempilo yomphakathi, kanye nezindawo zokusebenza kuqinisekisa ukuthi izishaya umthetho wemithetho yokuzivikela ezicindezene.

Kunezimo ezimbili ezisanda kuvela ezidinga ukucatshangelwa:

  • ongeziwe “emithetho ekhethayo": Amazwe adlulisa izikweleti ezithi ukuvikela imfuno yegazi kuphela ngezindaba eziqondile, eziphezulu zeprofile jning `njengokuhlasela ngokobulili ezikoleni ([] ICalifornia, Colorado), ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ( [Michigan, Wisconsin, noma izingozi zemoto ([[[FLTLT:6]]]], Arizonega, Neva[FLD[FLD:7]]). Lokhu kwenza indawo yemithetho ehlukene ehlukeneyo.
  • Ukuvuka kwezimiso zokukhokha izinxephezelo: Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeVirginia neMinnesota, azihloli zimiso zokuphatha ezihlelekayo zokulimaza ezinye izingozi zikahulumeni (umz., ukulimala komjovo, ukuvalelwa ngecala) ezidlula izinkantolo ngokuphelele. Lezi zimiso zinikeza imbuyiselo ephansi kodwa futhi zinikeza impoqo eqinile kune-patriging.

Izazi ezingokomthetho zibikezela ukuthi phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo, ukungezwani phakathi kohulumeni kanye [FLT] no kuzokulondolozwa [ kuyokwenza izinguquko ezibanzi kakhulu, ngokunokwenzeka kuhlanganise neziqondiso zomthetho ezibanzi. Okwamanje, izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenzise indawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho ngokunakekela ngokucophelela imithetho ethile yombuso ngamunye.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wamuva nje ushintshe indawo yesimiso sokuvikela izikhali ezizimele, indinganiso eyandayo kwezinye izindawo lapho uqinisa isivikelo kwezinye. Kumonakalo we-Florida ukhula kufike ekukhululweni kwezisebenzi zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo eCalifornia, ushintsho ngalunye lubonisa ukukhetha kwezombangazwe ngamabomu ukuthi isigaba somphakathi kufanele sifake izingozi ezingaki. Kubantu, lemithetho ingasho umehluko phakathi kokuthola imbuyiselo ngokulimala okungathi sína nokungasasebenzi. Kuhulumeni, bafaka izimfuno ezintsha ekuqondiseni kwengozi, ekuhleleni imali, nasekuthunyelweni kwenkonzo. Njengoba indawo ezungezile engokomthetho iyaqhubeka iqala, bonke ababambi beminyango kumelwe baqhubeke besebenza ngokusebenza okuqinile, behlanganyela esimisweni somthetho, nalapho bedinga ukusekela ukulinganisela kokuphatha ngokulawula nokubusa.