Ukuqonda Isimiso Se - bidamul kuHulumeni

Isishaya-mthetho sezwe lakho siyigatsha likahulumeni ophethe ukwakha imithetho, ukuhlela imali, nokumelela izithakazelo zezakhamuzi. Ku-49 ezindaweni ezingama-50, isishaya-mthetho singu ibibamaral, okusho ukuthi inegumbi elilodwa: indlu ephezulu ebizwa ngokuthi iSigeqe nendlu ephansi ebizwa ngokuthi iNdlu yabameleli (noma uMhlangano, kuye ngokwezwe). Lesi sakhiwo sombuso wesigebengu siklanyelwe ukunikeza nokulinganisela phakathi kwenqubo yomthetho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ndikimba eyodwa engalawuliwe ekwenzeni umthetho.

Umsuka wobubhinara ohulumeni bezwe usukela ePhalamende laseBrithani nasemihlanganweni yakuqala yamakoloni. Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho wombuso bamukela lesi sibonelo ukuze bakhe indikimba efuna inkululeko engabukeza ngokucophelela umthetho ohlotshaniswayo ngemibono eminingi. Namuhla, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi, kuhlanganise nemfundo yezemfundo, imithetho yezempilo, ukuphepha komphakathi, izisekelo, nentela. Ukuqonda indima yabaphathi be-senendicard nabameleli kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukungenela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wabo.

Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwalamakamelo womabili uxhomeke ebunini bawo, ubude, kanye nobubanzi be-memo. Izimemezeli zivame ukusebenzisa amagama amade futhi zimelela izigodi ezinkulu zendawo, kuyilapho abameleli besebenzisa amagama amafushane futhi bamelela ama-constituence amancane, ahlelwe ngokwendawo. Bobabili bakha umgogodla wombuso olawulayo, unikeza kokubili ukuzinza nokusabela kokhetho.

ISigele Sikahulumeni: Isigungu Esiphezulu

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo

ISigele sincane kakhulu emagumbini amabili ezindlu zombuso eziningi. Izimemezelo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zinamalungu aphakathi kuka-20 no-50, nakuba inani eliqondile lihluka kakhulu ngokwezwe ngalinye. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele saseTexas sinamalungu angu-31, kanti iSigele saseMinnesota sinezigele ezingu-67. Ubukhulu obuncane beSigebengu buyinhloso, buvumela ukuba kube nengxoxo egxile kakhulu futhi kucatshangwe ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Abavoti bakhethwa ngabavoti ezifundeni zabo, ezinkulu kunalezo zabameleli. Isifunda sesigele esisodwa singahlanganisa izigodi eziningi zezindlu, izimemezelo zimelela ububanzi besiphambano somphakathi. Lombono obanzi uvumela abasizi ukuba bacabangele incazelo ebanzi yomthetho ohlongozwayo kunokuba bagxile kuphela ezinkathazweni zendawo.

Amagama Nezitho

Izimboni zivame ukusebenzisa amagama ande kakhulu kunabameleli. Ezifundazweni eziningi, izigebengu zisebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emine, nakuba ezinye izifundazwe, njengaseNew York neFlorida, zisebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili kuma-senator. Ukhetho olugcotshwe luvamile kuma-senate kazwelonke, okusho ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-senator amela ukukhethwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kunyakazamisa kunikeza ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphakathi egumbini, njengengxenye enkulu yamalungu anolwazi ehlala endaweni phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho.

Ubude besikhathi eside buklanyelwe ukunikeza izinkampani isikhathi esengeziwe sokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezicini eziyinkimbinkimbi njengezemali, ezokwelapha, nezobulungisa bobugebengu. Kuzivikela futhi ngandlela-thile ekushintsheni kombono womphakathi wesikhashana, kuzenze zikwazi ukuthatha indlela engcono yokubusa. Nokho, izimemezeli zihlala zilandisa ngokukhetha kwazo kwasikhathi sonke nangobuphathi bomphakathi.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

ISigele siqeqesha imibuso eminingana [[QLT:0] ehlukanisayo nendlu yabameleli. Lemibuso iyahluka ngokwezwe kodwa ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu: Umthetho-sisekelo wesifundazwe ufuna ukuba iSigele siqinisekise izikhundla zomphathi wekhabethe, izikhulu zokwahlulela, nezinye iziphathi zebanga eliphezulu. Lokhu kunikeza i-exickss kugunya lomphathi ophethe futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezimisiwe zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomthetho.
  • Isivumelwano sezindleko ezinkulu: Kwezinye izifundazwe, iSigele sinendima ekuvumeni izibopho, imali ebolekiwe, noma ezinye izibopho ezibalulekile ezingokwezimali ezenziwa uhulumeni wezwe.
  • [[[QUT:0] Imithetho yokungavumelani: Uma indlu ibeka isikhulu sombuso (njengombusi noma umahluleli), iSigele sisebenza njengendikimba yokuqulwa kwecala, sinquma ukuthi sizogwetshwa futhi sikhiphe isikhulu ehhovisi.
  • Imibono yomthetho: Njengendlu, iSigele kumelwe sidlulise zonke izikweleti ngaphambi kokuba zibe umthetho. ISigele singaphendulisa, senqabe, noma sivumele umthetho odluliswe yindlu, sinikeze ungwengwengwe lwesibili lokuhlola.

Ubukhulu obuncane beSigele ngokuvamile buvumela ukuphikisana okwengeziwe ngezindleko eziphikisanayo, namanxusa ngamanye anethuba eliningi lokuthonya umphumela kunalelo ebelingaba khona egumbini elikhulu. Lo msebenzi wokunciphisa igebesimeya uyimbangela eyinhloko yokuphikelela kwesimiso se-bidamal kuhulumeni wezwe.

Abaholi Namakomiti

Izimemezelo zikahulumeni zihlelwe ngesimiso sobuholi esihlanganisa isikhulu esiwengamele (esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi uMongameli weSigele noma uMbusi we- Lieutenant), abaholi abaningi nabambalwa, nezihlalo zamakomiti. AmaKomiti abalulekile enqubo yomthetho, njengoba evumela abasizi ukuba bathuthukise ulwazi olukhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, ezokuhamba, ezempilo, nezezimali. Isivumelwano kumelwe sidlule ngekomiti eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuba bathole ivoti esitejini seNdlu.

Indlu Kahulumeni Yabameleli: Isigungu Esiphansi

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo

Indlu yabameleli (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi umhlangano ezifundazweni ezinjengeCalifornia, Wisconsin, neNew York) iyigumbi elikhulu kunoma yisiphi isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni we-bidamaral. Ubukhulu bendlu buyahlukahluka kakhulu, kanti indlu encane kunazo zonke yase-Alaska iyindlu engu-40 eyilungu le-New Hampshire eyindlu engu-400. Izindlu eziningi zikahulumeni ziwela phakathi kwezingamalungu angu-50 kuya ku-1050.

Amalungu amakhulu endlu avumela ukuba afane nezigodi ezincane, ngokuvamile adala izigodi ezinezakhamuzi ezingu - 40 000 kuya ku - 100 000. Lokhu kuxhumana okuseduze nemiphakathi yendawo kusho ukuthi abameleli ngokuvamile bajwayelene kakhulu nezindaba zendawo ezinjengemali yesikole, ukunakekelwa kwemigwaqo, imithetho yokuhlanganisa izindawo, kanye nezinkonzo ezincane.

Amagama Nezitho

Abameleli bakhonza amagama amafushane kuna-i-senator, ngokwesiko iminyaka emibili. Esifundeni ngasinye ngaphandle kwe-Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, neNyakatho Dakota, ama-Pass amiswa eminyakeni emibili. Lamazwe amahlanu asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emine kubameleli bawo, avumelana namagama awo. Amagama amafushane aqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli banikezwa izikhulu zabo, abenza baphenduleke kakhulu ngezindaba zendawo.

Umjikelezo omfushane wevolotium usho ukuthi abameleli kumelwe bahlanganyele njalo nezigodi zabo, baba khona ezigijimeni zomphakathi, bahlangane nabameleli, futhi baxoxe ngezindaba zendawo. Lokhu kudala ukuhlobana okuseduze phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni wabo, isisekelo sentando yeningi yabameleli.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Indlu Yabameleli inemibuso ehlukile yomthetho - sisekelo ephelelisayo kodwa ehlukile kweyeSigele:

  • Ukusetshenziswa kwentela yemali:[ Imithetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ifuna ukuba izindleko zokuphakamisa imali (njengentela) zivele eNdlu. Lesisiko, esizuzwe ngefa kuKhongolo-mthetho wase-U.S., siqinisekisa ukuthi igumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu lisho into yokuqala ekukhokheni intela.
  • [ igunya lokufundisa:[ Indlu inamandla okubeka izikhulu zikahulumeni ngamunye, iletha amacala angokomthetho ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Uma indlu ivota ukuba ingamvoti, icala lishelela eSigeqeni sokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Imelelo yendawo:[ ngoba izigodi zendlu zincane, abameleli ngokuvamile bayindawo yokuqala yokuxhumana nezakhamuzi ezifuna usizo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, imvume, noma izikhalo zesimiso.
  • [ Ukuqalisa okusemthethweni: abameleli bethula ingxenye enkulu yemali ezindlini eziningi zezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, bebonisa ukugcizelela kwegumbi ekukhulumeni ngezidingo zohlanga kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zendawo.

Ubukhulu bendlu busho ukuthi impikiswano ngokuvamile ihlelwe kangcono, ngesilinganiso sesikhathi sezinkulumo nemithetho ehleliwe yokulawula ukugeleza kwemithetho. Lesi simiso sisiza i- House ukuba iqhubeke i-ace yomthetho ephakeme uma iqhathaniswa neSigele.

Abaholi Namakomiti

Indlu iholwa uSpeaker, okhethwa amalungu. USweimer ulawula uhlelo lwezishaya - mthetho, umisa izihlalo zamakomiti, futhi usingatha impikiswano ephansi. Amanxusa nabaholi abambalwa bahlela amasu eqembu, kuyilapho izihlalo zamakomiti zengamela ukubukezwa kwezindleko eziningi. Amakomiti endlu avame ukuba makhulu kunekomiti yeSishaya-mthetho futhi angase abe nesibopho esikhethekile sokusingatha izindawo ezithile zezimiso.

Ukungafani Okuyinhloko Phakathi Kwabaphathi Nabameleli

Nakuba bobabili abasizi nabameleli beyizikhulu ezikhethiwe ezihlanganyela ekwenzeni imithetho, ukungezwani okuningana kokwakha kuchaza izindima zazo ezihlukile ngaphakathi kwesishaya - mthetho:

Feature Senate House of Representatives
Chamber size 20–50 members 50–400 members
Term length Typically 4 years Typically 2 years
District size Larger districts Smaller districts
Primary function Deliberation, confirmation, trial of impeachments Revenue initiation, impeachment, local representation
Election cycle Often staggered Usually all at once

Lokhu kungafani kubonisa ifilosofi esungulwe ebangela ukubusa ngentando yeningi: iSigele sinikeza ukuhleleka, okuhlangenwe nakho, nombono wombuso wonke, kuyilapho iNdlu inikeza ukusabela, ukumelelwa kwendawo, nokulandisa okuqondile kubavoti. Ukucindezela phakathi kwalamakamu amabili kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usekelwe ngokuphelele ezinhlangothini eziningi.

Indlela Ibhuloho Eliba Ngayo Umthetho KaHulumeni: Inqubo Yomthetho

Uhambo lwemali nge-bamaral sishaya - mthetho lulandela indlela ecacile ehilela womabili amakamu. Ukuqonda le nqubo kukhanyisa indlela abasizi nabameleli ababambisana ngayo ekumiseni isimiso somphakathi.

Ukubukeza Kwesingeniso Nekomiti

Iphepha lingasungulwa yilungu ngalinye lanoma yiliphi igumbi. Uma selimisiwe, ishende linikezwa ikomiti ephethe indaba yayo. Ukuqulwa kwecala kwamakomiti kuvumela ubufakazi basobala, ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe, nokubukezwa kwemigqa okunemininingwane. Amakomiti angasilungisa isikhwama, asithumele esiboshweni esingaphansi, ithebula kuze kube phakade, noma avume ukuba sihlolwe phansi. Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini, zenza lesi sigaxa esiyinhloko sesefo enqubweni yomthetho.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa yikomiti, imvume yokubhalisa ihamba ifike phansi egumbini lokubeka impikiswano. Endlini, imisa imingcele yesikhathi sokuphikisana ukuze kulawule inani elikhulu lamalungu. ESigele, impikiswano ivame ukunwetshwa kakhulu, amalungu akwazi ukukhuluma kabanzi ngezindaba ezibalulekile. Ngesinye isikhathi impikiswano iphela, amavoti egumbini. Uma umbiko udlula, udluliselwa kwelinye igumbi ukuze uhlolwe.

Amakomiti Ezingqungquthela Ezibili

Igumbi lesibili liphinda inqubo ye-(ukubukeza, impikiswano yaphansi, nokuvota. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlula indida ehlukile yemali, ukungefani kumelwe kuxazululwe. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ehlangene yamalungu azo zombili izindlu ukuze izwane nenguquko eyekethisayo. Isivumelwano sokuyekethisa kumelwe sivunyelwe yizo zombili izintambo ezifanayo ngaphambi kokuba idlule kumbusi.

Isinyathelo SoMbusi NoVeto

Uma amagumbi esedlulise izindleko ezifanayo, ithunyelwa kumbusi. Umbusi angasayina isikweleti emthethweni, asivumele ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kwesignesha, noma i-veto. Uma iqanjwa, isishayamthetho singayikhipha i-veto ngevoti enkulu (ngokuvamile eyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu) emagumbini womabili. Lokhu kunamandla awenziwa ngokuhlola okugxeka igunya lomphathi futhi kubonisa indima yendlu yombuso njengegatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwamazwe: Imithetho Eyingqayizivele

Nakuba isifekethiso se-bidamaral sicishe sibe jikelele, izikhulu zikahulumeni zibonisa umehluko ophawulekayo endleleni izishaya-mthetho ezisebenza ngayo. Isikhala esiphawulekayo singu Nebraska, enegumbi elilodwa lesindlu sombuso (igumbi) lama-49. Ama-Nebraska awathathi ngxenye futhi asebenzisa imibandela emine yeminyaka. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele siye sabekwa endaweni kusukela ngo-19737 futhi saklanyelwa ukwandisa impumelelo nokunciphisa i-gropt. Ngokwe-partums"[FLT:][FLT:]Nbraska Leglactus [FLT], uhlelo lwaso sinye se-mdrom'er-cha sivumela ukuba kuhlolwe izikwenziswe ngokuqondeyo ngaphandle kwesidingo se-sembhiyo.

Eminye imibala ihlanganisa:

  • Izishaya-mthetho zesikhathi esigcwele. Iziphakamiso zengxenye: Ezinye izifunda, njengeCalifornia ne New York, zinesikhathi esigcwele, izishayamthetho ezingochwepheshe ezisonga kahle futhi ezihlanganela unyaka wonke. Ezinye, njengakuNew Hampshirere nase Montana, zinengxenye yesikhathi "isishaya-mthetho" lapho amalungu amukela khona iholo elilinganiselwe futhi ahlangane ngeziqephu ezilinganiselwe. Imininingwane eyengeziwe kulemikhakhakha, [[FLT:] yeSivumelwano sezwe se-Gaglasturess (NCSL)[FL:3] inikeza imicebo emikhulu emikhankamweni yemithetho.
  • Imingcele emisiwe: izifunda eziphethe imingcele ebekwe amagama abalawuli, ilinganisela ukuthi ingaki iminyaka elilungu elingayikhonza egumbini ngalinye. Ngokwesibonelo, iMichigan imingcele yabameleli kumagama athatha iminyaka emithathu emibili nangama-senator emisho emibili yeminyaka emine. Imingcele yemithetho i-shape anamandla ngokuqinisekisa ukuguqukela njalo kobuholi, nakuba abacusumbuli bephikisa ukuthi banciphisa ulwazi lwezemisebenzi.
  • Amagama angaphezulu asemagumbini: Nakuba izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa "Indlu yabameleli" egumbini eliphezulu naku "Indlu yabameleli" kwezaphansi, ezinye zisebenzisa amagama ahlukene. INew York neCalifornia zibiza ikamelo lazo eliphansi ngokuthi uMhlangano. INew Jersey futhi isebenzisa iSigungu jikelele endlini yayo ephansi.
  • Inani lamalungu: Ububanzi bobukhulu begumbi bubonisa imongo yomlando nenani lamanani ombuso ngamunye. Indlu entsha eyilungu lama-400 yendlu kahulumeni iyindikimba yemithetho kazwelonke enkulu kakhulu ezweni, ilondoloza isiko eliqinile lokumelelwa kwendawo elisuka emihlanganweni yamakoloni.

Ukubaluleka Kwemithetho KaHulumeni Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zinethonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ngokuvamile ngaphezu kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Cabangela izindawo ezilandelayo lapho ukwenza umthetho kahulumeni kuthinta khona izakhamuzi ngokuqondile:

  • Imfundo:[ izishaya-mthetho zikaHulumeni zinquma izinqubo zokuxhasa ngemali ezikoleni zeK-12, imise izindinganiso zohlelo, ilawule izikole zomthetho-mthetho, futhi yengamele amayunivesithi omphakathi. Izinga lemfundo izingane zakho eziyamukelayo lilolongwa kakhulu ngezinqumo ezenziwa e-capitol yezwe lakho.
  • Ukuvikela ngempilo: amazwe alawula umshuwalense wezempilo, izinhlelo ze-Medicaid, ukuhlinza isibhedlela, nokuthatha izinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi. Izimpikiswano zamuva ngemithetho yokugoma, ukwanda kwe-telemedicine, nemithetho yempilo yempilo yesizwe.
  • [[I- Imithetho egunyaza ukwakhiwa komgwaqo, ukunakekelwa kwebhuloho, ukuxhaswa kwezimali zomphakathi, nokumiswa kwemithetho yokuhamba komphakathi. Isimo se-pair yakho yansuku zonke sihlangene ngokuqondile nezinqumo zezezimali ze-avition.
  • [ Ukukhokha nokuhlela uhlelo:[ Intela yeholo likahulumeni, intela yokuthengisa, intela yempahla, nezinye intela eziningi zibekwa ngenqubo yomthetho. Uhulumeni uhlela ukuthi kuthengwe amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka kudlulele kuzo zonke lezizinto eziza kuqala.
  • Ukuphepha kwePublic: Imithetho yecala, iziqondiso zokugweba, izindinganiso zamaphoyisa, nemithetho yokuphatha isimo esiphuthumayo yenziwa yizishayamthetho zikahulumeni. Lemithetho ichaza ukuthi iluphi ubugebengu nendlela ubulungisa obuphathwa ngayo.

Uma unikezwa leli thonya elikhulu, ukuqonda isakhiwo sesishaya-mthetho sombuso wakho kanye nezindima zabameli abameleli abaphethe isikole akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kuphela, kuyisici esiwusizo sokuthembisana kwesizwe. Uma uthintana nommeleli wakho ngembobo, ufakazele ngokuhlelwa kwemali, noma ngokuvota kukhetho lwemithetho yezwe, uhlanganyela ezingeni eliqondile kakhulu lombuso wentando yeningi.

Indlela Yokuhlanganyela Nomthetho Wakho Kahulumeni

Izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuthonya umsebenzi wesishaya - mthetho sombuso wazo. Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo ukuze izwi lakho lizwiwe:

  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukulinganisa abameleli bakho: Thola ukuthi ubani okumelelayo kokubili eSigeqeni naseNdlu. Amawebhusayithi amaningi ombuso wombuso anikeza "Funda Umthetho Wami" ithuluzi lapho ungangena khona ekhelini lakho. Gcina ukwaziswa kwabo ukuze usebenzise isikhathi esizayo.
  • Izinsuku ezicushiwe zokuzwa nesimiso: Imithetho ivulekele umphakathi. Ukuhlola imihlangano yamakomiti neziqephu zephansi kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo futhi kukuvumela ukuba ubone abameleli bakho emsebenzini.
  • hlola ezikweletini:[ Uma isikweleti sithinta umphakathi noma ibhizinisi lakho, ungafaka ubufakazi obubhaliwe noma isicelo sokukhuluma ekomitini eqululweni. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuthonya izinqumo zemithetho.
  • Hlanganisa izishaya-mthetho zakho:[ Izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, nezinhlamvu kusenezindlela zokuxhumana eziphumelelayo. Yisho ngokuqondile ngenombolo yocingo noma umagazini okhuluma ngayo futhi uchaze ukuthi ikuthinta kanjani wena siqu.
  • Ukuvota kwesifundazwe: ukhetho lwemithetho yoMbuso luvame ukuba nomphumela ophansi kunokhetho lukamongameli, okusho ukuthi ukhetho lwakho luthwala ubunzima obungaphezulu. Izimo zokucwaninga ezindabeni zikahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba ufake ibhola lakho.
  • ulandela isenzo somthetho: Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni ezithumela umbhalo wesimemezelo, izimiso zamakomiti, namarekhodi okuvota kuyi-inthanethi. Umthetho wokulandelela ukuvumela ukuba uhlale unolwazi futhi wenze ngokushesha uma kuphakama izimpikiswano ezibalulekile.

Ukuhlanganyela nombuso wakho womthetho kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo nomthwalo wemfanelo esimisweni sentando yeningi. Isakhiwo samagumbi amabili .(izikhulu ze-geneni kanye nabameleli) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene azwakala futhi umthetho ucatshangelwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho. Ngokuqonda indlela isishaya-mthetho sombuso wakho esisebenza ngayo, uba umhlanganyeli ophumelela kakhulu ekubuseni umbuso wakho.

Isiphetho

Isakhiwo sesishaya-mthetho sezwe lakho, kanye nokuhlukanisa kwaso sibe yiSigele neNdlu yabameleli, kuklanyelwe ukudala inqubo elinganiselwe, elulayo yokwenza umthetho. Izikhulu ziletha ukuzinza nombono wezwe jikelele ngamagama amade nezifunda ezinkulu, kuyilapho abameleli beqinisekisa ukusabela kwendawo ngamazwi amafushane nama-costautivence amancane. Bakha isimiso se-bidaral esiye sabonakala sivumelana futhi siqinile phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka emibuso yaseMelika.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlala esifundeni esinochwepheshe wesishaya-mthetho noma indikimba yesakhamuzi esinengxenye yesikhathi, izimiso zisefana: imithetho yenziwa ngenkulumo mpikiswano, ukuvumelana, nokuvota. Ngokwazi umehluko phakathi kwabameli nabameleli, ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho, kanye nokuhlanganyela nezikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe, ungasiza ekuhleleni izimiso ezithinta umphakathi wakho nsuku zonke. Isishaya-mthetho sakho asisona isikhungo esikude, futhi singesona igatsha likahulumeni elingeneka kakhulu, futhi sisebenza kangcono lapho izakhamuzi ezifundile zihlanganyela ngokugcwele enqubweni yentando yeningi.