Uhulumeni kahulumeni we-United States unezindawo ezihlukahlukene ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zawo. Ukuqonda lamandla ngezibonelo zokuphila kwangempela kunganikeza ukucaca ngokubaluleka kwawo nokubaluleka kwawo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izindawo eziningana eziyinhloko lapho kusetshenziswa khona imibuso kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nentela, isivikelo, nezinye.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Ombuso

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhulumeni imibuso eqondile ebalayo ePhakathi I, isiqephu 8, kuyilapho ugcina futhi imibuso emisha ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Lengxenye idala isimiso sokubusa okumbaxambili, kodwa ukufinyelela kukahulumeni kunwetshwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngokulungisa okungokomthetho, ukuchaza kweNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nezidingo ezisebenzayo zokubusa isizwe sanamuhla. Isihluthulelo silungisa, njengese 16 (intela ephakeme) nese-14 (isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele), siqhubekisela phambili igunya likahulumeni. Ukuqonda leli tshe elingokomthetho kusiza ukucacisa futhi kuchaza kanjani ukuthi uhulumeni ungena ezindaweni ezinjengentela, isivikelo, inhlalakahle nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

Ukukhokha Intela: Imisebenzi Kahulumeni Yokuxhasa

Inzuzo yentela yentela ye-levy ingenye yemibuso kahulumeni eyisisekelo kakhulu, echazwe eSiphakamiso I, i-Catego I, i-Catego 8, Clause 1. Inzuzo ephuma ezinkokhelweni zentela yonke eminye imisebenzi kahulumeni, kusukela ezinhlalweni zezesisekelo kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Ngezansi kunezici eziyinhloko zentela kahulumeni ezinemifanekiso yezwe elingokoqobo.

Intela

Ngo-1913, iSichibiyelo se-16 sanikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuqoqa intela ngeholo ngaphandle kokwabiwa kwezindawo. Namuhla, i-International Revenue Service (IRS) inikeza isimiso sentela esiqhubekayo esikhokhela isilinganiso esikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ohola amaR3,50 000 (R150 000) ungena emabhukwini angu-2024, kuyilapho umuntu ongenisa intela ebhekene nesilinganiso sika-37%. Lemali iveza cishe 50% yamali yonke efunwa nguhulumeni. I-IRS ihlela ukubuya kwemali eyizigidi ezingu-50 ngonyaka, yenza ukuxhumana okuqondile kwabantu baseMelika abaphethe uhulumeni.

Ukukhokha Intela

Intela ehlukene nentela eholayo, ukukhokha intela yentela ebhange ngaphansi koMthetho we-Federal Inssurance Act (FICA). Abaqashi nezisebenzi ngamunye banikela i 6,2% yenkokhelo ye-Ecual Security (kusukela ekhokheni elingu-R2,60,2024) kanye no-1.45% weMedicare (engenayo ikepisi). Lentela inzuzo yanyanga yonke ithola umhlalaphansi kwabathatha umhlalaphansi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-6 nezisebenzi ezikhubazekile, kanye nomshuwalense wasesibhedlela wasebeni abakhulile. Ngaphandle kokukhokha intela, i-Social Security Fund i-Frity Trust i-umberty iyakuncishwa phakathi neminyaka eyishumi.

Intela Ekhokhwayo

Intela kahulumeni yentela yenkampani yezebhizinisi ithola inzuzo eyisicaba ka-21% (ngemva kwe-Tixcots and Jobs Act ka-2017). Izinhlangano ezinkulu njengo-Apple noMicrosoft zikhokha izinkulungwane zezigidi minyaka yonke, nakuba eziningi zisebenzisa izikweleti nezikweleti ukuze zinciphise izinga lazo eliphumelelayo. Intela futhi ithonya izinqumo zamabhizinisi zenza indlunkulu noma izimali ekucwaningeni noma ekuthuthukiseni ukunciphisa amaphutha azo. Umthetho wamuva, njengoMthetho wamuva we-Inflation Reduction Act, wasungula intela ehrandishini enkulu engu-15% ezinkampanini ezinkulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zinikela okungenani isilinganiso esiphansi.

Intela engeziwe kahulumeni ihlanganisa intela yokukhipha intela kuphethiloli, utshwala, nogwayi, kanye nentela yefa nezipho ezithinta abantu abanezinga eliphezulu. Konke kutshelwa ukuthi, uhulumeni wezwe waqoqa imali engaphezu kwezigidi zezigidi ezingu-4,9 ngonyaka ka-2023 kulezi zinqubo, uxhasa yonke into kusukela emigwaqweni emikhulu ukuya emapaki esizwe. Funda okwengeziwe ngokulahlekelwa kwentela e eMnyango woHhovisi wezentengo yezentengo [[FLT]

Ukuzivikela: Ukuvikela Ukulondeka Kwesizwe

Isivikelo sesizwe mhlawumbe siwukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kakhulu kwamandla kahulumeni, okugunyazwe yiSiphakamiso I ukuba kumiswe amabutho, kulungiselelwe futhi kulondolozwe ibutho lempi, futhi kuqashelwe impi. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-i-Chief. Imisebenzi yezwe langempela in.

Ukuxhasa Izikhali Nabantu Abasebenzayo

I-Derrement of Defense (DoD) ingumqashi omkhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, enamalungu enkonzo akhuthele angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3, nezisebenzi ezivamile ezingu-800,000. Imali kahulumeni inikeza imali ecishe ibe ngu-R280 000 000 000 ukuze ivikeleke ngo-2024, amaholo, imishini, imishini, nemisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwe-F-35 yempi (ebiza ngaphezu ko-R1,7,7 000 000 000 000) ekhiqiza izindiza ezilwa i-Air Force, Navy, ne-Marine. Izindlela ezihlangene ezifana ne-RIMPAC ePacific zibonisa ukuhlanganiswa kombuso we-Pacific.

Izindaba Zokuhlola

Ngaphandle kwezempi okhuthele, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza usizo lwezempilo, imfundo, nokukhubazeka komuntu osemnkantshwini ovela eMnyangweni wezindaba zeVeterans (VA). I-VA isebenza isimiso sokunakekela impilo esihlangene esikhulu kakhulu e-U.S., ikhonza omakadlelwano abayizigidi eziyi 9 ngonyaka. Izinzuzo zemfundo ngaphansi kwePost-9/11 GI Bill ziye zasiza ama-viet angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ukuba angene ekolishi kusukela ngo-200. Lezinhlelo zibiza ngaphezu ko-R3 000 000 000 000 000 ngonyaka futhi zingumthwalo wemfanelo oqondile kahulumeni.

Ukulondeka Nokuhlakanipha Kwasemakhaya

Kusukela ngo-9/11, uMnyango Wezokuvikela Imali yase Homeland (DHS) unomthetho ophethe womngcele, ukugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo, i-inthanethi yokuvikela i-inthanethi, nokusabela kwenhlekelele. I-Fortuation Security Administration (TSA) ihlola abagibeli bezindiza abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili nsuku zonke, kuyilapho i-Cybersecurity and Infturastrust Security Agency (CISA) isebenza ngamafemu azimele ukuze ivikele izakhiwo zemvelo ezibucayi njengemigqa yamanzi namanzi. I-FOFL COURD (FLD) iqhuba imisebenzi yezempatho (FLD), imisa ukuhlasela okuningi okungenzeka minyaka yonke.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwezentengiselwano Ze - Interstate

I - Commerce Claus (Umdwebo I, Ingxenye 8, u-Clause 3) inikeza uMkhandlu amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano phakathi kwezifundazwe. Lokhu kuye kwachazwa kabanzi kusukela kuyi - New Deal, okwenza uhulumeni akwazi ukuqondisa cishe zonke izinhlangano zezomnotho.

Ukuphindiselwa Kwezentengiselwano Nezebhizinisi

I-Federal Trade Commission (FTC) imisa imithetho emelene nokuphathiswa kwezivumelwano ukuze ivimbele ukuncintisana nokuncintisana. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2020 i-FTC yafaka icala eliyingqopha - mlando ngokumelene noFacebook (Mata) yokuziphatha kokulwa nodweliso, futhi ngo-2024 yavala ukuhlanganiswa kwezigebengu ezinkulu zesitolo uKrogger no-Albertsons. I-Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) ilawula izimakethengiso zamasheya, ifuna izinkampani zomphakathi ukuba zambule ulwazi lwezemali. Ngaphandle kwalemithetho kahulumeni, abatshali bengabhekana nengozi enkulu kakhulu yokukhwazwa ngenkohliso.

Ukuphepha Kwezokuhamba

I-Department of Transportation (DOT) imisa izindinganiso zezindiza, izitimela zesitimela, nemigwaqo emikhulu. I-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ilawula abashayeli nezindiza, iqondisa ukulawulwa kwezindiza, futhi ikhipha iziqondiso zokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokushayisana kwe-MAX ka-191818-2019, i-FAA i-A yamisa imikhumbi yempi izinyanga ezingu-20 futhi ifaka ushintsho. I-National Higray Traffration Safety Administration (NTTA) imisa izindinganiso zezentengo yomnotho futhi ikhumbule i-Tatatatatah khumbula izibalo zezimoto ezingu-679.

Isivikelo Sethengiselwano

Izinhlangano zokuvikela zezokuvikela ze-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ne-FTC ukuvinjelwa kwezindlela zokukhohlisa. I-CFPB ibuyisela imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 zamaRandi kubathengi elimaza inqubo engekho emthethweni yezezimali, njengokuboleka isibambiso sezindlu eziyingozi. I-Food ne Drug Administration (FDA) yengamela ukuphepha kokudla, izidakamizwa, nemishini yezokwelapha . [1] Yonke ibhodlela oyisebenzisayo ekhemisi iletha imvume kahulumeni. Lamandla athinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ezithakweni zakho zokudla ezinkontini kuya ezingeni ezinkondweni zemali yakho zekhadini lakho lokuthenga.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

Igunya lezemvelo lisuka kuMnyango wezentengiselwano kaClaus kanye namandla empahla yomthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho omkhulu omiswe ngawo-1970 wakha uhlelo oluqinile lokulawula.

Isinyathelo Somoya Esihlanzekile

I-Ceac Air Act (1970, ilungiswe ngo-1970) iqondisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ukuba ibeke i-National Awantient Air Sight Sight (NAAQS) ukuze ingcolise ukungcola okunjengo-ozone nento ehlukanisayo. I-United States kumelwe isebenzise amalungiselelo okuhlangabezana nalezindinganiso. Isibonelo esiqinile: umthetho we-EPA ka-2023 odinga ukuncishiswa kwesilinganiso esingu-50% segesi embonini yase-Louisiana “Cancer Alley” elinganisela ngokuqondile ukungcola komoya. Lesi senzo siye sanciphisa ukungcola komoya ngo- 78% kusukela ngo-1970 kuya kusuka ekuhlaleni kwe-GDP.

Isinyathelo Samanzi Ahlanzekile

I-Ceac Water Act (1972) ilawula ukukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo emanzini angenayo. I-EPA ne-Army Corps of Engineers inquma ukuthi yimaphi amaxhaphozi afaneleka njenge “amanzi e-United States.” Ngo-2023, iSiphakamiso seNkantolo Ephakeme sabaphathi be-EPA esilawula umbuso onciphile kancane, kodwa i-EPA iyaqhubeka iphoqelela ukuba ivume ukuba kuphumele ezimbonini. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchitheka kuka-Deeaterdifing oil kwaholela ekutheleni izinkulungwane zezigidi ngaphansi kwe-Cec Water Act, isekela ukubuyiselwa kobuGolf Coast.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sezilwane Ezisengozini

I-Engered Species Act (1973) inika i-Engered Fish ne-Wildlife Service yase-U.S. amandla okubala izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini noma ezisongelwayo futhi ezibekwe endaweni ebucayi. Umthetho uye wasiza ekubuyiseni izinhlobo zokhozi (zisusiwe ohlwini ngo- 2007) ne-empunga. Nokho, ingavimbela futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezwe (ngokwesibonelo, ukunqanda ukusungulwa kwezindlu eCalifornia ukuze kuvikelwe i-San Joaquin bit fox. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zivame ukuxazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kokulondoloza imvelo nezithakazelo zezomnotho. Izinhlelo ze-EPA . Izinhlelo ze-EPA's projectal

Izinhlelo Zomphakathi

Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle, ezisungulwe kuyiNew Deal neGreat Society, zinikeza izigidi indawo yokuphepha.

Ukulondeka Komphakathi

Ngo-1935, i-Social Security isimiso esikhulu kakhulu sikahulumeni, sikhokhela izisebenzi ezithathe umhlalaphansi, ezikhubazekile, nabantu abasindile. Sixhaswa ngemali ngentela ekhokhwayo futhi inikeza iholo eliqinisekisiwe, elilungiselelwe ukwehla kwamandla emali. Cishe amaphesenti angu-90 aseMelika aneminyaka engu-65 + athola izinzuzo. I-Social Security Administration (SA) ikhokhela izikhangiso ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 ngonyaka. Ukuxazulula kwalesi simiso isikhathi eside kuhlala kuyinkani yenkani, kodwa kuveza usizo oluqondile lukahulumeni.

IMedicaid Nesimiso Sezingane Se - Health Mushuwalense (CHIP)

IMedicaid (1965) inikeza i-medicaid Act yempilo eyizigidi ezingu-80 zamaMelika athola imali ephansi, kuhlanganise nezingane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, asebekhulile, nabantu abakhubazekile. Ixhaswe imibuso kanye nohulumeni kodwa isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni. I-Affordcable Care Act (2010) i-Medicaigdifigs extivition ezindaweni ezingu-40, imboza abantu abadala abathola isilinganiso esifinyelela ku-138% sobumpofu obuphakathi. I-CIP imboza izingane emikhayeni ezinemali ephakeme kakhulu ku-Medid kodwa zingaphansi kakhulu kwemishuwalensela. Zonke lezi zinhlelo zinciphisa izinga elingakholeki ngokwezinga likahulumeni.

Isimiso Sosizo Lokudla Esinezakhi (SNAP)

I-SNAP (izitembu zokudla zangaphambili) inikeza usizo olubiza ukudla kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 abathola imali ephansi. Ngo-2023, inzuzo elinganiselwa ku-R26 (R36) umuntu ngamunye ngenyanga. Izinzuzo zihanjiswa nge-Electronic Benefit Transrection (EBT) amakhadi avulekele kubathengi abagunyaziwe. Uhulumeni ukhokha ikhulu elikhulu lezinzuzo futhi uhlukanisa izindleko zokuphatha ngezifundazwe. Lo hlelo unciphisa ukungondleka ukudla ngo-30% kwabamukeli.

Imfundo Nokusekela Kwama - Federal

Nakuba ngokuyinhloko imfundo iwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni nowasendaweni, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izimali eziphawulekayo, imithetho, nezinhlelo ezihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona ukulinganisela.

Isihloko I neK-12 Izimali

Isihloko I soMthetho we-Elementary and Secondary Education Act (165) sithumela izikole eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 ngonyaka ezisiza imiphakathi ethola imali ephansi. Izikole kumelwe zihlangabezane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni zokwamukela izimali. Ngokwesibonelo, isikole sasemaphandleni eMississippi esingase sisebenzise iSihlomelo ukuze siqashe abafundisi abangaphezulu abafundayo noma abafundisi besikole. I-Resed Act (20) yanikeza izimo ezivumelana kakhulu kuyilapho inakekela uhulumeni ukuphathwa kwabafundi abasweleyo.

Usizo Lwabafundi Abazimele

Uhulumeni ungumnikezeli omkhulu kakhulu wosizo lwabafundi, unikeza uPell Grants (osekelwe esidingweni esidingekayo, amaRandi angu-4,64 ngo-2023-24), i-Loans eqondisiwe (engalawuleki futhi engakhokhiwe), futhi i-PUS iyimali ebolekwayo enkulu kakhulu kubazali. Ababolekwayo abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu- 43 baboleka isikweleti somfundi esibolekwayo esilingana nengqikithi yezigidi ezingu-R3, 1. Ngeholo elikhokhelwayo kanye nentethelelo yenkonzo yomphakathi, i-PUS (icencess (ingasisekeli yemfundo ephakeme kakhulu). Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sixhuma abafundi abafunda imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 (R3 000 000 000) ngonyaka.

Imfundo Ekhethekile

Izifunda ezinamacala ahlukene emfundo (IDEA) ziqinisekisa imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile ekhululekile kubantwana abakhubazekile. Imali yokukhokhela ihholo elicishe libe ngu-15% lezindleko eziqikelelwe zezinkonzo ezikhethekile. Izifunda zesikole kumelwe zenze i-Assional Education Programs (IEPs) yomfundi ngamunye ofanelekayo, onikeza ukwelashwa, ubuchwepheshe obusizayo, noma izindawo zokulala zasekilasini. Lokhu kugunyaza kugunyaza ukuthi abafundi abayizigidi ezingu-7,5 abakhubazekile bathole ukusekelwa okufanelekile. Ngenye indlela, bavakashele owezoMnyango wezemfundo yezemfundo .]

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda amagunya kahulumeni ngezibonelo ezingokoqobo zokuphila — kusukela emagameni entela eholo nasemadolobheni asebenza ukuze kuhlanzwe imithetho yezenyuko zezindiza kanye nemali ebolekwayo yabafundi − kubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni oyinhloko uhlela ukuphila kwansuku zonke kangakanani. La mibuso ayimi ndawonye; ayazivelela ngomthetho, ukubukeza, nokuphikisana komphakathi. Ngokuhlola izindlela eziqinile zegunya likahulumeni, izakhamuzi zingazazisa kangcono kokubili izinzuzo zayo nokungalawuli kwayo, futhi zingenele ngokucabangela kakhulu enkulumweni yentando yeningi echaza ukubusa kwesizwe. Izibonelo ezibekwe lapha zimane nje zisekuqaleni kwezempilo, ukuthutha, ukwahlulela okungalungisi, futhi ngalé, njalo zingeniswa ezimisweni zomthetho-mthetho nakumzamo oqhubekayo wokulinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.