Umqondo wamandla kahulumeni usekela isakhiwo sokubusa, ubumba indlela imiphakathi ehlelwe ngayo, imithombo yengcebo isakazwa ngayo, futhi kwenziwa izinqumo ezihlangene. Phakathi nendawo, amandla ombuso amelela igunya elingokomthetho likahulumeni lokwakha nokumisa imithetho, ukuphakamisa inzuzo, nokuhlela imithombo yomphakathi. Leligunya alikhona eliyilo elilodwa; lisetshenziswa ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene futhi lisetshenziswa ekulinganiseni izithakazelo eziphikisanayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindawo ezimbili ezibucayi lapho amandla ombuso eboniswa khona: ukubekwa komthetho nokuhlelwa kwemali. Ngokuhlola lezibonelo ngokujula, singaqonda indlela ohulumeni abaguqula ngayo igunya elingenakuchazwa ngokwezicimeka ezicini zokuphila komphakathi, kusukela ezinkonzweni zomphakathi ngabanye ukuze kufinyelele ithuba lezomnotho.

Ukuqonda Amandla Kahulumeni

Amandla oMbuso ngokuvamile achazwa ngelens yenkolelo-lwazi yezombangazwe, kanye nezihlakaniphi zesisekelo njengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noMax Weber benza amapulani. Ngodumo lwasemuva aphawula umbuso njengonobuso obunegunya lokusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwamandla angokomzimba endaweni. Nokho, amandla kahulumeni adlulela kude kakhulu ngaphezu kokuphoqelelwa; ahlanganisa ikhono lokuhlanganisa ukukhokha i-snate, intela, i-ascidate, impactive, kunye nepulani. I-democraticism yanamuhla yazisa amandla kunamagatsha amaningi (-checutecuted, i-wignoted, i-wignome, ne-agist--.ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kungundayo kuyisicishisiwe ukubusa nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza umthetho nokuhlola kuhambisana nokuhlelwa kwenqubo.

Amandla kahulumeni aphumelelayo ancike kuzo zombili izikhungo ezingokomthetho (iziqu, iziphakamiso, izinkantolo) kanye nezimiso ezingahleliwe (ukuphathiswa kwemithetho, ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi). Uma kusetshenziswa ngobuqotho, amandla ombuso angaqhubela phambili intuthuko yezenhlalo, avikele, futhi athuthukise ukuqina kwezomnotho. Ngokuphambene, amandla ombuso angaholela ekubuseni ngempoqo, ukuhluleka, nokungalingani. Ukuqonda indlela ahulumeni asebenzisa ngayo amandla awo ngokuhlukanisa, ngokwenza umthetho nangemali, ngokuveza izinto eziza kuqala nokubaluleka komphakathi.

Ukwenza Imithetho Njengethuluzi Lamandla KaHulumeni

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kungenye yezici eziqondile nezibonakalayo kakhulu zamandla kahulumeni. Ngenqubo yomthetho, ohulumeni bakha imithetho ebophayo elawula ukuziphatha, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokumisa isimiso somphakathi. La mandla awakona nje kuphela ukunqabela kodwa futhi nangokuveza ukuhlelwa kwezivumelwano, ezentengiselwano, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Umthetho ubonisa amandla ombuso okuxazulula izinselele, kusukela ekungalondekini kweze-inthanethi kuya empilweni yomphakathi.

Inqubo Yomthetho

Uhambo lomthetho ukusuka embonweni ukuya kowodwa luyinkimbinkimbi futhi luhlukahluka ngokwesimiso sezombangazwe. Esimisweni esivamile se-bamaral, njenge-United States Congress noma iPhalamende le-United Kingdom, umthetho kumelwe udlule ngamasigaba ahlukahlukene: ukuthulula, ukubukeza ikomiti, ukubukeza, impikiswano, nokuvota kokugcina kuzo zombili izindlu. Lenqubo yokuzihlela inikeza amathuba okuhlola, ukuxoxa, nokufaka ukwaziswa komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, esimisweni sombuso we-US, kokubili iNdreastraters neSigele kumelwe zivumele izinguqulo ezifanayo zemali ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumongameli ukuze isayinwe. Lo mklamo wokwenza umthetho ukwenzeke kancane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho ucabangela futhi uthakaze izithakazeko oluhlukahlukeneyo.

Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho afeza indima ebucayi, ngokuvamile aphatha izikhalo lapho ochwepheshe, abameleli, nezikhulu zikahulumeni befaka khona ubufakazi. Lamazwi ayindawo eyinhloko lapho abadlali bangaphandle − njengamaqembu enzalo namaqembu acabanga amathangi (i-influence) anamandla kahulumeni. Inqubo futhi ivumela ukubuyiselwa kwemidaba eqinile, ukucwengisisa imiqondo yemithetho eqinile ngokwemithetho esebenzayo. I-Unicameral, njengalawo ase-Nebraska noma eNew Zealand, i-illine nqubo kodwa isahlanganisa ukuxhumana nomphakathi nokufundwa kolwazi oluningi.

Izinhlobo Zemithetho

Imithetho emiswa ngumbuso iwela ezinhlangothini ezibanzi, ngayinye efeza izinjongo ezihlukene. Imithetho yokushaya imithetho idluliswa yizindikimba zemithetho futhi imboze yonke into kusukela kwimithetho yezephula-mthetho kuya emazingeni entela. Imithetho yomthetho-mthetho iyisisekelo − ichaza isimo sikahulumeni futhi ivikele amalungelo ayisisekelo, ngokuvamile ifuna i-asmajorities noma i-parenta e-menderation. Umthetho womthetho womthetho wokulawula, owakhiwa yizinhlangano zegunya eligunyawe, uphatha imithetho yezobuchwepheshe nemininingwane, njengezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile noma izimfuneko ezilawulayo. Lomanxusa ngokwawo ayizimfuneko zikahulumeni, njengezinhlangano ezinjenge-Agency yezokuvikela Indawo (EPA) ingakhipha iziqondiso ezinamandla omthetho, ezisekelwe ekubukezweni kokwahlulela.

Amandla oMbuso abonakala futhi ngezimiso zomthetho ezivamile (njengase-UK nase-US), lapho izinqumo zokwahlulela zichaza khona imithetho futhi zimise izibonelelo. Nakuba izinkantolo zinga "zenza" umthetho ngomqondo ofanayo nezindlu zomthetho, izincazelo zazo zihlela indlela amandla ombuso asetshenziswa ngayo, ngokuvamile zigcwalisa amagebe ashiywe ngolimi olungokomthetho.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Ekwenzeni Kwemithetho

Ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwemithetho, ukubekwa kwemithetho kuhlola amagatsha aphetheyo nahluleli. Isikhulu sivame ukuphatha iveto, esingangancitshiswa yi-pagermajority. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula amalungiselelo omthetho, njengoba ibonwa ezimweni ezivelele njengaye Maribury v. Madison (ukubukeza) noma Brown. Board of Ezemfundo (ukushintsha imingcele). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zombuso, njengase-US, eJalimane, noma eNdiya, ukusakaza amandla omthetho phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni abaphansi, ukusungula elinye igunya.

Ukuhlanganyela Nomdlandla

Nakuba ukwenza umthetho kuwumsebenzi ongokomthetho kahulumeni, izakhamuzi namaqembu anethonya ngokuvota, ukunxusa, ukukhulumela komphakathi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni, eliqinisekiswe ngemibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, livumela abantu ukuba banikeze umthetho noma baphikise imithetho ekhona. Eminyakeni yamuva, amapulatifomu emishini awenzile ukumiswa kwemiyalo yeqembu nokuvezwa kwemithetho. Nokho, ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe (") ngeminikelo yomkhankaso nangezindleko zokusekela iyaqhubeka impikiswano yempikiswano, iphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi ubani osebenza ngempela amandla emfuno kahulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali: Amandla Emali KaHulumeni

Ukuhlelwa kwemali kuyindlela elandelwa kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni, njengoba kunquma indlela izimali zomphakathi ezikhushulwa ngayo futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo. Ukuhlelwa kwemali kwezwe kubonisa inqubo kahulumeni ebaluleke kakhulu, kuhlela ingcebo phakathi kwezidingo ezincintisanayo, futhi kuthonya imiphumela yezomnotho emphakathini wonke. Ngokungafani nokubekwa kwemithetho, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukulawula ngokuqondile ukugeleza kwemali − ukuyinikeza ithonya elisheshayo, elibonakalayo.

Isizukulwane Esingenisa Imali

Izwe lingenisa ngokuyinhloko inzuzo ngentela, kodwa futhi ngenkokhelo, ngenkokhelo, ngentela, nangokuboleka. Inkambiso yentela ngokwayo iwukusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni: isakaza ingcebo, ifaka inzuzo ethile (isibonelo, intengo yentela yasekhaya noma amandla avuselelweyo), futhi izimpahla zomphakathi. Izigaba ezinkulu zihlanganisa intela zemali (intela ekhokhelwayo noma ekhuhlakele), intela yezenkampani, ukukhokha intela (intela edityanisiwe) noma intela yempahla. Amandla okukhokha intela ngokuvamile athathwa ngemingcele yomthetho noma izakhiwo zombuso; ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho unikeza izintela intela yase-US izinyuko ku "yondla nenkokhiso" kodwa intela ekhokhiswa ngaphandle kokwahlukanisa intela ezindaweni eziphakathi kwezizwe.

Ukuboleka izimali kungelinye ithuluzi elibucayi lenzuzo, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yezesisekelo. Nokho, ukunqwabelana kwezikweletu kungacindezela amandla kahulumeni wesikhathi esizayo, njengoba inzalo isebenzisa imali futhi kungadinga izilinganiso eziphambili. Izwe futhi liphatha izimali zengcebo ezizimele (njengaseNorway) noma izimali zokukhokha (US Social Security) ukuze kuqinisekiswe imali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinqumo Ezifanele

Ukuhlelwa kwendlela yokusetshenziswa kwemali kulapho amandla ombuso ewuhlela khona ngokuqondile umphakathi. Izigaba ezisetshenziswayo zihlanganisa isivikelo, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, ukunakekelwa kwezenhlalakahle, imfundo, izakhiwo, nokulondeka komphakathi. Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali egunyaza ukuhweba ngemishini: izimali ezengeziwe zingasho ukunciphisa imfundo; izimali ezikhuliswayo zemithombo yempepho zingaminyanisa ukutshala ugesi okuhlanzekile. Ezingeni eliphezulu, igatsha eliphethe lihlela izicelo zemali, ezithi kamuva zibukeze umthetho wezomthetho futhi zilungise inqubo. Lenqubo ngokuvamile isho ukuphikisana okukhulu, njengoba amaqembu ahlukene amaqembu nenzalo yemithombo yezentengo.

Izinhlelo zohlu lweziqu (umzk., i-Social Security, i-Medicare) nokusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kuhlukene. Izilinganiso zibopha ukusebenzisa imali ngemithetho eqinile, ilinganise ukusetshenziswa komthetho ngesikhathi esifushane. Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokuvikela, kuhlelwa minyaka yonke ngezindleko zokuhlola. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-athoric ne-acreator kubonakalisa izibopho zezimiso zesikhathi eside kanye nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni.

Umthetho Wezimali Nethonya Lezomnotho

Ukuhlela uhlelo kuyithuluzi eliyinhloko lenqubo yokusebenzisa imali ephansi .Imali esetshenziswayo nentela kahulumeni ukuze ithonye umnotho. Phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho, imibuso ingasebenzisa isimiso sokwandisa intela, ukwandisa noma ukusika imali ukuze kukhuthazwe izindleko. Ezikhathini zokuvula, inqubo yokuhlelwa kwesivumelwano (ukunciphisa imali noma ukunyusa intela) inganciphisa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa amandla ombuso ekulawuleni izimali, njengoba zibonakala zikhuthaza iziphakethengiso ezinjenge-American Recovement and Reinvestment Act ka-2009, noma izindleko zosizo ze-COVID. Izimali eziphakathi zivame ukusebenza ezikhulwini zezikhulu ze-fiscal, kodwa imali ihlala ikhona izindleko eziqondile zokulawula izimali zezwe zomnotho.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Ukusetshenziswa komsebenzi wobuphicine kudinga ukubonakala nokulandisa. Izindlela zokuhlela imali, njenge International Baccount Parametership, zikhuthaza ukutholakala kwezincwadi zohlelo, zivumela izakhamuzi nomphakathi ukuba zihlole izakhiwo nemali. Izinhlangano zokuphengulula i-Public Accouncial Accounting Office (GAO) e-US noma i-National APPPPRIPUL e-UK, zinikeza ukuqondisa okuzimele. Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezinjalo, amandla okuhlela izimali angafinyela futhi athambekele ekonaleni, anciphenise ukuthemba uhulumeni.

Ukuhlola Amacala Amandla Kahulumeni Kuyasebenza

Ukuze ubone indlela ukwenza umthetho nokuhlela izinhlangano ezihlangene ngayo, ukuhlola okuthile kwezenzakalo kubonisa indlela engokoqobo yokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni.

Ukushintsha Kwempilo: UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakuyekelelwa (ACA)

I-ACA, eyamiswa ngo-2010 eUnited States, iyisibonelo esiyinhloko samandla kahulumeni ngokuhlelwa komthetho nangokuhlelwa kwemali. Ngokwemithetho, yayihlanganisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi elawula izimakethe zomshuwalense, abaqashi, nezivikelo zabathengi. Ngokusebenzisa ibhandabhuza, yanikeza amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zeerandiwe zemali ukuze ixhase, ukukhuliswa kwentela, nokukhokhwa kwentela. Umthetho wasungula futhi izinhlangano ezintsha zikahulumeni (njengezintengozentelezi zempilo) futhi wagunyaza izinhlangano (njengezikhungosi zeMedicarass & Médicaid Services) ukulawula izindleko zemali nezindinganiso zezentengo yomnotho. Ukusebenza kwenani elikhulu kwezentengo yezentengo yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano. Izikhulu ze-ACUPNUnicioc.[12][12]

Ukuxhasa Imfundo: Ukulingana Kwemali Yasesikoleni

Amandla kahulumeni ayabonakala futhi nakwezemfundo, lapho izishaya-mthetho zinquma khona izindlela zokuxhasa izimali zezikole ze-K-12. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda eziningi zase-US ziye zabhekana nezinselele zenkantolo zokuhlukana phakathi kwemali echithwa phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Ekuphenduleni, izinkantolo eziphezulu ziye zayala izishaya-mthetho ukuba zihlaziye izimiso zezimali, zibaphoqelele ukuba banikeze imithombo eyengeziwe ukuze basekele izindawo ezigciniwe. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamandla okwahlulela (ukuchaza izigaba zemfundo zemfundo yesizwe ngokwemithetho yemithetho) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali yemithetho yemithetho kubonisa indlela amagatsha ahlukene asebenzisa ngayo igunya lezwe lokusebenzisa inzuzo esemthethweni. Njenge California iye yasebenzisa "imikhankambiso yokulawula indawo yayo" enikeza ukusekela ukusekela okwengeziwe kwezifundo zemali ezingeni eliphansi nabafundi besiNgisi, ukuveza izinqumo zemali ezihlelwa.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Umthetho Ohlanzekile Womoya

I-Ceac Air Act in the US, yaqala yadluliselwa ngo-1963 futhi yalungiswa kakhulu ngo-1970 nango-1990, iyisibonelo. Inikeza amandla e-Nzaleko yokuvikela imvelo (Epa) okumisa izinga lomoya wezwe nokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi emithonjeni ehambayo. Inqubo yokwenza umthetho ihilela ukuzwa kakhulu, iqembu lenzalo (kusukela embonini kuya kwabaqondisi bemvelo), futhi kuyekethisa. Ukuhlela imali yezokugcinwa kwe-EPA kanye nezinhlelo zezokuhlola izinga le-amoya kuye kwaba ukuncishintshwa noma ukwanda kwemisebenzi yezezimali. Isenzo sombuso sibonisa indlela amandla angayinweba ngayo emikhakheni eyimfihlo yokuthuthukisa imvelo kanye nezindleko zomphakathi eziyigugu eziyizigidi zezigidi ze-R3.

Umphumela Wamandla Kahulumeni Enhlanganweni

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni ngokwenza umthetho nokuhlela uhlelo lwemali kunemiphumela emikhulu. Imithetho efakwe kahle kanye nohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kunganciphisa ubumpofu, kuthuthukise impilo yomphakathi, futhi kushukumise ukusungula izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, i-US GI Bill ka 1944(obholidi umthetho ka-S (Servicemen’s Readlupment Act) kanye nomthetho wemali owenziwe ngenani eliphezulu ("abangenisemfundo ephezulu nesigaba esiphakathi). Ngokungafani, izimiso eziklanywe kabi zingabangela ukungalingani okungalingani, njengoba kubonakala ezimisweni zentela eziphikiswayo noma imithetho yobulungisa elimazayo ethinta ngokulandelana kwemiphakathi.

Umbuso uthinta futhi ukubophana kwezakhamuzi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi izwi lazo linendaba ekubekeni umthetho futhi ukuthi uhlelo lokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala lubonisa izindinganiso ezahlukene, ukuthembela kuhulumeni kuyakhula. Ukuhlolwa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali emadolobheni afana noPorto Alegre, eBrazil, kuye kwathintana ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi ezihwebelaneni zikamasipala, ukunika imiphakathi amandla nokuthuthukisa inkonzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla kahulumeni aqinile noma asekelanayo abangela ukuhlukana nokumelana nokuphikiswa.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nokungakhethi

Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuhlela izindleko nokwenza kube nokuhlaziywa kwezindawo. Intela eqhubekayo nezinhlelo zezenhlalo eziqinile (umnyakazo, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, izindlu zomphakathi) kungasebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ukusakaza imithombo. Imithetho enqabela ukucwasana (izenzo zamalungelo omphakathi, ukulingana) igunya lombuso lokuvikela amaqembu asengozini. Ukulwa ngalezimiso − ngokuvamile kuthathwa ngezinkantolo futhi kuphikiswane ngezishayamthetho − ngokuyisisekelo ukulwa mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezisemthethweni.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuvuselelwa Kwezinto

Amandla kahulumeni aqhubekisela phambili intuthuko yezomnotho ngezindleko zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi, ukuxhaswa kwezimali zokucwaninga (isib., National Institutes of Health), kanye namapulani alawulayo avumela izimakethe zisebenze. Ngokwesibonelo, izimali zikahulumeni zaxhasa intuthuko yakudala ye-inthanethi (ARPANET) futhi ayaqhubeka atshala ezobuchwepheshe njengokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kuveza iziqu, izimfunda-mvume, nemithetho elwayo ethuthukisa isayensi yemvelo. Ngaphandle kwamandla kahulumeni okuphoqelela izivumelwano nokuvikela impahla, isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile sanamuhla asinakusebenza.

Isiphetho

Amandla oMbuso, abonakala ngokuhlelwa komthetho nangokuhlelwa kwemali, injini yokubusa kwanamuhla. Lezindawo ezimbili zisiza ohulumeni ukuba bamise imithetho ehlangene futhi bahlukanise imithombo eswele, ilolonge cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwezenhlalo nokungokomnotho. Kusukela enqubweni yokukhipha umthetho ngokungena enqubeni yokushaya umthetho wezwe, ukusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni kudinga ukulinganisela ukuphumelela, inkululeko, nokulondeka. Izakhamuzi, nazo zifeza indima ebalulekile ngokubeka ohulumeni icala ngokufaka izingxoxo zomphakathi, ukuvota, ukuthatha iqhaza, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala. Ukuqonda lezi zibonelo zamandla kazwe akuzona nje izifundo zemfundo yezemfundo yezwe, ukunikeza amandla anenjongo ahambisana nezimiso ezizibusayo, ezikhuthazayo, neziqondisayo.