Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bezemishini kuye kwandisa kakhulu amandla okuhlola akhona angokomthetho nawabantu abasebenza ngomthetho bendawo. Kusukela kuma-automatic plate e-layisensi kanye namakhamera omzimba kuya emininingwaneni eyinkimbinkimbi e-alytics nezimiso zobuso, amathuluzi okulawula awekhothozi aye akhula kakhulu kunezindlela ezingokwesiko. Nakuba lamathuluzi abekwa njengabalulekile ekuvikeleni umphakathi nasekuvimbeleni ubugebengu, asebenza endaweni engokomthetho esakwazi ukubhekana nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe. Izimiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho zokuqapha ukuqashwa kwemithetho yezomthetho neqoqo le mithetho yomthetho ziwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wesivikelo somthetho, imithetho engokomthetho, imithetho, izikhulu zenkantolo, okumelwe zilinganiswe ngokucophelela ngokumelene nemibandela engokomthetho, izinselele ezisebenzayo, nezingahlobana ngokomthetho nezokugcinwa komthetho.

Izisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo: ISichibiyelo Sesine Nangaphezulu

Isisekelo sesivikelo esingokomthetho sokuqapha uhulumeni eUnited States yiSichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. INkantolo Ephakeme iseke yaphetha ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze sithole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe cishe entweni engenzeka ngaphambi kokuhlola, ngaphandle kwesizathu esilinganiselwe. Nokho, ukusebenzisa lesi simiso kubuchwepheshe banamuhla kuye kwabonakala kuphikisana, njengoba izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi isiphi isigaba so"se-"search" enkathini yobuchwephesheni.

Isinqumo sengqopha - mlando Katz v. United States (1967) yamisa "ukulindela okunengqondo kwemfihlo" ukuhlolwa, okubuza ukuthi umuntu uye wabonisa ukulindela kwangempela kobumfihlo nokuthi umphakathi ukulungele yini ukuqaphela lokho kulindele njengokunengqondo. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwasetshenziswa ohlwini olubanzi lwezindlela zokuhlola, kusukela ku-watemptapting kuya eGPS. Muva nje, iNkathi iNkanto ekheni i-GPS yakha imfundiso ekhethekile "imfihlo" eqaphela ukuqashelwa okukhethekile kwesikhathi eside sokuhlola. .[202] Unyaka wonke], iNkanto ebo i-PLT' efakwayo emshinini ye-PPPPP ukuze ihlole futhi ihlole i-stent yenze imizuzwana engu-28 ye-4]

Lomqondo wawuyinhloko ku- Carpeent v. United States (208), lapho iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando ngendawo engaphansi kwengqamuzana (CSLI) ephethwe yiziphathi zesithathu ze-patroli. INkantolo igcizelela ukuthi abantu baphatha omakhalekhukhwini babo yonke indawo, benze umbiko onzulu nofingqiwe wokuphila kwabo, futhi iphethe ukuthi "ingxenye yesithathu yemfundiso"" iqukethe ukuthi ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwe ngokuzithandela neqembu lesithathu akuxhomekile ekuvisekeni kwezelweni kwezesine seSiphendulo somthetho. Lesinqumo sithinte izimpawu ezinjalo zezimiso zezimiso zezwe.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ngaphezu kweSichibiyelo sikahulumeni sesine, izifunda eziningi zinezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezinganikeza iziqinisekiso ezinkulu kakhulu zomuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiqeshana I, iSiqeshana 7 soMthetho-sisekelo wezwe waseWashington siye sachazwa izinkantolo zazo ukuze zinikeze isivikelo esibanzi ekuphenyeni kuneSine Isichibiyelo. Ngokufanayo, iSimemezelo saMassachusetts of Rights neSiviko saseCalifornia zihlanganisa amalungiselelo athile ayimfihlo abahluleli bakahulumeni abaye bawasebenzisa ekuvimbeleni imikhuba ethile yokuhlola engavunyelwe ngaphansi komthetho wombuso. Izinhlangano zomthetho ezilawula izifunda izifunda ezisebenza ngokuqinile kulezi zimo ezithiwafanele athathe imisebenzi efana nokuthola indawo ye-tokisi noma ukuphatha ividiyo ethatha isikhathi eside. Le ngxenye yesivikelo esemthethweni ibangela izinselele ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemisebenzi eminingi yemisebenzi yemithetho.

Imithetho Yomthetho Kahulumeni Elawula Ukukhuphuka Neqoqo Lemininingwane

Ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho, imithetho eminingi kahulumeni ilawula ngokuqondile indlela yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuqoqa, nokugcina ukwaziswa. Okuningi kakhulu yi- i-Electronic Communications Infict (ECPA) ka-1986, ehlanganisa i-Linetap Act, i-Vred Communications Act (SCA), ne-Pen Register/Trap ne-Trace liyi-rect. I-Linect ngokuvamile ivimbela ukuvinjelwa kocingo oluphilayo, umlomo, nokuxhumana nge-elect uma uhlelo lwenkantolo lungatholakali, okudinga ukuboniswa kwembangela okuqinile nokulandelana kwezimfuneko ezilula. I-SCA ibusa ukufinyelela ekugcineni ukuxhumana, imiyalezo nemiyalezo enje, ihlukanisa phakathi kwemiyalezo ephakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-80 (inde), futhi igcinwe ngemithetho egcinwe isikhathi eside.

Nokho, i-ECPA iye yagxekwa njengephelelwe yisikhathi. Ibhalwe esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokufika kwama-cell phone, i-computer, ne-wede, inezigwegwe kanye nezindlela zokugwema ezinye izinhlangano zomthetho zikahulumeni eziye zasebenzisa kabi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-SCA ivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuthole izinhlobo ezithile ze-metadata − njengomthumeli nomnini we-imeyili ye-email / qhawe kuphela, hhayi imvume. Lokhu kubangele ukubizela inguquko, kuhlanganise ne-Act [[FLT: 0] Email Imficrect [, engadinga isiqinisekiso sazo zonke izinto ezigcinwe yi-parters, kodwa akuzange kudluliselwe emthethweni.

Omunye umthetho oyisihluthulelo yi- Expandel Surveillance Act (FISA), leyo nakuba ihloselwe ukuvikela isizwe, ingahlangana nemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni emacaleni ahilela ubuphekula noma ubusosha. FISA inkantolo ekhethekile yokuhlola izinhlelo zokuhlola izinhlelo zobuphengululi, kodwa izinqumo zayo ziyimfihlo, futhi izinqumo zayo zingathinta indlela obuhlanganyelwa ngayo neziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Privitacy Act ka- 1974 ilawula ukuqoqwa kweminikelo, ukugcinwa, ukusetshenziswa, nokusakazwa kokwaziswa komuntu siqu, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo komthetho kulinganiselwe ngaphandle kokuba i-mthetho we-odvectoratedment noma umthetho owe-osawumbini.

Imithetho Elandelana Kwezinga Likahulumeni

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho yazo siqu ebhekisa ukunakekela ukugcinwa komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Illinois e-Flectronic Communications Inficct (CALCPA) ifuna imvume yokwaziswa okusebenza ngogesi, kuhlanganise ne-metammeta kanye nendawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwaziswa kubanjwe yilungu ngalinye noma isigaba sesithathu. [FLT:] I-Illinonia ine-BYUMTY YOKWAZIMALISELELE (BIIPA), ebeka imithetho eqinile eqoqweni, indawo yokugcina, nokuhlanganyela kwemisebenzi yemininingwane efana nokuqashelwa kobuso kanye neminwe. [FLT:]

Eminye imibuso iye yabeke imingcele ecacile yobuchwepheshe obuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda-mazwe eziningi zihlanganisa iCalifornia, i-New Hampshire, i-Oregon, ne-Vermont zenza imithetho evimbela ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso ngomthetho, kungaba ukuvinjelwa ngokuphelele noma ukufuna imvume kanye nezivikelo eziqinile. Ngo-2020, iMassachusetts yanqabela amaphoyisa ukusebenzisa ukuqaphela ubuso bekhamera ehamba ngokulingana nomzimba. Le misebenzi yombuso iveza ukucindezelwa okucacile kokuchaza imingcele engokomthetho yokuvela kwamathuluzi okuhlola, ngokuvamile ngaphandle komthetho kahulumeni ogcwele.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezinqumo Eziyinhloko Zenkantolo

Izindawo ezingokomthetho zihlala zibunjwe yizinselele zenkantolo ezihlola imingcele yezindlela zokuhlola. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi Riley v. California (014], iNkantolo ePhakemekazi yanquma ngazwi linye ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola izinombolo zocingo lwamakhalekhukhwini olubanjwayo ukuze abanjwe. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini banama amaningi kakhulu, ngaphezu kakhulu kwesilinganiso sanoma yiliphi ibhokisi elingokoqobo. Lesinqumo siye saba nethonya eliqondile emithethweni yemithetho yomthetho yomthetho yokuhlola imishini phakathi nokuboshwa.

Amacala amancane amaningana asenkantolo aye akhuluma ngokusetshenziswa kwemishini yezezimali (imishini yengqamuzana) esetshenziswa amaphoyisa kahulumeni. Lezimishini zilingisa imibhoshongo yamangqamuzana ukuze zikwazi ukuvimbela izimpawu zomakhalekhukhwini abaseduze, ziqoqe indawo nemininingwane. Izinhlangano eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziye zayisebenzisa ngaphandle kwemvume, ziphikisa ukuthi zithatha ulwazi kuphela ezindaweni zomphakathi. Nokho, izinkantolo ezisemasimini njengeFlorida, Maryland, neCalifornia ziye zanquma ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-Stingrays kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe emzathwini. Ekuphenduleni, eminye imithetho ishaya imithetho efuna izimpawu zokusetshenziswa kwamasethi amangqamuzana.

Enye indawo esebenzayo yokufaka i-ligita ihlanganisa ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okuvela kuma-technic omphakathi. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziye zasebenzisa kokubili ukuhlola okuvulekile kanye nama-akhawunti afihlayo ukuze ziqoqe ukuhlakanipha kubantu ngabanye. Deborah v. Facebook, Inc.[2001], inkantolo enxusayo ihlola ukuthi amaphoyisa ahlola ukuthi awenza amanga yini ukuze athintane nomthetho owe-Computer Pripy and Abuse Act. Inkantolo ekugcineni yabeka phambili ezindaweni ezimpunga ezimbozwe nge-intanethi yomthetho. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane etholakala kumasitejini amathathu esithathu, njengokuhlola noma ukuthenga imininingwane emininingwane ehlukene, iphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi isiphi isikhululo esihambisana nokwembula ulwazi esinelisayo.

Ukuqashelwa Nokwanda

Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobukhomanisi be-faception buye baba elinye lamathuluzi okuhlola asemthethweni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-FRT scans yezindawo zomphakathi cishe ibanjwa amakhamera azimele noma amakhamera endikimba yamaphoyisa − ukuqapha okukhulu okungapholisa imisebenzi yeSiphendulo Sokuqala. Ukuhola izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi njenge [FLT]][FLT] American Liberties Union (ACLU)[FLY][[FLT][FLT] [[3] uthelela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobukekeli benkathi ngobuso ngemithetho kuvinjelwe kuze kube yilapho izikhungo eziqinile zenkantolo zikhona. Izinkantolo eziningi ziye zabuza ukuthi i-FRTCTY embonini esemthethweni, ikakhulukazi lapho ihilela ukugcinwa kwemidathayezo ye-'inqulution. Ukulawula okucukubusayo, kuvinywe inkantolo ezishaya inkantolo, futhi kuyeke izigwelwe izinkantolo ezisemthethweni.

Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa (I) ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa kokuhlola − njengokuhlola amanani angokobupolisa noma ama-athom e-layisensi asebenza ngemishini (ALPR) kuveza futhi izinhlelo ezingokomthetho. Lezi zimiso zingaveza "izingadi eziyingozi" noma zikhombe amasu aholela ekuhlolweni. Abavikeli baphikisa ukuthi amathuluzi anjalo anenjongo futhi asebenza kahle, kodwa abagxeki bakhomba ukucwaswa okunokwenzeka, ukuntula ukuvela ngaphandle, nobunzima bokunikeza izinqumiso zemithetho yemithetho yokuhlola iSine. United States v. Curry 2020)[FLT:], inkantolo yesifunda eCalifornia ecindezela ubufakazi obutholayo ngenxa yokuthi umnyango wendawo wawungadingiswe kahle umthetho we-AlP ngenxa yokuthi umnyango we-Scriffart wawungadingiwe umthetho ongokomthetho, kudinga ukuqoqwa komthetho ongokomthetho wokugunyaza imvume.

Ukuzigcina Ukwazi, Ukuhlanganyela Nokusebenzisa Imishini

Ngisho nalapho ukuqapha kuqhutshwa ngokomthetho, ukugcinwa nokuhlanganyelwa kokwaziswa okuqoqiwe kungaphakamisa izikhalo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho. Izinhlangano eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zigcina idata yokwaziswa okuqashelwayo. Njenge-ALPR logs, ikhamera yendikimba, ne-drone-rabone yokuqopha okubhaliwe okubhaliwe. Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezicacile, le mininingwane ingatholakala kwezinye izinhlangano, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa ukufuduka kwamazwe noma izinhlangano ezizimele, okungabangela ukuba kugwenywe ukuqoqwa kwazo komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [Ectroncrolection Foundation Foundation (EFFF:c)[FLD][FF:3] [FLT]] [FLT]] ifaka icala lapho amaphoyisa ehlangene nezinhlangano zomthetho womthetho, okwenza kube nokuhlola kwabantu abangasolekiyo.

Ukuze kulungiswe lezi zinkathazo, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imingcele yemininingwane yokuzigcina. Umthetho we-oyedwa weCalifornia ufuna ukuba imininingwane yokuhlola icishe iqedwe phakathi nenkathi ethile ngaphandle kokuba iyingxenye yokuhlola okuqhubekayo. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge Texas, zinemithetho evimbela ukugcinwa komthetho wekhono lokuhlanganisa i-ALPR nezinhlangano ezingahambisani nesivumelwano esingokomthetho sokuvimbela ukwaziswa. Nokho, ukugcinwa kwalemithetho kuvame ukuba buthakathaka, futhi izinhlangano eziningi azinaso iso iso isokulaleli.

Izinqubo zokugada zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imisebenzi yokugada ihlala isemthethweni. Amadolobha amaningi nezifundazwe ziye zamisa amanxusa amaphoyisa noma amabhodi okuhlola avamile anegunya lokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlola. Izindlela i-Surtle Surveillance Ordinance zifuna ukuba umnyango wamaphoyisa uthole ukuvunyelwa kwedolobha ngaphambi kokuthola noma ukusebenzisa amathuluzi amasha okuhlola, nokufaka imibiko yaminyaka yonke echaza ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Nokho, izimpawu ezinjalo ziyaqhubeka zikhona ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokubona kude kakhulu. Ukuswela kwezinhlangano zezokuhlola imfihlo noma amandla agcwele ezobuchwepheshe ezithile kwenza kube nzima ukuba izakhamuzi ngisho nezikhulu ezikhethiwe zikwazi ukuqondisa umthetho.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezakhamuzi

Kubaphathi bezemthetho, ukusebenzisa le-gray kudinga ukuqeqeshwa njalo nokuqonda kahle izimfuneko zombuso nombuso. Iphutha ekutholeni imvume, noma ukuthembela ekugunyazweni okuphelelwe isikhathi, kungaphumela ekubekeni ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda ngaphansi kokubusa kokukhishwa kwe-odoli. Okubaluleke kakhulu, indlela yokuqapha engekho emthethweni ingachaya umnyango emacaleni amalungelo omphakathi ngaphansi kuka-42.C.1914, kuholele ekulahlekelweni imali eningi kanye nokulimala okudumile. Iminyango eminingi manje isebenzisa iseluleko esingokomthetho noma izikhulu zezindaba zomuntu siqu ukuze ibukeze ngokukhethekile izinhlelo ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwenqubo.

Kubantu abahlala khona, isivikelo esingokomthetho esitholakalayo sixhomeke kakhulu ekuhlaleni kwabo. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sinikeza isisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni inganikeza izihlangu eziqinile ezimelene nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa. Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokwenqaba ukuphenya ezimweni eziningi, nakuba ukugcinwa komthetho kusavunyelwa ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okuthile emithonjeni etholakala obala noma ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo. Ukuqonda amalungelo omuntu okungathuli phakathi nokuma, ilungelo lokubuza ukuthi isikhulu sihlose ukuphenyanisa ucingo, noma ilungelo lokubuza ummeli ngaphambi kokuphendula imibuzo efuna ukubhekana nemiphumela ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Inhlangano enjenge [FLT] [FLFU:]

Ukubheka Phambili: Ukuthambekela Okungokomthetho Okukhulayo

Izimo eziningi cishe ziyohlela ikusasa lomthetho wokuqapha ukugcinwa komthetho wesizwe. Okokuqala, ukwanda kwe-inthanethi yezinto (IOT) imishini ye-Tream (IOT) , izimoto ezixhunyiwe, amakhamera, izimoto ezixhunyiwe, iyakudala imithombo emisha yokwaziswa ezobe zifuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba ungene. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- Carcenter ingenziwa imishini, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi zihlukaniswa ngokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, kuyadingeka yini imvume yokuthola i-GPS yangempela yesikhathi sokuthatha i-DS ngesimiso sayo semoto eyakhiwe ngesimiso se-temistle.

Okwesibili, ukusetshenziswa kwengxenye yesithathu yemininingwane kuye kwaba yinto ekhathazayo. Izinhlangano zomthetho eziphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho zingathenga ukwaziswa ngezindawo zabantu, izinto ezithengwayo, kanye nomsebenzi wezohwebo kuyi-inthanethi, zithathe imfuneko yokugunyazwa ngokuthola ukwaziswa okwakuqoqwe kuqala ngenjongo yezentengiselwano. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi lo mkhuba awuwuphuli umthetho weSimemezelo Sesine ngoba umuntu uhlanganyela ngokuzithandela nenhlangano yezentengiselwano, esebenzisa imfundiso yesithathu eyingxenye yezentengiselwano. Nokho, abameli bezindaba zomuntu siqu baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwakha imbobo eyingozi evumela uhulumeni ukuba ulwe nomthetho ukuba ulwe. Izinkulumo eziningana zicabangela umthetho wokuvinjelwa noma ukugcinwa komthetho kwemininingwane ephulwe.

Okwesithathu, ukukhula kokuxhumana okuyimfihlo kubangela izinselele zokugcinwa komthetho ofuna ukufinyelela imiyalezo ezindaweni zesikhulumi ezinjenge-AwasApp noma i-System. Nakuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi zingathola imetameter mayelana nokuthi ubani oxhumana naye, lokhu okuqukethweyo kungase kungafinyeleli ngaphandle kokubambisana ne-paredio yenkonzo noma ukuncishiswa. Izimpi ezingokomthetho zicishe zikhule kakhulu phakathi kokugcinwa kwemithetho edingayo kanye nelungelo lokuxhumana ngasese, okulondekile. Ezinye izifunda ziye zazama ukumisa imithetho efuna izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ukuba zakhele iziteshi ukuze zifinyeze, kodwa izinselele ezinjalo zibhekene nezinselele zomthetho womthetho ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sokuqala nezimiso zenkulumo nezimiso zenkulumo ephoqelelwe.

Ekugcineni, inkulumo yasobala ehambisana nokuqapha isiyalwazi kakhulu. Ngezimo eziphezulu zokuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nokusakazwa kwemithombo yezindaba ngamathuluzi okuhlola ngobuningi, imiphakathi eminingi ifuna ukuqapha nokubona. Imithetho enjenge i-Police Surveillance Reformation Act eDolobheni laseNew York kanye [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [i-Communy Control Over Police Surveillance (CCOPS)] imithetho ehlukahlukene embonini yotshani ekhulayo ibonisa izisusa zeminyango zomphakathi nokuvunyelwa kwezinhlelo ezintsha zokuqapha. Le mizamo yendawo iphoyisa umbuso nomthetho ukuze ilungele ukuphepha phakathi kokuphepha phakathi komphakathi naphakathi kwenkathi yomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Izici ezingokomthetho zokuqashelwa komthetho nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa kumelela enye yezindawo ezinamandla nezilandelanayo ze-juriptance yanamuhla. ISichibiyelo sesine sihlala siwumthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kubuchwepheshe obusha kuyavivinywa njalo ezinkantolo nasezinhlalweni zezishayamthetho. Imithetho enjenge-ECPA inikeza uhlelo olubalulekile noluphelelwe isikhathi, kuyilapho imithetho yesifunda yenezela imingcele yesivikelo ehluka kakhulu ezweni. Izinqumo zenkantolo zisebenza kulendawo. [==] Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekunqumeni kweNkanto ephakeme yenkantolo [iKletienterter [[] ukunikeza iziyalezo ezingokomthetho ezimelene nokuqashelwa kobuso obusemthethweni, ukukhonzwa okusemthethweni, ukuqashelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, kuqhubeke nokugcinwa phakathi kwale ngokomthetho, ukugcinwa kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho, futhi kuqhubeke ukugcinwa ekulondeni kwezindawo ezingokomthetho.