Ukuqondisa Izinto Ezihilelekile: Izimiso Ezingabonakali Zokuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Nsuku zonke, usebenzelana nezimiso ezibunjwe yizinhlangano ezilawulayo. Ngokuvamile lezi zinkampani zisebenza ngemva kwezindawo ezibukelwayo, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, ukugcinwa kwamanzi owaphuzayo, ukuthembeka kwemithi oyisebenzisayo, nokuqina kwezimali ozethembayo konke kuxhomeke ekusebenzeni okuthulile, okuqhubekayo kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nombuso. Lezi zinkampani zisebenza ngemuva kwezezigcawu, zimisa imithetho, zimise izindinganiso, futhi zigcine izimboni zinomthwalo. Umsebenzi wazo ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ziqinisekise ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, zigcine intengiselwano elungile, futhi zivikele abathengi ekulimaleni. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zinkampani ezisebenza ngayo futhi zithinta ngayo ukuphila kwakho kwembula ngayo ungqimbako olubucayi lwezimo ezizivelelayo, ezibeka imithetho ezizishaya imithetho, ezibeka izikhulu ezifuna abantu abaningi ukuba zivume.

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zithola igunya lazo ekwakheni umthetho odluliswe yizishaya-mthetho zeSishaya-mthetho noma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Zikha imithetho eningiliziwe echaza imithetho ebanzi, ukuthobela, ukuphenya, nokukhipha izijeziso. Lesi simiso sikhona ngoba izimboni ezishiyelwe ekuzibekeleni ngokwazo zishiyeke zibonise ukuhluleka ngokomlando ekuphepheni, ekuthembekeni, nasekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile. Izinhlangano ozofunda ngazo ngezansi ziphakathi kwezinethonya kakhulu eUnited States, futhi umsebenzi wazo ulolonga ngokuqondile izinga nokuphepha kolwazi lwakho lwansuku zonke.

Ukuphatha Kokudla Nezidakamizwa (FDA)

I-Food and Drug Administration, inhlangano eMnyango wezempilo neMinyango Yomphakathi wase-U.S. inomthwalo wokuvikela impilo yomphakathi ngokuqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukusebenza, nokulondeka kwemithi yabantu nezilwane, imikhiqizo yamagciwane, nemishini yezokwelapha. Futhi yengamela ukudla kwesizwe, izimonyo, nemikhiqizo ekhipha imisebe. Uma uvula ibhokisi lokusanhlamvu noma ugcwalisa i-active, i-FDA's director factor seyasebenza kakade.

Ukuqapha Ukuphepha Kokudla

IFDA ilawula cishe amaphesenti angu-80 okutholakala kokudla, kuhlanganise nakho konke ngaphandle kwenyama, inyama yenkukhu, nemikhiqizo ethile yamaqanda (ewela ngaphansi kwe-USDA). Inhlangano imisa izindinganiso zokukhiqiza ukudla, ukubhala amagama, kanye nokungenisa. Ihlola izakhiwo zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, imikhiqizo yokuhlola imishini evimbela ukubola, futhi inganikeza isikhumbuzo lapho kuvela izinkinga zokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kuvela ukuqubuka literatoria Monocytoes[ ithola ukuthi iqoqo lemifino eshinyene, i-FDAs ehlangene nomkhiqini wokususa imikhiqizo ethintekile emasheleni nasezintweni zokugcina izitolo kanye nezikhalo zomphakathi.

IFDA ihlela futhi izimfuneko zokunikeza izimpawu zokondleka, kuhlanganise ne-Butrition Facts quality ejwayelekile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa abathengi ukuba bangenza izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle mayelana namacalorie, ama-macronutrient, amavithamini, nama-allergen. Izingeniso zamuva ephepheni, njengokuhlanganisa ushukela ongeziwe nobukhulu obuvuselelayo, kubonisa umzamo oqhubekayo walenhlangano wokuhlela iziqondiso nesayensi yamuva yokondleka.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwemithi

Ngaphambi kokuba kuthengiswe noma imuphi umuthi omusha e-United States, kumelwe ubukezwe kabanzi nge-FDA ye-New Drug Application (NDA) noma inqubo entsha yezidakamizwa (NADA) ye-projects ezijwayelekile. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlola imininingwane yokuhlolwa kwendlela yokuphepha nokusebenza, ukuhlola izinto zokukhiqiza, nokuhlola ukubekwa kwe-posi okuhlongozwayo. Ngemva kokugunyazwa, i-FDA iyaqhubeka ihlola izidakamizwa ngezimiso zokuhlola ezilandelayo njenge-FDA Diane Diective Reporting Sy System (FAAAAST). Uma imiphumela engabonakali ngeshwakade, i-mface idinga izinguquko zokuphepha, ukuxhumana kwezindaba, noma ukuthatha imvume enkulu, ukuhoxa.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 saqokomisa indima ye-FDA ekusebenziseni izigunyazo (EUA), ivumela ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha kwemithi yokugoma nokwelapha lapho ilondoloza izinga lokuphepha. I-FDA futhi ilawula imithi edayiswayo, izithasiselo zokudla, nemikhiqizo ye-homepathic, nakuba lezi zigaba ezimbili zamuva zibhekene nokubukezwa okungaqondakali okungaqondakali ngaphambi kobukhazikhazikha.

Imishini Yezokwelapha Nemikhiqizo Yeradiation

Kusukela kubenzi be-panetic kuya kwi-MRI ukuhlanganisa ama-lens, i-FDA ihlukanisa imishini yezokwelapha ngezigaba ezintathu ezisekelwe ezingozi. Imishini I (njengezici ezicindezelayo) ibhekene nokulawula okuvamile, kuyilapho imishini ye-Clade III (njengezimpompo ezifakwayo ezimpompelayo) idinga ukuvunyelwa kwangaphambi kophawu olubonisa ukuthi i-metam. Inhlangano futhi yengamela imikhiqizo yokukhipha imisebe enjengamacrovhovho, amakhalekhukhwini, ama-cellphone, kanye nezikhomba-lazeli, imisa izinga lokusebenza ukuze inciphise ukuchayeka nokulimala.

I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EPA)

I-Ndevironmental Protection Agency, eyamiswa ngo-1970, isebenza ngokuvikela impilo yabantu nendawo ezungezile ngokubhala nangokumisa imithetho esekelwe emithethweni edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Ukufika kwe-EPA kukhulu: ilawula umoya namanzi, ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, nokungcoliswa kwesimo sezulu. Uma uvula umpompi, uphumela ngaphandle ngosuku olunyakazayo, noma ulahla amakhemikhali asekhaya, izindinganiso ze-EPA ziyasebenza.

Izindinganiso Zokuhlanzeka Komoya

Ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air Act, i-EPA ihlela i-National Ambentient Moole Ser Service (NAAQS) ukuze isebenzise izimpawu eziyisithupha ezingcolisayo: i-ozone, i-carbon monoxide, isibabule, isikhutha, i-sulfur dioxide, i-nitrogen dioxide, ne-lenjini. Amazwe kudingeka athuthukise amasuntswana okufeza lezindinganiso zokuhlangabezana nale zindinganiso. Uma ubona i-Air Seat Seaty Indement (AQI) ifunda endaweni ye-applet noma ezindaba, leyo ilinganiswa ngeziqondiso ze-EPA. I-octive dioxide, i-oxide, i-ase-ase-active dioth dioth dioth diseaseasease. Ukuncipha kancane kancane kancane kancane kancane kancane kwe-sssssssssssss oult ku-acid ku-adius kunyaka ongamashumi eminyaka kuqhubeke ku

Amanzi Anomsoco Namanzi Okuphuza Aphephile

I-EPA igunyaza i-Clean Water Act, elawula ukukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo emanzini angaphandle, kanye ne-Defic Water Act, emisa izindinganiso zokuthola amanzi okuphuza emphakathini. Inhlangano imisa amazinga aphakeme awezinto ezinjengomthofu, i-arsenic, ama-natrate, ne-microbial paroteogens. Uma isisebenzi sakho samanzi sendawo sithumela iConsumer Confidence Report yaminyaka yonke, ihambisana nezimfuneko ze-EPA. I-ooooperater i-atrand stater i-offracter, i-weter, isivikelo, ne-weterland, ne-microbitations.

Ukuphepha Kwamakhemikhali Nokuphatha Imfucumfucu

Nge-Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), i-EPA ibheka amakhemikhali amasha nakhona njengezingozi zempilo yomuntu nendawo ezungezile. Kungadingeka ukuba kuhlolwe, kuvinjelwe, kuvinjelwe, noma kuvinjelwe izinto eziyingozi. Inhlangano futhi ilawula udoti oyingozi ngaphansi kweResocial Conservation and Recovery Act (RRA), kusukela ethuneni kuya ethuneni kuya ethuneni, futhi yengamele ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo ezingcolisiwe ngohlelo olukhulu. Uma isakhiwo esiwe silahla ngokufanelekile izincibilikisi zeze ezezimboni noma indawo ensundu engcolileyo encishisiwe, i-EPA iqondisa lenqubo.

IKhomishane Yokuphepha Yezentengiselwano (CPSC)

I-Consumer Product Safety Commission kahulumeni ezimele esebenzela ukuvikela umphakathi ezingozini ezingenangqondo zokulimala noma ukufa ezihlangene nezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zemikhiqizo yabathengi. Ukulawula kwawo kuhlanganisa imikhiqizo esetshenziswa emakhaya nasezindaweni ezizungezile, izikole, kanye nokuzilibazisa, ngokuhlukanisa okukhulu ukudla, izidakamizwa, izimoto, nezibhamu. Uma ubopha umntwana esihlalweni semoto, ufaka imoto emshinini wokudlala, noma uvumela umntwana adlale ngethoyi, izinga lokuphepha leCPSCC lisemuva.

Ukukhumbula Umkhiqizo Nokubika Okuyingozi

ICPSC isebenza esinye sezimiso zokukhumbula ezibonakala kakhulu kuhulumeni. Uma abakhiqizi noma inhlangano iveza amaphutha okuphepha − njengekhomu elinezitimela eziwayo, i-otherter yasemkhathini ethambekele ekushayeni, noma ithoyizi elinamatsalane amancane angagwinywa − iCPSC ixoxa ngenkumbulo futhi iyenze ibonakale ngewebhusayithi yayo nangezixwayiso zezindaba. Inhlangano futhi igcina i-techwebhu elilimaza umphakathi elibizwa ngokuthi i-Sever Products.gov, lapho abathengi bangabika khona izenzakalo futhi bafune imibiko ngemikhiqizo ethile.

Izenzo zamuva ze-CPSC ye-profile ephezulu zihlanganise inkumbulo yezilali ezivamile ezihlangene nomlilo wezinsana, imililo yebhethri ye-e-scooter, kanye nemishini ye-carbon monoxide engasebenzi kahle. Inhlangano isebenza nezindikimba zangaphandle nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuphepha emaketangeni embulunga yonke.

Intuthuko Yezindinganiso Zokuphepha

I-CPSC inikeza izindinganiso zokuphepha ezibophekile zemikhiqizo ethile futhi ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zokuzithandela ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-ASTM International. Lezi zindinganiso zihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekungangeni kwempahla egqitshiwe kuya ekuzinziseni izinqolobane zezingubo. Inkampani futhi ihlola izingozi zokuvela kwezingozi, njengezingozi ezihlobene namabhethri e-lithium emishinini yokuhamba. Uma umenzi ehlola imikhiqizo yayo embonini ekhokhelwe, ivame ukulandela imithetho ye-CPSC-deved.

Izimo Zokuqondisa Ngezimali

Isimiso sezimali siqondiswa izinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni eziklanyelwe ukugcina ubuqotho emakethe, ukuvikela abatshali bezimali, nokuvimbela ingozi engokwesimiso somhlaba.

Izindawo Nesimiso Se - Exchange (SEC)

I-SEC imisa imithetho kahulumeni yokugcinwa kwezimali, ilawula ukuthengiselana kwezimpahla, abaphathi bezentengiselwano, abaphathi bezentengiselwano, kanye nemali yombango, futhi yengamela inqubo yenkampani yokudayisa. Uma uthenga noma uthengisa ngengxenye yenkampani ehweba obala nge-akhawunti exoxile, i-SEC iqinisekisa ukuthi inkampani inikeza izimemezelo ezinembile zezimali nokuthi uhwebo lungafezwa kahle. Inhlangano ihlola ukuhweba, ukukhohlisa, nokuhweba. Izenzo zokuphoqesha eziphezulu ze-seko zihlanganise izikhangiso ezimelene nabaqondisi bezentengiselwano kanye nezinkampani ezidukisa abahwebi ngemali yabo.

I - protein Financial Bureau (CFPB)

Idalwe ngemva kwenkinga yemali ka-2008, i-CFPB ilawula imikhiqizo yemali nemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nezikweletu zezikweletu, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, imali ebolekwa kubafundi, nokuboleka ngemali ngosuku. Iphoqelela imithetho emelene nokungalungi, ukukhohlisa, noma ukuphatha kabi. Uma uthola incazelo ecacile yenzalo yekhadi lakho lemali nemali, noma uma ubolekisi eqinisekisa ikhono lakho lokukhokha imali ebhayweni, imithetho ye-CFPB idlala. Inhlangano futhi isebenzisa i-sholorch lapho abathengi bengakhipha izikhalo nezimiso zemikhondo.

Abanye Abaqondisi Abayinhloko Bezimali

I-Federal Deposit Inshuwarence Corporation (FDIC) izinsalela ezigciniwe emabhange nasezindaweni zokukhokha, inikeza ithemba lokuthi imali yakho ivikelwe ngokwesilinganiso esingokomthetho. Ihhovisi leKhompathilo le-Linka (OCC) liyikhokha imithetho yezimali futhi liqondise amabhange ezwe. I-International Industry Regatoriation Agueguilvier (FINRA) ilawula abaphathisi bemali kanye nezinhlangano zokuhlola ukuvumelana nemithetho yokuvikelwa kwemali. Zizonke, lezi zinhlangano zakha ikhatheyiti lokuphepha kwezenteko yezimali ezisekela ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezomnotho.

Ezinye Izimo Eziqondisayo Ezilawula Usuku Lwakho

Ngalé kwezinhlangano ezinkulu ezichazwe ngenhla, ezinye eziningana zifeza izindima ezibalulekile kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondiseni imikhiqizo, izinkonzo, nezimo ohlangabezana nazo njalo.

Ukuphepha Nezokuphatha Zezempilo Ezemisebenzi (OSHA)

I-OSH, ingxenye ye-University of Labor, imisa futhi iphoqelele ukuba kube nezindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini. Kudingeka abaqashi ukuba banikeze indawo yomsebenzi ngaphandle kwezingozi eziqashelwayo, njengokuwa kwezingozi, ukuchayeka kwamakhemikhali, nemishini engaphephile. Uma usebenza ehhovisi, embonini, noma ekwakheni, i-OSHA ilawula yonke into kusukela ekuphumeni komlilo kuya ekuxhumaneni nokwehlisana kwemisebe. Inhlangano ihlola ukulimala emsebenzini nokulimala okungathi sína futhi ingakhipha iziphakanyiselwa nenkokhi zemali engagunyazi.

National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA)

Agency phakathi kwe-Department of Traffic, NHTSA ihlela izinga lophethiloli, izimfuneko zokuhlola izingozi, kanye nezici zokuphepha kwemoto. Ibuye ilawule inkumbulo yezimoto nezihlalo zemoto zabantwana. Uma umenzi wemoto enikeza inkumbulo yokuphepha ngamabhaksigi ayingozi noma izimiso zokuhamba emoyeni ezinephutha, iNHTSA yengamela lenqubo. Izilinganiso zokuphepha ze-ikhompathiwe ezihlanu, ezikhishwa emafasiteleni nase-inthane, zisiza abathengi ukuba baqhathanise ukukhisana kwemoto.

IKhomishane Yokuxhumana Kahulumeni (FCC)

I-FCC ilawula i-internate nezokuxhumana kwezizwe nge-radio, ithelevishini, ucingo, isiphuphutheki, kanye nentambo. Imisa izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zemishini yokusakaza, ilawula imisebe yemisakazo, futhi iphoqelela imithetho engekho mthethweni futhi elinganayo. Uma ungena nge-vidiyo, shaya ucingo, noma ulalele umsakazo, i-FC's iqoqo lemisebe nemithetho yayo yokungathathi hlangothi (eye yaqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi) ithonya izinga nokungafihlisi kwaleyondlela yokuxhumana.

Umnyango Wezolimo WaseUnited States (USDA)

I-USDA yengamela ukuphepha kwenyama, inyama yenkukhu, kanye nemikhiqizo yamaqanda enziwe nge-Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Ilawula futhi ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, ukubekwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, futhi ilawula izinhlelo zosizo lwezokudla. Uma uthenga inqwaba yenyama yenkomo engaphansi komhlaba noma ibhokisi lamaqanda abhalwe uphawu lwe-USDA, ungaqiniseka ukuthi ihlolwe.

Indlela Izimiso Ezingenela Ngayo Nendlela Osebenza Ngayo Nsuku Zonke

Ukuze wenze ithonya lezinhlangano eziqondisayo libe ngokoqobo, cabangela usuku olulodwa:

  • [[NT.0]] Imoto: Uphaphama esibikezelweni sesimo sezulu esihlanganisa ulwazi lwe-AQI oluvela e-EPA. Udla ukudla okusanhlamvu kwasekuseni okulawulwa yiFDA. Uhamba ngemoto uye emsebenzini noma esikoleni okuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha ne-EPA edinga ukukhishwa.
  • day:[ Usebenzisa umuthi ogunyaziwe owenziwe ngeFDA. Usebenzisa ikhadi lokuthenga ngesikweletu elithiwe ngokomthetho wemithetho yeCFPB. Udla ukudla kwasemini esitolo sokudla esineziqandisi nemisebenzi yokuphatha ukudla ehlolwa iminyango yempilo yendawo elandela amakhodi e-FDA.
  • Uthengela ingane yakho ithoyizi elisha elihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha zeCPSC. Uhlola i-portfolio yakho yokulondoloza imali nge-state ye-smenoge elawulwa yi-SEC kanye ne-FINRA. Ulahla imikhiqizo yokuhlanza, futhi umasipala wakho ulandela iziqondiso ze-EPA zokuphathwa kwemfucumfucu.

Lapho izinhlangano zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, abathengi nezakhamuzi bangathemba ukuthi izimiso ezibazungezile ziphephile, zilungile, futhi zinokwethenjelwa.

Isimiso Esandayo Sokuzivuselela

Akuzona izinhlangano zomphakathi kuphela eziqondisayo. Izinhlangano zezezenhlalakahle zikahulumeni zengamela ugesi, igesi yemvelo, kanye namazinga okuxhumana. Iminyango kahulumeni yomshuwalense ilawula izinkampani zomshuwalense. Le mithetho yokwakha ephoqelelwe ukuba ikwazi ukuqinisa izakhiwo nokucima umlilo. Lendlela egxilweyo isho ukuthi ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla, ngokuvamile ngezindawo ezihlelelwe ukuthatha izingozi ezihlukene.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho eminingi ingavimbela ukusungulwa kwemithetho futhi ikhiphe izindleko ezidluliswa kubathengi. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukungabi namthetho ngokomlando kuye kwaholela emiphumeleni edabukisayo, kusukela ekuqubukeni kwezifo ezibangelwa ukudla kuya ekuwohlokeni okungokwezimali. Ukulinganisela phakathi kobubonisi nenkululeko kulokhu kuyinto yempikiswano eqhubekayo, kodwa ukuba khona kwezinhlangano ezilawulayo kubonisa isinqumo esihlangene sokuthi isivikelo esithile sifanelwe ukudayiswa kwezentengiselwano.

Isiphetho

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zingabaqondisi abathule bokulondeka, izinga, nokulunga ezweni lanamuhla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udla, uyaphuza, uyashayela, uyatshala, noma uyaphefumula nje, umsebenzi wezinhlangano ezinjenge FDA, EPA, CPSC, SEC, kanye nozakwabo bakhona. Ukuqonda indima yazo akugcini nje ngokululazamisa uhulumeni kodwa kukuhlomisela ukwenza izinqumo zolwazi njengomthengi nesakhamuzi. Isikhathi esilandelayo ufunda ilebula lomkhiqizo, hlola izinga lomoya, noma uthola isaziso sokukhumbula, uyoqaphela izimiso zokubuyisela imizwelo ezisebenza kuwe.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngendlela lezi zikhungo ezisebenza ngayo futhi zishintshe, hlola ukucubungula okusemthethweni kweFDA , hlola , hlola i-EPA] yesimiso sokuqondisa [[, noma funa izindinganiso ze-CPSCCP [. Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okujule kakhulu emithethweni elawula indawo ohlala kuyo nsuku zonke.