Igebe Lokusekela Izakhiwo: Isidingo Sokubuyiselwa

Izakhiwo zasedolobheni ziwumgogodla womkhiqizo wezomnotho, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nezinga lokuphila. Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izimiso zamanzi, imishini yamandla, kanye nemishini yokuhamba yomphakathi yakha isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi lamadolobha anamuhla. Nokho, igebe eliqinile nelikhulayo likhona phakathi kwezidingo zezakhiwo zekhulu lama-21 kanye nekhono lezimali zomphakathi. INhlangano yaseMelika yezezimboni zezezimboni isebenza ngokuqhubekayo, izakhiwo ze-U.S. izakhiwo zezakhiwo zezakhiwo zezakhiwo zemvelo, nakuba amazwe asathuthukayo kumelwe akhe imishini ephelele ekuvaleni ukuze kuhlasele imfuyo ebhiciweni yezakhamuzi ezibhiyo. Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano yezimali ($general, intela kahulumeni, izibophonsi engokokwayo, kanye nezingalo oluvamile lwalethwayo. Ukuhlela izindleko kuncishiswa yimigqa yamazwe ezindaweni eziphambili eziphambili zezekwesasa izakhiwo zezebhishishishini elikhulu.

Lokhu kucindezela okungokwezimali kuye kwabangela igagasi lokuhlakanipha kwezezimali zomphakathi. Amadolobha kanye namaprojekthi abheke ngalé kwesikhwama somphakathi ukuze athole imali eyimfihlo, ahlele ukutshala imali ngemigomo yezenhlalo nemveli, futhi asakaza izingozi kakhulu. Umphumela uyithuluzi elihlukene neliyinkimbinkimbi lokusebenzisa imali. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi zinkulu kakhulu kulezi zibonelo, zichaza ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, lapho ziphumelela kakhulu khona, futhi zinezici ezibucayi ezidingekayo ukuze ziphumelele. Ukuqonda le ndawo emalini ibalulekile kudingekile kubenzi bemithetho, abahleli bezakhiwo zasedolobhulobheni, nabaceli abafuna ukwakha izakhiwo ezintsha eziqinile, ezikwaziyo, neziphambili.

Ubudlelwane bomphakathi: Ngaphezu kwenqubo yokuthola inzuzo engokwesiko

Imishini yomphakathi esebenzelana nomphakathi imelela ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo ekutholeni okungokwesiko. Esikhundleni sokuklama, ukwakha, ukuxhasa imali, nokusebenzisa inzuzo ngokwayo, iPPP isebenzisa impumelelo, inhloko- dolobha, nobuchwepheshe bengxenye yangasese. Umqondo oyinhloko uyisivumelwano sesikhathi eside lapho umngane womuntu ozimele efaka izingozi ezinkulu nesibopho sokunikela inkonzo yomphakathi noma impahla. Lendlela ishintshele ekubeni ibe ithuluzi elinamandla lokuhambisa izakhiwo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ezingenisweni zokuhamba, amandla, nasemangxenyeni amanzi, uma kuhlelwe kahle.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwezakhiwo ZePPP

Igama "PPP" lihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zamalungiselelo okuvumelana, ngalinye elinezinga elikhethekile eliyingozi linike indawo. Ukuqonda ukungafani kuyisihluthulelo sokukhetha uhlobo olufanele lomsebenzi onikeziwe.

  • Ukugcina-ukugcina i-Fanance-Operate-Monitor (DBHOM): Lena inhlekezo ebanzi lapho umngane ozimele anomthwalo wemfanelo kuzo zonke izigaba zesakhiwo somsebenzi wokusebenza. Ingxenye yomphakathi ichaza izimfuneko zokukhishwa (umzk., "umgede-i-isi-10, umgwaqo omkhulu onesivinini esiqondile"), kuyilapho umngane oyimfihlo eshiyelwa ekuklameni nasekuthwaleni. Lesibonelo sandisa ukudluliswa nokukhutshwa kwenani elide lendalo.
  • Izivumelwano: Ngemvume, uhulumeni unika i-athom eyimfihlo ilungelo lokusebenza, lokugcina, nokuqoqa inzuzo evela entweni ekhona isikhathi esithile. Ngokuvamile umngane ozimele wenza intuthuko enkulu njengengxenye yesivumelwano. Lokhu kuvame ezikhumulweni zezindiza, emathekuni, nasemigwaqweni ekhombayo.
  • Ukwakha-Operate-Transfer (BOT): Isakhiwo sePPP esingokwesiko, lapho umngane ozimele akhe khona isakhiwo, iyisebenzisa isikhathi esimisiwe sokubuyisela imali futhi ithole ibuye, bese ibuyisela ubunikazi engxenyeni yomphakathi ngaphandle kwezindleko.

Ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekutheni inzuzo injani, isizukulwane semali esingaba khona (isib., amafaksi kanye nemali ekhokhwa uhulumeni), kanye nekhono lomphakathi lokusingatha isivumelwano isikhathi eside.

Ingozi Yokuthutha Nokuthutha Imali

Izaba eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa i-PPP umqondo we-Loance for Money (VfM), owedlula kude kakhulu izindleko zokwakha zokuqala. I-VfM itholakala uma izingozi ezidluliselwa engxenyeni yomuntu siqu ziphumela ekuncipheni kwezindleko zokuphila eziphansi kunalapho uhulumeni ebezinikeze umsebenzi ngokwawo. Izingozi eziyinhloko kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo sezesisekelo zihlanganisa ukulibala kokwakha, izindleko zokusebenza, ukwehluleka nokufuna ukukhokhela.

Kumthetho olungiselelwe kahle, izingozi zabelwa iqembu elikwazi ukuzisebenzisa kangcono. Ngokwesibonelo, i-comnium yomuntu siqu ihlonyiswe kangcono ukusingatha izingozi zokwakha, kuyilapho uhulumeni engase alondoloze ingozi yezombangazwe noma yokuzihlela. Uma umngane womuntu siqu ethatha isilinganiso esiphezulu somgwaqo (ingozi ewubala), ithwala imiphumela yezimali, hhayi umkhokhi wentela. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwezisusa kukhuthaza ukukhuthala okuqinile nokusebenza. Nokho, iPPPPPP akusona inhlamvu yesiliva. Zidinga amandla amakhulu omphakathi okuxoxa ngezivumelwano eziyinkimbinkimbi nezakhiwo eziqinile ukuze ziqikelelwe. [[FLT:] [FL: 0] [FL:] [FL:1] [iediomtheliti]

Ukutshala Imali: Inhloko - dolobha Enonembeza

Ingxenye enkulu yenhloko - dolobha yomuntu siqu manje ifuna ukutshala imali eletha izinzuzo ezingcono emphakathini kanye nendawo ezungezile kanye nezinzuzo zemali. Lena indawo yokutshala imali, futhi isisekelo sesisekelo sifanelekile kulefilosofi. Imisebenzi yaseUrban (isukela ezimbonini zamandla ezivuselelwayo kanye nasekuthutheni komphakathi okuphumelelayo ukuya ezindaweni zokuhlala ezibizayo kanye nasezimisweni zamanzi ezihlanzekile) ithuthukisa ngokuqondile inhlalakahle yemiphakathi nendawo ezungezile.

Abanikazi bezimali ababambisi bezimali abagwemi nje kuphela ukulimala (i-EGG screen); bafuna ngamabomu ukunikela emiphumeleni emihle. Lokhu kushintsha kuvula amachibi amakhulu enhloko- dolobha, kuhlanganise nemali yempesheni nemali yengcebo, okunesakhiwo sesikhathi eside esihambisana ngokuphelele nesakhiwo sezemisebenzi yezezimali ezihlala isikhathi eside. [FLT]][1] INTERNATING INFING NENT (GIN) ihamba kulemakethe ekhulayo, manje emelela ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwempahla. I-ISCRIS kulokhu kusetshenziswa isilinganiso somkhathi, isilinganiso, nombiko wemiphumela yemisebenzi yayo engaphandle, futhi ivela embonini ngaphambili.

Ukubuya Nokuthunywa Kwawo

Enye yezinselele zokutshala imali eyisisekelo ukulinganisela ukubuya kwesifiso sokuncintisana kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano. Imisebenzi enikeza inzuzo ephansi etholiwe noma edinga ukutshala imali ephansi kakhulu engokwenhlalo ingase inikeze inzuzo ephansi ngokwezimali kodwa ibangele inani elingcono kakhulu lezenhlalo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuveleni kwe "inhloko-nkulu" noma "inhloko-mfunda-mkhakhakha," lapho i-aflanthropy' ephambili noma izinhlangano zezentengiselwano (DFre) imukela khona inzuzo ephansi noma inzuzo ephakeme kakhulu engokwezentengo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i DFI inganikeza isiqinisekiso esivikela abani abaholi bezimali zokuqala, okwenza umsebenzi ofana nowokuvusemncane otholwayo embusweni wemali ezindaweni ezisedolobheni.

Ukususa Izimali Ezingokomthetho

Ubuchwepheshe obusha nomthetho olawulayo benza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukutshala imali ngokuqondile ezizisebenzise nsuku zonke. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zezimali zomphakathi, kuhlanganisa imisebenzi nezinto eziza kuqala endaweni, futhi kuvula imithombo emisha yenhloko - dolobha yesiguli.

Ukujabulisa Izixuku Ezisekelwe Kuyi - platform

Izindawo zokuhlalisa izikhungo ezivunyiwe zivumela abantu ukuba banikele ngezakhiwo ezincane zenhloko zokwenza imisebenzi ethile. Kusemadolobheni, lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekufakeni ugesi womphakathi, emapaki omphakathi, ezimakethe zabalimi, noma amabhuloho ahamba ngezinyawo. Nakuba inhlokodolobha incane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa neprojekthi enkulu, lenqubo yenza imfuno yezezombangazwe nezenhlalo iphumelele. Ibonisa ukufunwa kwezindawo zendawo futhi ingavula izimali ezinkulu ezivela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Imali efana ne-Cintizvizvesssstor noma amapulani aphethe asendaweni e-master, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibe yimicrostries, izishintshele eziholi zeze zeze zezentengo zeze yezentengo yezentengo yemisebenzi.

UMasipala Omncane Nezikhwama Eziqondile

Indlela elula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa ukukhokha i-"mini-bodys" noma izibopho zikamasipala. Lena izibopho zokudayisana ezincane ezithengiselwa ngokuqondile izakhamuzi zasedolobheni, kunokuba isetshenziswe ngemishini engaphansi kwababhali. I-Green City Bonds, ngokwesibonelo, iye yasetshenziswa amadolobha afana ne-Gothenburg, eSweden, ukuxhasa imisebenzi yesimo sezulu. E-United States, i-Denverernern Airport ivumela izakhamuzi zendawo ukuba zibe ezokuqala ukuthenga izibopho, ziveze umuzwa wokuzinakekela kwendawo. Lezi zinhlelo zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana: zifaka imali elondolozweni lendawo, zinciphisa ukuthembela eWall Street, futhi zenze i-evition engokwemvelo ngenxa yomsebenzi. Ngokuvamile i-Estionstionss izimisele ukwamukela inzuzo ephansi kancane kancane ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhona, inzuzo yezentengo yedolobha.

Izwe Lomphakathi Nezibonelo Zokubambisana

Izakhiwo zezindlu nezindawo zomphakathi, izifekethiso ezintsha zibonakala ziphumelela. Izwe le-Lond Trusts (CLT) lithola indawo futhi liyigcinele umphakathi, liyifaka izakhamuzi noma abakhi. Lokhu kususa umhlaba ukhishwe izindleko zezindlu, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimali ezihlala njalo. Izindawo zokukhokha i-CLT zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuxubana kwezikweletu zebhange, izibambiso zikahulumeni, kanye nokufaka izimali ezisemqoka. Ngokufanayo, amandla avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibe nezindawo ezinamabhangedla noma i-apirbine, zinikeze kokubili amandla ahlanzekile kanye nokubuya kwemali. Lezi zidinga ukuhlelwa komphakathi okuphawulekayo kodwa kwamandla, okuhlala isikhathi eside okukhishwa emakentengweni entengweni.

Imishini Yanamuhla Yezimali Yokuzisiza Ekululameni Kwamadolobheni

Ngaphandle kwezisebenzi ezintsha ezithola imali kanye namakilasi anezimali, kuye kwasungulwa itshe eliphambili lamathuluzi anamuhla ngokwezimali ukuze liqondise inhloko - dolobha ngempumelelo kakhulu emiphumeleni ethile yomphakathi.

AmaBond Aluhlaza, Angokwenhlalo, Nawokuzigcina (GSS)

Imakethe yama-GSS iqhumile eminyakeni yamuva, inikeza umthombo onikezelwe wezimali emisebenzini yemisebenzi enenzuzo ethile yendawo ezungezile noma yezenhlalo. Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuzimisela ukusebenzisa inzuzo kuphela yemisebenzi emisiwe. i-Bonitiontive [ [[FLT]]] ifeza indima eyinhloko ekuqinisekiseni izibopho eziluhlaza, iqinisekisa ukuthi ihambisana nemigomo yesivumelwano saseParis. Le -crective inikeza isiqinisekiso sokufaka izimali futhi ivikela ekuncipheni "ukusula i-grozi, noma izikole ezintsha. Isibopho esiluhlaza singaxhasa ukukhiqiniswa kokukhanya kokukhanya, kuyilapho isibopho somphakathi singaxhasa ukuthengwa kwezibhedleleko ezintsha noma izikole. Ukubonakala nokulandisa kwezimfuneko ezisemfaniswa ezisendkweni zeGSS.

Amabhande Athonya Umphakathi Nenzuzo

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elithola imiphumela eminingi i-Social Impact Bond (SIB), eyaziwa nangokuthi iPay- for - Success. Kulesimo esisha, abanikazi bezimali abazimele banikeza inhloko-mkhakha yezinhlelo zezenhlalo (isibonelo, imfundo yabantwana, ukuvikela kwezempilo, ukusekela abangenamakhaya). Uhulumeni ukhokhela abanikazi bezimali ngokubuya * kuphela uma uhlelo luphumelela imiphumela yezenhlalakahle yangaphambi kokukhokha, eqinisekiswe yi-umboni ozimele. Kusedolobeni, lokhu kuye kwasetshenziswa ezimisweni ezinjengokwenza impumelelo ephambili ekhokha amandla ekwakheni imali ephansi kwezindlu ezingenisa izindlu zentsha noma ukuqeqesha umsebenzi wokulungisa izinhlangano zezentengo. I-SB i-SB ifaka inzuzo enzima, nakuba ifaka inzuzo entengosini esiphansi, futhi isebenza ngokuncishiswa kwemicineze yemali engathi kusetshenziswa ngokusekela kwemali esemthethweni.

Amabhande Okubuyisela Imali Namabhande E - catastrophe (CAT)

Njengoba amadolobha ebhekene nezinsongo ezikhulayo ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu (ukuvuthuza, iziphepho, i-heatwaves), ukukwazi ukumelana nezindleko zezimali, ukuqina kwezezimali. Ukubopha idolo kuluhlobo lwesibopho esiluhlaza esiklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukusekela imisebenzi ethuthukisa ikhono ledolobha lokumelana nokushayeka kwesimo sezulu, njengezindonga zolwandle, iziphethu zesimiso sokukhipha amanzi, noma uphahla lwamaphahla aluhlaza. Lokhu kunikeza amadolobha imishini ehlobene, i-Catastrophehe (CTAT [IT], idlulisa izingozi zenhlekelele ezimakethena. Ngokuhlanganisa imishini yemali ngokuqondile ikwazi ukubuyisela inzuzo ephakeme, abatshali bayavuma ngokushintsha indawo ethile.

Ukutholakala Kwenani Lamazwe: Ukusebenzisa Isimiso Sokwenza Imali Ibe Nje

Enye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu, kodwa angasasetshenziswa kakhulu, iLand Lavity Capture (LVC). Isimiso silula: lapho ukutshala umphakathi ezinjwayezweni − njengomzila omusha ohamba ngaphansi komhlaba − kunyusa inani lendawo eseduze, umphakathi kufanele uthathe ingxenye yaleyo ndawo ehambayo ukuze usize emkhankasweni. Indlela evame kakhulu yi-Theac Inconantement Fictive (I-IT), lapho idolobha likhokha isifunda futhi linikezela khona inzuzo yempahla esikhathini esizayo ukuze likhokhele intuthuko. Ezinye izindlela zihlanganisa ukukhokha okungcono, ukukhokhela amalungelo angcono, nokuthengisa amalungelo athengisekayo (i-ainjini). [[FLLY:F:][F1] i-PT] i-PGPTY] i-Progment ye-octivesworket [FFF] inikeza ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa inzuzo.[VV]

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemali Nezingozi

Imisebenzi eminingi yezenjwayezi ezisedolobheni ezindaweni ezichumayo noma ezingathengwa kakhulu ayisakhathazeki ngoba ibhekwa njengeyingozi kakhulu ngababolekisa ngemali. Ukuthengwa kwemali kuyindlela evumelanisa izakhiwo (kusukela ekunikezeleni izimali, iDF Ism, noma ohulumeni) ekususeni i-riski, ikwenza kukhange kubanikazi bezimali abafuna inzuzo yezentengiselwano.

Isakhiwo esivamile sihlanganisa "imfumba yetshe eliphakathi. Phezulu kunemali yemali ebolekwayo yokuqala ekhona empondweni ye-rols tranche . ngokuvamile exhaswe yinhlangano yezentuthuko . ethatha ukulahlekelwa kokuqala uma umsebenzi ungawutholi phutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho i-mezanzanine tranche enesilinganiso esilinganiselwe sengozi/i-pane. Ngenhla kwemali engaphezulu i-tranche, ehlanganiswe imali yemali yemali ebolengiswe egciniweyo enkampanini. Ngokuthola inhloko-sols-ftware yokuqala i-FOLP [FF:], i-tranche ingathola isilinganiso sokunyuswa kwemali, ivula isilinganiso esikhulu semali emalini nasemishuwashinini ye-mu. [FLD] I-almsceromes, idinga kakhulu i-ieances, futhi i-anscentine, i-anced eyanda kakhulu, i-Alance, futhi i-anspozine, lapho i-a.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Eningi

Inkathi yokuncika emthonjeni owodwa wezimali ezixhasa izakhiwo ezinkulu zasedolobheni iphelile. Amadolobha aphumelela kakhulu kuyoba yilawo alawula ubuciko be "isiqongo esinemiphumela"" ngokuhlanganisa izakhiwo eziningi ezintsha ukuze zakhe isakhiwo senhloko yezakhiwo eziqinile neziphumelelayo zomsebenzi ngamunye. Ukutshala izimali zokuthutha ezinkulu kungaxhaswe imfucumfucu yenhloko- dolobha ehlangeneyo: imali engaphezulu evela ebhangeni lezakhiwo ezingaphezulu, imali ebhange eliphansi emalini yemali ebhayisekile, ebhandeni elibhayisekile, i-PPPPPPPPPcecreaire, imvume evela kuhlelo lwezokuvuselela izakhiwo zomphakathi, kanye nezibopho ezincane ezithengiswe izakhamuzi zendawo. Le ndawo exhunyiweyo ifaka izingozini enhloko yomphakathi, izimali eziphezulu eqongweni.

Nokho, lezi zimo zemali eziyinkimbinkimbi zifuna amandla ayinkimbinkimbi engxenye yomphakathi. Ohulumeni kumelwe bathuthukise amakhono okuhlela izivumelwano, ukuzwana, ukulinganisela, nokusingatha izikweleti ezithatha isikhathi eside. Kumelwe futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ukuphishekela inhloko - dolobha yomuntu siqu akukunciphisi ukulandisa komphakathi noma ukulinganisela. Ukubona gcawu akunakwenzeka. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde izibopho ezithathelwe isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwempumelelo yomuntu siqu ngenjongo yomphakathi, okulula ngobunjiniyela bezezimali obusunguliwe, kuqukethe isihluthulelo sokuvula izigidigidi zamaRandi ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe imingcele eqinile, elinganayo, neqinile yamadolobha esikhathi esizayo. Ngokuthutha ngalé kwemingcele engokwesiko nangokumukela lezibonelo zezimali ezihlukahlukene, abaholi basemadolobheni bangaguqula inselele yesisekelo esiyisisekelo sibe umthwalo ohlangene wokuchuma.