Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sokungena Ngokuphuthuma Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, sifuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka entweni yangasese ngaphambi kokungena noma ukuseshwa. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme sekuyisikhathi eside iqaphela ukuthi izimo ezithile eziphuthumayo saziwa njengezimo [ [[FLT]]] , kungathethelela ukungena ngaphandle komthetho uma ukulibala kubeka engozini ukuphila, ukulahlekelwa ubufakazi, noma ukuvuma ukusolwa ukuba kuphumele. Lokhu kuchazwa ngokungenangqondo ukuthi kuyizigwegwegwegwegwe.

Izindawo eziphuthumayo zivela ekucindezelekeni okungokwemvelo phakathi kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye ayimfihlo kanye nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo ekulondekeni komphakathi. Izinkantolo zihlola icala ngalinye ngokubuza ukuthi, ngaphansi kokugcwala kwezimo, isikhulu sinenkolelo enengqondo yokuthi isinyathelo esisheshayo sidingekile.

Izinqumo Eziqondile Zokungena Ngokungena Okungenayo Ezimweni Eziphuthumayo

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yazicacisa kafushane izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zezimo ezibangela ukuba umuntu angene ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ukuba angene endaweni yangasese:

Ingozi Engathi sína Ekuphileni Noma Ekuphepheni

Uma izikhulu zinenkolelo enengqondo yokuthi umuntu ongaphakathi endlini usengozini esheshayo yokulimala okungathi sína emzimbeni noma ukufa, zingangena ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusabela emibhalweni yezibhamu, izenzakalo zobudlova basekhaya lapho othile ehlaselwa khona, noma izimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha lapho kudingeka khona ukuze kunikezwe usizo. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi usongo kumelwe lube yi- mediante[; izingozi ezicatshangelwayo noma ezizayo azikuthetheleli ukuhlasela.

Ingozi Yokubhujiswa Noma Yokususwa Kobufakazi

Uma izikhulu zinesizathu okungenzeka zikholelwe ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buyobhujiswa noma bususwe ngaphambi kokuba zithole imvume, zingangena ngaphandle kolulodwa. Lokhu kuvame ukuvela ezimweni zezidakamizwa lapho izikhulu zizwa imisindo yokugudluza izindlu zangasese noma ingilazi, noma kunoma isiphi isimo lapho umsoli eqaphela ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa futhi engase abhubhise ukuvinjelwa. Nokho, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukulibala ukungena ukuze uthole imvume cishe kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni kobufakazi.

3. Ukuthungatha Usongo Lokubalekela

Uma izikhulu zisanda kulandela umsolwa owenze ubugebengu obungathi sína futhi osolwayo engena endlini yangasese, izikhulu zingalandela ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuzilandela kumelwe kuqhubeke futhi kuqaliswe ngaphambi kokuba kungene inzuzo esolekayo. Isizathu siwukuthi uhambo lomsoleki oluya ekhaya akumelwe lunikeze indawo ephephile yokukhosela. Izinkantolo zifuna ukuba icala elingaphansi libe yisigebengu noma impoqo enobudlova ukuze kuthethelelwe ukungena.

Izimpawu Zenkantolo Ephakeme Ziveza Izimo Eziphuthumayo Ezihlukile

Izinqumo eziningana eziyinhloko ziye zathonya indlela yesimanje yokuqonda izinto eziphuthumayo, futhi lezi zimo zinikeza uhlaka lokuqeqeshwa komthetho nokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

Brigham City v. Stuart (2006]

Kulendaba, amaphoyisa asabela eqenjini elikhulu futhi ezwa ukumemeza nokulwa ngaphakathi ekhaya. Ngefasitela, aphawula ukuthi intsha yayihlaselwa umuntu omdala. Izikhulu zangena ngaphandle kwemvume zabopha umuntu omdala ukuba ahlasele. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi ukungenisa kwayo kungokomthetho ngaphansi kosizo oluphuthumayo ngoba izikhulu zazinenkolelo enengqondo yokuthi othile ngaphakathi wayedinga usizo olusheshayo ukuze avimbele ukulimala okungathi sína. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi imfundiso yokusiza [[[FLT: 0] ewusizo eqinile ayidingi isikhulu ukuba siqiniseke ukuthi isikhulu sibhekene nengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo.

[[UMTL:0] Klentiy v. King (2011)

Amaphoyisa alandela umshushumbisi wezidakamizwa owayesolwa esakhiwoni sokuhlala, ehogela insangu eshayelwayo, futhi engqongqoza emnyango wendlu. Bezwa imisindo evumelana nobufakazi obushayo, ngakho baphoqa ukungena futhi bathola izidakamizwa. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi izimo ezihlukile zazikuthethelela ukungena okungena ngaphandle kwemvume ngoba amaphoyisa awazange adale ukuzidalela ngokwawo ngokuzitika ekuziphatheni okungabangela ukuba umuntu onengqondo abhubhise ubufakazi. Lelicala labeka isilinganiso esibalulekile: [ amaphoyisa awanakwenza indivane yesidingo sokuzimela.

[[UMTH:0] Mincey v. Arizona[ (1978)

INkantolo yakhuluma ngobukhulu bokusesha okuphuthumayo kokufuna ukudutshulwa kwendlu yomthengisi wezidakamizwa. Nakuba izikhulu zazingangena ukuze zivikele indawo futhi zisize abalimele, zazingeke zikwazi ukuthatha ukuphenya okusobala ngaphandle kophawu lapho inhlekelele iphela. Lelicala lasungula isimiso sokuthi izimo ezihlukile ziwu wesikhashana futhi ulinganiselwe [; uma nje isimo esiphuthumayo sesiphelile, izikhulu kumelwe zitholele isiqinisekiso sanoma yiziphi ezinye izakhiwo.

Dolobha lase Tulsa v. Russell (2021) – A Isitho sokusebenza sanamuhla

Icala lamuva, elingadumile, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yasekela ukungena okungena ngaphandle kwemvume lapho izikhulu zisabela ngemibiko yezibhamu eduze komuzi futhi zikholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka othile ulimale ngaphakathi. INkantolo yaphinda yathi ukunqamuka okuphuthumayo kusekelwe [ ekuqondeni kwezenzo zabaphathi, hhayi izisusa zabo ezihambisanayo. Ngisho noma izikhulu zazihlose ukuphenya ubugebengu, ukuba khona kwesimo esiphuthumayo kuthethelele ukungena.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe kulezi zenzakalo, bheka isifushaniso se- Brigham City v. Stuart, [ i- i-Oyez [ukufihlwa ye-Kubengo]. King[[[FLT]][FLT]], kanye [[FLT:] neSiqu seSiqu solwazi somthetho seSikhulu seDolophulo [FLT]][FLT]]

Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zemithetho Ziyakhishwa EMthethweni Wecala

Kulezi zinqumo, kuvela izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo eziqondisa kokubili izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho nokubukezwa kokwahlulela:

  • [ Isimo esiphuthumayo kumelwe sibe sishesha futhi sibe balulekile. noma izingozi ezicatshangelwayo azihlangabezeki ezindinganisweni. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe basho amaqiniso acacile, anamandla asekela inkolelo yabo yokuthi isinyathelo esisheshayo siyadingeka.
  • [ Amahhovisi kumelwe enze ngendlela enengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo. Ukuhlolwa kunenjongo: yini isikhulu esinengqondo, esinolwazi olufanayo nokuqeqeshwa, esiyenzile kulesosimo? Injongo yesikhulu ayisebenzi.
  • Izinga lokufuna lilinganiselwe esimweni esiphuthumayo. Uma izikhulu sezingaphakathi, zingathatha kuphela izenzo ezidingekile ukusingatha isimo esiphuthumayo . njengokuhlola abantu abalimele noma ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Ukuphenya okugcwele ngaphandle kwemvume akuvunyelwe ngaphandle kokuba utalatalato omusha uyasebenza.
  • Ayinakwenza i-prolique ngokuziphatha kwayo okungenangqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhulu zingqongqoza futhi zimemezela ngendlela engabangela umuntu onengqondo ukuba abhubhise ubufakazi, ukuthi ulwembu olukhiqizwayo lungakuthethelela ukungena okungena okungena ngokungena okungena ngokomthetho.
  • Ababhali-zincwadi babalulekile. abaphathi-mikhosi kumele babhale ngokucophelela ukuqaphela kwabo, isikhathi, nezizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi isimo esiphuthumayo sasikhona, ngoba lombhalo ubalulekile kunoma iyiphi inselele engokomthetho elandelayo.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Kumaphoyisa nezinhlangano, ukuqonda lezi zindinganiso zomthetho kubalulekile ekuhloleni ngokomthetho lapho kuphuthuma.

Ukuhlolwa Okufanele Kosongo Olukhulu

Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe baqeqeshelwe ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimo eziphuthumayo zangempela nemisebenzi evamile yokusola. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa ukudutshulwa okukodwa endaweni ekude kungase kungakhiqizi inkolelo enengqondo yengozi eseduze, kodwa ukumemeza nokuphula ingilazi endlini kamakhelwane cishe kungasiza. Izethulo zomnyango kufanele zisebenzise ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ezibonelweni ukuze zinqume izikhulu.

Umnikeli nokubika

Ngemva kokungena okungena ngokungena ngokomthetho, izikhulu kumelwe zibhale umbiko oningiliziwe zichaza amaqiniso asekela inkolelo yazo yokungagunyazi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isikhathi sosuku, imisindo ephawulwe, izinkulumo ezivela kofakazi, nanoma yikuphi okunye ukwaziswa okuzwayo. Izinkantolo zizohlola lombhalo ukuze zinqume ukuthi ukuvumelana kokungena. Ukwehluleka ngokwanele ukuveza ubufakazi kungaholela ekucindezelweni.

Ukulinganisela Izinga Lokufuna

Uma sezingaphakathi, izikhulu kufanele zivale ukufuna kwazo ezindaweni lapho isimo esiphuthumayo singase sifanele khona. Ngokwesibonelo, uma zingena ukuze zisize isisulu esidutshulwayo, zingahlola izivalo zokulala nezinye izindawo lapho isisulu singacasha khona kodwa akufanele zivule amadiloho noma zifune izidakamizwa ngaphandle kokuba kunembangela ezimele. I-octal elandelayo idingeka ukuze kuhlolwe kakhulu.

Isicathulo Somzimba Nezinyawo Zecamera Eziphukile

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bunikeza umbhalo oqotho walokho izikhulu ezakubona futhi ezakwenza. Imithombo yezobuchwepheshe kufanele ihlobise izikhulu ezigadayo ngamakhamera okuhlinza futhi iqinisekise ukuthi zivuselelwe lapho zisabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Le ngxenye ingaba baluleke kakhulu ekufakazeleni noma ekuvimbeleni ukuthi unengqondo kokungena.

Izingcindezi Zezakhamuzi Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Kubantu abaphethe izakhiwo, ukuba khona kwezindawo eziphuthumayo kusho ukuthi awekho amathuba okufihla imizwelo ezakhamuzini.

  • ama-ngeniso angena ngokungenamthetho asemthethweni kuphela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zangempela. Uma amaphoyisa engena ngaphandle kwemvume futhi kungekho simo esiphuthumayo, ukungena kungangancishiswa, futhi noma ibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo bungacinywa enkantolo.
  • Unelungelo lokucela abaphathi ukuba bahambe lapho isimo esiphuthumayo sesixazululiwe. Uma amaphoyisa esala ngemva kokuba usongo seludlulile, ungakwazi ukubekela inselele ukuba khona kwabo okuqhubekayo njengokufuna okungenangqondo.
  • Ukuvimbela ukungena okuphuthumayo okungokomthetho kungaholela kwezinye izikhalo. Uma izikhulu zinesisekelo esinengqondo sokungena, ziphazamisana nazo (ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi ukungena akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho) kungaphumela ekumangalelweni kokuvimbela noma ukunqanda ukuboshwa. Indlela efanele iwukuvumelana futhi kamuva ibeke inselele ukungena ngokuhamba okungokomthetho.
  • Imithetho yesizwe inganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe. Eminye imithetho-mthetho yezwe inikeza isivikelo esibanzi sobuso bomuntu ngokwesilinganiso kuneSichibiyelo sesine. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe ambalwa adinga imvume yokufakwa ezimweni zobudlova zasekhaya ngaphandle kokuba kunesimo esibi kakhulu. Izakhamuzi kufanele zithintane nommeli ngemithetho eqondile kahulumeni wazo.

Indima Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso Nezici Ezihlukahlukene Emfundisweni Ephuthumayo

Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ibeka izindinganiso zeSichibiyelo sesine, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingachaza imithetho yazo siqu ukuze zinikeze isivikelo esikhudlwana.

  • Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamukela “ukunakekela okuhlangene” njengokwengeziwe, zivumela izikhulu ukuba zingene ekhaya ziyohlola inhlalakahle yomuntu ngisho noma kungena isimo esiphuthumayo, uma kunezizathu ezinengqondo zokukholelwa ukuthi kudingeka usizo.
  • Ezinye izifundazwe zibeka imbangela eqinile okungenzeka idingekile yokukhipha usizo oluphuthumayo, idinga ukuba izikhulu zibe nobufakazi bokulimala okungathi sína ngokomzimba ngaphambi kokungena.
  • Kwezinye izindawo, “ukulandela i - mout” okungekhona okuvamile kusebenza kuphela emacaleni, kuyilapho amanye ekwenza kube yiphutha uma kunengozi yokubaleka.

Ukugcinwa komthetho nabenzi bomthetho kumelwe bajwayelane nomthetho oqondile wecala esifundazweni sabo. [[FLT: 0] Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yomthetho weSizwe inikeza ukucaciswa okuwusizo kokushintsha kwezinga lombuso.

Ukulinganisela Ukuphepha Komphakathi Namalungelo Awodwa

Imfuneko yokugunyazwa isisekelo senkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ayiphelele. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, umphakathi kumelwe uhlole inani lesenzo samaphoyisa esisheshayo ngokumelene nengozi yokungena ngokungena ngokungena ngokusemthethweni. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukushaya loluhlangothi ngokufuna izikhulu ukuba zibe nenkolelo enengqondo [[ yesimo esiphuthumayo. Lendinganiso ivumelana ngokwanele ngokwanele ukuba ivumele ukugcinwa komthetho ezinkingeni ezibucayi kodwa iqine ngokwanele ukuba ivimbele ukuxhashazwa kokuxhashazwa.

Isici esiyinhloko salokhu kulinganisela isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuveza izimo ezizimele. Enkantolo, abashushisi kumelwe banikeze ubufakazi bokuthi izenzo zamaphoyisa zazinengqondo nokuthi ezinye izenzo zazikhona. Uma uhulumeni wehluleka, umthetho wokuhlukanisa ungase usebenze, unciphise noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngenxa yokungena ngaphandle komthetho.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kubaphathi Bezikhundla

Ukuze anciphise ingozi engokomthetho, izikhulu kufanele zilandele lemikhuba emihle kakhulu lapho zicabangela ukungena okungadingekile:

  1. Kayisha futhi uhlole: Ngaphambi kokungena, buza: “Ingabe kukhona usongo lwamanje ekuphileni noma ekulondekeni? Ingabe ubufakazi buzobhujiswa? Ingabe ngiphishekela umenzi wobubi ongathi sína?” Uma impendulo ingucha, thola isiqinisekiso.
  2. Ikhompathimenti yokwahlukanisa: Uma kungenzeka, vikela indawo futhi ulinde izikhulu ezengeziwe ukuba zinikeze ukungena okuphephile nokunobufakazi obuningi.
  3. [ Izimemezelo ze-Verbal:[ Imemezela ukuba khona kwakho nenhloso yakho ukungena, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungandisa ingozi noma kubangele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi.
  4. Ukungenisa okungadingekile: ukungena nje kuphela ngokwaneleyo ukusingatha isimo esiphuthumayo. Ungaseshi amagumbi angahlangene nesimo esiphuthumayo.
  5. Isiqinisekiso sokufuna okunye ukuseshwa: Uma indinganiso isixazululiwe, iyeka ukusesha kuze kufike incwadi. Uma uthola ibhande eliboshweyo lingabonakali phakathi nempendulo ephuthumayo, ungalibamba, kodwa ungahileleki ekufuneni okuvamile.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile zokungena nokufuna impahla yomuntu siqu ezimweni eziphuthumayo zibuswa indikimba ethuthukisiwe kakhulu yeSichibiyelo secala sesine. Izimo ezihlukene zivumela izikhulu ukuba zithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze zisindise ukuphila, zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, futhi ziphishekele ukubalekela ukusola, kodwa kuphela uma amaqiniso enikeza isiqinisekiso sokulungisa ngokushesha. Ngokuqonda iziqondiso, ukufunda ezicabeni eziwuphawu, nokubhala izenzo zazo, ukuqinisekisa komthetho kungasekela kokubili ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omthetho. Izakhamuzi, nazo, zizuza ekwazini ukuthi isikhathi sazo somuntu siqu sivikelekile ngaphandle kweziphazamiso eziqotho. Njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zilungisa lezi zimfundiso, ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo nokuhlelwa okungokomthetho kusemqoka kabanzi, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa komthetho kungasekela kokubili ukuphepha komthetho kanye namalungelo omthetho.

Eminye imithombo, hlola U.S. uMnyango wesiqondiso sobulungisa ekufuneni nasekuphazameni kanye nencazelo yeMelika Bar Association yezimo eziguquguqukayo[.