Table of Contents

Ukuqonda ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho nenkululeko yomphakathi kuyisisekelo sokuqonda indlela izinhlangano ezivikela ngayo amalungelo abantu nenkululeko. Isimiso somthetho siyisimiso sezimiso zomthetho, izinhlangano, nezinqubo lezo zimiso ezisetshenziswa ngazo, ngokuvamile phakathi kwesimiso esithile noma umphakathi. Inkululeko yomphakathi ingamalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko ohulumeni abathembisa ukungayivimbeli, kungaba ngemithetho-mthetho, umthetho, noma ukuchazwa komthetho. Lemiqondo emibili ihlangene kakhulu, njengendlela yesimiso nemvelo yesimiso sezwe esingokomthetho ithonya ngokuqondile indlela inkululeko yomphakathi eqashelwa ngayo, echazwe ngayo, negunyaziwe.

Isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi sihluka kakhulu emasikweni nasezindaweni ezihlukene ezingokomthetho. Nakuba amanye amazwe enezimiso eziqinile zomthetho ngokomthetho ezibala amalungelo ngamanye, amanye athembele enhlanganisela yomthetho womthetho womthetho, izivumelwano zezokwahlulela, nezomhlaba wonke. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke, sihlola isimo nokubaluleka kwenkululeko yomphakathi, futhi sihlaziya izindlela lenkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwa ngazo ngemibandela ehlukene engokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zezomthetho: Umbono Wembulunga Yonke

Izimiso zomthetho zakha isisekelo lapho imiphakathi ihlela khona imithetho yayo, ixazulule izingxabano, futhi igcine uhlelo. Izimiso zesizwe zesizwe zangaleso sikhathi ngokuvamile zisekelwe kwelinye lamasiko amane ayinhloko angokomthetho: umthetho wesizwe, umthetho ovamile, umthetho ongokwesiko, umthetho ongokwesiko, noma ingxube yalezi zimiso ezingokwenkolo. Nokho, ulwazi lwanamuhla luqaphela ukuthi ukuhlola kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zomhlaba zezwe ngo 2000 kwathola izinhlelo ezixubene ezingokomthetho ezingu-92, izimiso zemithetho kahulumeni ezingu-91, kanye nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile ezivamile ezingu-42. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izimiso zezimiso zezejwayeko ziye zanda ngokwanda njengoba amazwe evumelanisa izimiso zawo ezingokomthetho ezingoko ngokomthetho ezingoko, amasiko, nezidingo zezombangazwe.

Uhlelo lwezimiso zomthetho lufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kwesithakazelo semfundo. Ukuqonda isimiso somthetho sezwe kubalulekile ebhizinisini lomhlaba wonke, ekuhumusheni ngokomthetho, ekuhloleni imithetho, nasekuhlukaniseni amalungelo abantu. Ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zomthetho nakho kubalulekile ekuhumusheni ngokomthetho ngoba kubusa ubunzima bomsebenzi womhumushi: inqubo ehlobene kakhulu nezimiso zomthetho ezimbili iyindlela elula kakhulu yokuhumusha.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Isimiso somthetho esivamile sakhiwa yizehluleli, njengoba umthetho uvela emacaleni, kunokuba ubekwe umthetho. Imfundiso yokugqolozela, eyaziwa futhi njengomthetho wecala noma isibonelo sezinkantolo, iwumehluko omkhulu ekuhlanganiseni izimiso zomthetho wesizwe ezigunyaziwe. Kumthetho ovamile, abahluleli banendima eyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni umthetho ngezinqumo zabo ezindabeni ngazinye, ezisebenza njengesibonelo esibophayo emacaleni afanayo angokomthetho esikhathini esizayo.

Umthetho ovamile wenziwa eCanada (ekudluleni eQuebec), e-Australia, eNew Zealand, ingxenye enkulu yeUnited Kingdom (eNgilandi, eWales, naseNyakatho Ireland), eNingizimu Afrika, e-Ireland, eNdiya (engasasebenzi eGoa nase Puducherry), ePakistan, eHong Kong, eUnited States (ezweni nase amazingeni ezwe ahlukanisa iLouisiana nePuerto Rico), eBangladesh, kanye nezinye izindawo eziningi. Isiko elivamile laqala eNgilandi futhi lasakazeka kulo lonke uMbuso waseBrithani, okwenza ukuba kube ngelinye lamasiko angokomthetho asakazeke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

Izinkantolo zomthetho ezivamile ziwubukhonzi; okungukuthi, kunokunqoba okungathathi hlangothi enkantolo. Ohlangothini ngalunye lunquma izimpikiswano nemibuzo efuna inkantolo ixazulule, izenzele uphenyo, futhi ilungise futhi inikeze ubufakazi bayo. Lokhu kuveza ubufakazi obuqinile kuyahluka kakhulu nezindlela zobukhankasi ezisetshenziswa ezimisweni zomthetho womphakathi, lapho abahluleli bethatha khona indima enzima ekuphenyeni amaqiniso.

Enye yezincwadi eziyisisekelo kakhulu zokumisa umthetho ovamile iMagna Carta yesiNgisi, eyabeka imingcele emandla amaNgisi amaKhosi. Lencwadi engokomlando, eyavumelana ngo - 1215, yamisa isimiso sokuthi ngisho nama - monarch ayengaphansi kokubusa komthetho futhi yabeka isisekelo sesivikelo senkululeko eminingi yomphakathi esasiyovela kamuva ezindaweni ezivamile.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Izimiso zomthetho zangaphakathi zisuka emasikweni amaRoma. Umthetho womphakathi - Isimiso somthetho esisakazeke kakhulu emhlabeni, esisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene emazweni angaba ngu - 150. Lokhu kwenza umthetho wezwe ube yisimiso somthetho esande kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, uthonya intuthuko engokomthetho kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eLatin America, ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Asia ne-Afrika.

Amazwe anezimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi anemithetho ebanzi, ejwayeziwe ecacile echaza zonke izindaba ezikwazi ukulethwa phambi kwenkantolo, inqubo esebenzayo, nesijeziso esifanelekile ngecala ngalinye. Ngokungafani nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile lapho inqubo yokwahlulela ifeza indima yazo, uma kunjalo umthetho uwumthombo wesibili kulemithetho egunyazweyo. Ukugcizelelwa kugcizelelwa kwemithetho emiswayo emiswe abamisi-mthetho esikhundleni somthetho owenziwe ngomahluleli.

Kumthetho wesizwe, umahluleli uthatha indima enzima kakhulu ekuhloleni. Lendlela yokuqulisa isho ukuthi amajaji awathathi hlangothi nje kuphela phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo kodwa ahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuqoqeni ubufakazi nasekutholeni amaqiniso. Izibonelo zamazwe omthetho wombango zihlanganisa iFrance, iJalimane, neBrazil. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Belgium, i-Motius, i-Algeria, i-Tunisia, i-Morocco, i-Subran, i-Saharan Afrika, i-Spain ne-Latin America zonke zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomthetho womphakathi.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ongokwenkolo

Kumthetho wenkolo, umthetho uncike emibhalweni engokwenkolo njengesisekelo sawo esiyinhloko, futhi izinkantolo zichaza amaqiniso nezimiso zamanje ngokukhanyiselwa yileyomibhalo engokwenkolo. Zonke izinkolo zezwe ezinkulu----judaism, ubuKristu, ubuSulumane, ubuBuddha nobuHindu/ubukhomanisi bunesimiso somthetho wenkolo. Nokho, izinga umthetho ongokwenkolo olawula ngalo izindaba zomphakathi nezezigebengu lihluka kakhulu.

Isimiso somthetho wamaSulumane, esihlanganisa isharia (umthetho we-Islam) ne-fiqh (I-Istraminic jurispravince), iyisimiso somthetho wenkolo esisetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi esinye sezimiso zomthetho ezintathu ezivamile emhlabeni ngaphandle komthetho ovamile nomthetho wesizwe. Sisekelwe kuwo womabili umthetho waphezulu, osuselwa ku-harith yeQuar ne-Sunnah, kanye nokubusa kwe-ulema (izazi), esebenzisa izindlela ze-ijma (i-ensenus), u-qiyas (inconses), u-ijtihad (upheza), kanye nomkhuba ovamile wokudla (ufuna) amafutha (ultlegle).

Izizwe eziningi ezinezimiso ezingokwenkolo ezisebenzisayo ukuze zithakazelise isimiso sazo sezwe. ISaudi Arabia (I - Istracic) kuphela neVatican (ubuKristu) izikhulu ezimsulwa ezinesimiso somthetho senkolo ezizweni zazo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zenkolo kwaIsrayeli zihlanganisa izinkantolo zamaJuda, izinkantolo zamaSulumane, izinkantolo zenkolo zamaDruzeze, nezinkantolo zesonto zemiphakathi eyishumi eqashelwayo. Kwa-Israyeli, lezinkantolo zilinganiselwe ezithile zomthetho wezwe.

Izimiso Zemithetho Ezingokwesiko

Isimiso somthetho wesiko yisimiso esisekelwe emasikweni akudala azimele emphakathini othile. Amasiko aseye agxila kakhulu emphakathini kangangokuthi izinkantolo ziwabheka njengemithetho ephoqelelwe. Izimiso zomthetho ezingokwesiko zisekelwe ezindleleni zokuziphatha (noma amasiko) eziye zamukelwa njengezimfuneko ezingokomthetho noma imithetho yokuziphatha ezweni elithile. Imithetho yezimiso zomthetho ezingokwesiko ngokuvamile ayibhalwa futhi ivame ukukhishwa abadala, idluliselwe izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

Izimiso zomthetho ezingokwesiko ziya ngokuya ziba ziqheke kakhulu. Isimiso esingokwesiko sisetshenziswa umbusi futhi sinikeza amakhosi, izindlovukazi, amakhosi noma abaholi besizwe amandla akhethekile angokomthetho njengezinhloko zikahulumeni. Nokho, akuvamile ukuba imithetho engokwesiko ichazwe futhi iphoqelelwe uhulumeni. Kunalokho, khetha abaholi beqembu ngokuvamile basebenzise imithetho engokwesiko.

Namuhla, umthetho wesiko awuvamile ukuba khona ngokuhlukaniswa. Ngokuvamile, imikhuba yomthetho engokwesiko ingatholakala emagunyeni omthetho axubeneyo, lapho eye ahlangana khona nomthetho wesizwe noma wesizwe. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuvumela imiphakathi yabomdabu neyamasiko ukuba igcine imikhuba yayo engokomthetho kuyilapho isebenza phakathi kwezimiso zesizwe ezibanzi.

Izimiso Zemithetho Ezixubile Nezinhlanganisela

Izimiso zomthetho eziqinile ziyinhlanganisela yezimiso zomthetho ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezweni. Kukhona futhi ukuhlangana okukhulu phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezine, njengoba imibuso eminingi isebenzisa "i-hybrid" izimiso zomthetho ezibonisa izici zezimiso zomthetho ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ukwanda kwezimiso ezixubile kubonisa ukukhula okuyinkimbinkimbi komlando, amakoloni, kanye namathonya angokwesiko okuye kwaklama ukuthuthuka okungokomthetho emazweni amaningi.

Njengekoloni laseBrithani, iNdiya inesimiso somthetho esivamile, esiqaphela amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme namaNkantolo aphakeme okwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela ezibophayo njengendlela elandelanayo. Nokho, eminingi yemithetho yayo ihlangene nemithetho etholakala esimisweni se-poleon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Indiya inemithetho ehlukene esebenza kumaSulumane, amaSulumane namaHindu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Indiya inesimiso sobujinvethi esenziwe ngomthetho owodwa, umthetho wombango, nezimiso zomthetho wenkolo.

Ngokwesibonelo, isifundazwe sase-US saseLouisiana sinesimiso esixubile. Louisiana usebenzisa umthetho ovamile, kodwa futhi isebenzisa isimiso somthetho wezwe ngenxa yomthetho wezwe waso nezinqubo ngenxa yemvelaphi yaso njengendawo yaseFrance. Ngokufanayo, iQuebec, esebenzisa umthetho wesizwe esisesilinganisweni somhlaba wonke, kodwa ingaphansi kwesimiso somthetho esifanayo somthetho kahulumeni.

Imvelo Nokukhula Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Nakuba inkululeko yomphakathi ingafani phakathi kwamazwe, ngokuvamile ihlanganisa inkululeko kanembeza, inkululeko yezindaba, inkululeko yenkolo, inkululeko yokubonisa, inkululeko yokuhlangana, ukulondeka komuntu siqu, inkululeko yokukhuluma, ilungelo lokuzivikela, ilungelo lokulingana phambi komthetho, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, nelungelo lokuphila. Ezinye inkululeko zomphakathi ihlanganisa ilungelo lokuzivikela, ilungelo lokuzivikela, nelungelo lobuqotho bomzimba.

Inkululeko yomphakathi iyisivikelo ezinyathelweni zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuyenza ihluke kumalungelo omphakathi, abhekisela ezithandweni eziqondile zikahulumeni okufanele zithathe isinyathelo ukuze kuvezwe izimo ezilinganayo kubo bonke abantu baseMelika. Ukuqonda lomehluko kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho sisebenza kanjani emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukwehlukanisa Ukukhululeka Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Inkululeko yomphakathi ibhekwa njengezithembiso eziphambene (noma imiyalo engemihle) kuhulumeni ukuba angenzi izinto ezithile. Inkululeko yomphakathi ikhathalela amalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo eqinisekiswe ngokucacile yiBhili of Rights ne-Constitution yase-U.S. noma iye yachazwa futhi yakhishwa yizishaya-mthetho noma izinkantolo. Inikeza isivikelo esenzweni sikahulumeni noma sikahulumeni.

Ngokuphambene, amalungelo omphakathi ngokuyinhloko akhathalela ukunikezwa kwabantu ilungelo lokuphathwa ngokulinganayo nangokungakhethi emphakathini. Bakhuluma ngokukhetha okusesilinganisweni, ubandlululo, nokususwa kwemingcele engase iphazamise ukuhlanganyela kwabantu ngokugcwele emphakathini. Igama elihlobene nalokhu, amalungelo omphakathi, libhekisela ekuphathweni ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho nakukukhululeka ekucalucalulweni. Uma uhulumeni ephula inkululeko yomphakathi yamaqembu athile kuphela abantu, lokhu kuba ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abo omphakathi.

Ngokuvamile, inkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi kuhambisana nalesi: Isithembiso esibi sokuthi uhulumeni ngeke aphazamise ukukhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma sisikisela ukuvuma ukuthi uyovikela abantu abaveza imibono yabo, ngisho nangaphansi kwemibono emikhulu efisa ukubathulisa. Lokhu kuxhumana kubonisa ukuthi nakuba imiqondo ihlukile, basebenza ndawonye ukuze benze isivikelo esibanzi senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukukhululwa Komphakathi

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

Enye yenkululeko yomphakathi eyaziswa kakhulu inkululeko yokukhuluma, enikeza abantu ilungelo lokuveza imicabango, imibono, nemibono yabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbula noma ukushushiswa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imelene nezimiso zikahulumeni, ikhuthaza ushintsho emphakathini, noma imane nje ihileleke ekuxoxeni ngokukhululekile, inkululeko yokukhuluma inikeza abantu amandla okuveza imibono yabo futhi inikele enkulumweni yasobala.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayikho ngokuphelele kunoma yiliphi igunya futhi kumelwe ilinganiswe nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile ezinjengokulondeka kwesizwe, ukulondeka komphakathi, namalungelo abanye. Izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho ziletha lemingcele ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, zibonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zamasiko namasiko ezombangazwe.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

Enye inkululeko yomphakathi ebucayi inkululeko yenkolo, eqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banelungelo lokusebenzisa inkolo yabo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Lenkululeko ngokuvamile ihlanganisa kokubili ilungelo lokusekela izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo nelungelo lokubonisa lezozinkolelo ngokukhulekela, ngokuqhuba, ngokufundisa, nangokugcina.

Inkululeko yenkolo iyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezingokomthetho. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo aqinisekisa kokubili inkululeko yenkolo nenkululeko enkolweni, evimbela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wanoma iyiphi inkolo engokomthetho. Emazweni anezimiso zomthetho ezingokwenkolo, izinga lenkululeko engokwenkolo lingase libe lilinganiselwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezinkolweni ezimbalwa.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo, elamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme esekelwe eMbusweni wesihlanu, wesi-9, nowe-14, lisemqoka wezindaba eziningi zesimanje. Iqoqo lemitapo yemininingwane liphathelene nabasekeli bezindaba zomuntu siqu, ikakhulukazi uma le mininingwane idluliselwe ekuqikelweni komthetho. Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu aye abaluleke kakhulu enkathini yobuchwepheshe, njengoba ubuchwepheshe benza ukuba kuqasheke kakhulu ukuqapha nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane.

Inqubo Efanelekile Namalungelo Okuqulwa Kwamacala Okungagwebi

ISichibiyelo sesithupha sivikela ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi ngejaji elingakhethi ezinkantolo zobugebengu. Siqinisekisa ilungelo lomuntu omangalelwe lokuzwa amacala abo. Izimiso zenqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke uphuce abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kokulandela izinqubo ezimisiwe zomthetho futhi unikeze isaziso esingakhethi nethuba lokuzwakala.

Lezizivikelo zemvelo ziyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho futhi zikhona ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlukene ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene zomthetho. Nakuba izimiso eziqondile zingafani, izimiso eziningi zomthetho zanamuhla ziyakuqaphela ukubaluleka kwezinqubo zobulungisa ezicini zobugebengu nezezomphakathi.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Umqondo ongokomthetho wenkululeko yomphakathi ngokuvamile usukela emuva kuMagna Carta, umthetho - sisekelo wesiNgisi owavumelana ngo - 1215 owawusekelwe eziphephaneni ezikhona, okuwukuthi iCharter of Libertes. Lencwadi engokomlando yamisa isimiso sokuthi amandla kahulumeni kufanele alinganiselwe futhi abantu banelungelo elithile iziphathimandla okumelwe zilihloniphe.

Abathandi befilosofi yokukhanyiselwa bafunda nezazi zefilosofi zekhulu le-17 nele-18, kuhlanganise neMontesquieu, uJohn Locke, uWilliam Blackstone, noJean Jacques Rousseau. Lezizazi zefilosofi zaxoxa ngamalungelo ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise noLocke ‘ nelungelo elinethonya ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. ’ Bagcizelela ukubaluleka kokulinganisela amandla ohulumeni ukuze bangaphuli lenkululeko eyisisekelo.

ISimemezelo saseFrance sonyaka ka-1789 samalungelo abantu nesalesi zakhamuzi sidwebe inkululeko eminingi yomphakathi futhi singeyomthetho-sisekelo. Lencwadi yenguquko yathonya ukuthuthuka komthetho-sisekelo kulo lonke elaseYurophu nangaphandle, imisa izimiso zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukulingana, nobukhosi obuthandwayo obusaqhubeka bubumba umthetho wamalungelo abantu wanamuhla.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo AseMelika

IBill of Rights iyizinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ezagunyazwa ngo-1791, eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uYise woMthetho-sisekelo, wamisa iBill of Rights futhi waletha izinguquko eKhongosweni ngo-1789 ukuze akhulume ngezinkinga zikahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ngokuphambana. Ukulinganisela kwakhe okucophelelayo phakathi kombuso nomthetho nokungamalungelo abantu kuyaqhubeka kwakha isiqalo senkululeko yaseMelika yomphakathi namuhla. UMadine wakholelwa ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, uhulumeni wezwe osanda kumiswa ungaba nonyamezelo njengombuso wemibuso owawulwelwelwe ukuba uphume. Ukuzinikezela kwakhe kubonise ukuqondwa okucacile kwesidingo sokusetshenziswa kwemithetho engokomthetho ngokumelene nohulumeni, isimiso esisalokhu sisekwesasasasikwena esisemthethweni esisemthethweni.

Iningi lezinqumo zenkantolo ezichaza inkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika zisekelwe kuyi - Bill of Rights, izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ezenezelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo ngo - 1791. Inkululeko yomphakathi evikelwe eSivumelwaneni Samalungelo Abantu ingase ihlukaniswe ngokwezici ezimbili ezibanzi: inkululeko namalungelo aqinisekiswe esiIndlekweni Sokuqala (inkolo, inkulumo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nezicelo) kanye namalungelo ahlangene nobugebengu nenqubo efanele.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokungavumelani

Ukudlula kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane seSichibiyelo somphakathi kwavikela ngokwengeziwe inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuletha uClaus, iSinyathelo sikaClaus, neSikhungo Sokuzivikela Esilinganayo noClaus. Lokhu kulunga, kwagunyazwa ngo - 1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango, ngokuyisisekelo kwaguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wohulumeni, ohulumeni bakahulumeni, namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

KuBarron v. Baltimore (1833), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iBill of Rights ivinjelwe kuphela uhulumeni wesizwe futhi hhayi izifundazwe namadolobha. Inkantolo yaze yathembela ku-1945 eSichibiyelweni sekhulu le-14 ukuze ithole ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni kumelwe ahloniphe amalungelo eSichibiyelo soMpheme (Gitrow v. New York). EGetlow, iNkantolo yamemezela ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yokunyathelisa "yayilungelo lomuntu siqu nenkululeko evikelelwe inqubo efanelekile yeSichibiyelo se - 14 seSiphenduko se - hulumeni se - 14."

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni inkululeko yomphakathi, isebenzisa imfundiso yokukhetha ukusebenzisa izingxenye zeSikhathi Samalungelo Abantu ezifundazweni, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngawo - 1920. Amacala abonisa imingcele yezwe, njengeGetlow v. New York neMcDonald of Chicago, abonisa ukwanda kancane kancane kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Izivikelo Zomthetho Ezinqamula Izimiso Ezihlukene Zezomthetho

Indlela inkululeko yomphakathi evikelwe ngayo ihlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezingokomthetho ezihlukene namasiko omthetho - sisekelo.

Ukukhululwa Kwezakhamuzi Emazweni Avamile Omthetho

Kuzo zonke izikhundla zomthetho, izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho zenkululeko yomphakathi ngokuvamile zivela ngenhlanganisela yamalungiselelo abhaliwe omthetho-sisekelo kanye nencazelo yokwahlulela. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, ikakhulukazi iSikhathi sawo samalungelo abantu, uvikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Isimo somthetho wecala ovamile nemfundiso yesiqalo sisho ukuthi isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi sivela ngezindaba ngazinye ezimisa izimiso ezibophayo zezingxabano zesikhathi esizayo.

Kusukela ngo 1947, iJapane, izwe elinombuso ongokomthetho olawulwa yi-ompecism futhi elaziwa ngomphakathi walo wezenhlalo "owezinguquko ezihamba kancane," linomthetho-sisekelo obonakala unamandla wamalungelo phakathi nendawo yawo (iSikhulu III. Amalungelo neMisebenzi yabantu). Ngezindlela eziningi, lifana nomthetho-sisekelo womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wezwe wango-U.S. ngaphambi komthetho ka-19649, futhi ngenxa yokuthi waqala ukuphila phakathi nomsebenzi we-Japane. Lomthetho-sisekelo kungenzeka ukuthi ubheka ukumiswa kwezikhulu zesizwe, kodwa hhayi kubantu abavamile "abantula ukholo lwabo oludelwayo futhi basekela ushintsho olunengqondo." Kubantu abangabonakali, imithetho yemithetho ilwela ukuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo kanye namalungelo abantu ngabanye, okuhlanganisa kakhulu izihloko ezingu-10 kuya kwezingu-40.

Ukukhululwa Kwezakhamuzi Emazweni Omthetho

Amazwe omthetho womphakathi avikela inkululeko yomphakathi ngokwezincwadi ezibanzi ezibala ngokucacile amalungelo ayisisekelo. Umthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane, "Grundesetz" (kuyi-"uMthetho"), uqala ngohlu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwenkululeko yomphakathi nezifunda kuyi-sec. 1 "Isithunzi somuntu asinciphi. Ukusihlonipha nokusivikela kuzoba umsebenzi wawo wonke amagunya omphakathi." Ukulandela "Uhlelo lwe-Gauntel", abantu banelungelo lokudlulisela isiphakamiso eFederal Consticitional Court of Germany ("Boundsengsedgericht") uma benomuzwa wokuthi amalungelo abo omphakathi ayaphulwa.

Ngemva kweNguquko yeVelvet, umthetho - sisekelo owedlulele wathatha indawo eCzechoslovakia. Ngo-1991, i-Chater of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms yamukelwa, inezimo ezingokomthetho ezifanayo noMthetho-sisekelo. I-Czech Republic iye yagcina iTshater iphelele ngemva kokudilizwa kweCzechoslovakia njengoMthetho No. 2/19933 Col.

Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi Emazweni Anezimiso Ezixubile

I-Lifandamental Rights – ehlanganiswe engxenyeni III yomthetho-sisekelo - iqinisekisa inkululeko kangangokuba wonke amaNdiya angaphila ngokuthula njengezakhamuzi zaseNdiya. Isimiso somthetho esixubile saseNdiya, sihlanganisa umthetho ovamile, umthetho wesizwe, nezinhlangano zomthetho wenkolo, sinikeza isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo samalungelo ayisisekelo kuyilapho futhi siqaphela imithetho yomuntu siqu yemiphakathi yenkolo ehlukene.

Umthetho-sisekelo weRepublic of the People’s Republic of China (osebenza kuphela ezwekazini laseChina, hhayi eHong Kong, eMacau naseTaiwan) ikakhulukazi amaLungelo ayo ayisisekelo neMibuso yezakhamuzi, uthi uvikela inkululeko eminingi yomphakathi. Nakuba umthetho-sisekelo ka-1988 uqinisekisa inkululeko yomphakathi, uhulumeni waseChina uvame ukusebenzisa "ukuguqulwa kwamandla ombuso" kanye "ukuvikelwa kwezimfihlo zikahulumeni" izisho ezisemithethweni yawo zokubopha labo abagxeka iQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina (CPCP) nabaholi bombuso. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mthetho awuyiguquleli njalo isivikelo esisebenzayo senkululeko yomphakathi.

Imishini Yokuvikela Inkululeko Yomphakathi

Isivikelo esiphumelelayo senkululeko yomphakathi sidinga okungaphezu kwezimemezelo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nezincwadi Zamalungelo

Isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esilotshiwe siyisisekelo sesivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Lamalungiselelo amisa amalungelo ayisisekelo okumelwe uhulumeni ahloniphe futhi anikeze isisekelo esingokomthetho sezenzo zikahulumeni eziyinselele eziphula inkululeko evikelekile. Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile sijabulela isikhundla esikhethekile, okudinga ukusekelwa okukhulu noma izinqubo ezikhethekile ukuze ziqiniseke ukuqina kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Inkululeko yomphakathi eUnited States ivikelwe ngokuyinhloko yizinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ezimisa isisekelo esiqinile somthetho-mthetho samalungelo abantu. I-Bill of Rights, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ihlanganisa izinguquko ezivikela ngokuqondile inkululeko eyisisekelo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, kanye nezindaba, nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Lokhu kulungisa kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola okubalulekile emandleni kahulumeni, kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yezakhamuzi eziyisisekelo ayiphulwanga.

Ukubukeza Kobuculi Nokwahlulela Okuzimele

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyigatsha likahulumeni elingangaphansi komthetho omkhulu, izinkantolo zithuthukisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuvikela inkululeko nokulingana ekulinganiseni okungokomthetho omkhulu. Ijaji elizimele elikwazi ukubukeza izenzo zikahulumeni nokushaya imithetho ephula isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo ibalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinkantolo ze - Federal — futhi ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States — zinendima enkulu ekunqumeni izinga lokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile acacisa, andise, noma alinganise amalungelo abantu. Ngamandla okwahlulela, izinkantolo zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, ziwasebenzise ezimweni ezingokoqobo, futhi zithuthukise izimfundiso eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo.

Ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwenkululeko yaseMelika engokwenkululeko yangaphakathi kusungulwe kuyiBhili of Rights, izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usho ukuthini ngempela ngecala ezilinqumayo. Ukuphikisana ngenkululeko yomphakathi kuvamile ngoba izimpikiswano ezihilelekile ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ziyahlukanisa. Ososayensi bezombangazwe baye bathola ukuthi abantu basekela amalungelo enkolelo, kodwa ukusekela kwabo kuyantengantenga lapho kufika isikhathi sokusebenzisa lawomalungelo. Amacala aba nzima kakhulu uma inkululeko ikhona ephikisana mayelana nokuthethwa kwecala ngokukhululekile mayelana nokuqulwa kwecala noma ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi ngokumelene nomthetho olungile noma nomthetho womphakathi wenkululeko.

Izivumelwano Nemihlangano Yomhlaba Wonke Yamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke unikeza isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi esingaphezu kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo wasekhaya. Izivumelwano nemihlangano zimisa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zokuvikela amalungelo abantu futhi zidala izindlela zokuhlola ukuthotshelwa nokuphulwa kwemithetho. Amazwe asebenzisa la mathuluzi asekela izindinganiso ezithile ezilinganiselwe zenkululeko yomphakathi.

Imishini emikhulu yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ihlanganisa iSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu, iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo abantu, iSivumelwano samalungelo abantu, iSivumelwano saseYurophu eMalungelweni Abantu, iSivumelwano saseMelika samaLungelo Obuntu, neSivumelwano sase-Afrika Ngamalungelo Abantu. La mathuluzi amisa izindinganiso ezivamile kuyilapho evumela umehluko othile osekelwe emasikweni nasemasikweni.

Futhi, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iZizwe ezihlangene ezintsha zenza amalungelo abantu abe ingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlelwa kwazo, futhi iJapane neNtshona Jalimane, ngaphansi kwegunya lamandla alawulayo, zamukela imithetho evikela inkululeko eyisisekelo yomphakathi namalungelo. Inkathi yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II yaphawula ukwanda okuphawulekayo komthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu nokuqaphela ukuthi isivikelo senkululeko eyisisekelo siyindaba ekhathalela izizwe zonke, hhayi nje inkambiso yasekhaya.

Isivikelo Semithetho Namalungelo Okuqeda Imithetho

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalungelo omphakathi aphoqelelwa ngezimiso zomthetho eziningi, kuhlanganise nemithetho elwa nokungavumelani nokuthatha isinyathelo. Imithetho yokulwa nokungavumelani, njengomthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 kanye ne-Melika enoMthetho (ADA) wokukhubazeka, imisa isivikelo esingokomthetho esibanzi sokumelana nobandlululo ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila komphakathi.

Imithetho ingamisa imithetho enikeza incazelo ecacile yezimiso ezingekho emthethweni, imise izimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho, imise izimiso zokuqondisa, futhi ibangele izinhlangano zokuqondisa ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi ezimweni ezithile.

Umphakathi Wasebuthweni Namaqembu Ezembutho

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, izinyunyana zenkululeko yomphakathi, amaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu, nezinhlangano zokuphatha amalungelo abantu zifeza izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni inkululeko eyisisekelo. Lezizinhlangano ziqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni, zinikeza izimpawu ezingokomthetho kubantu amalungelo abo aye ephulwa, zihileleke emfundweni yomphakathi, futhi zisekela isivikelo esiqinile.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zisebenza njengezisebenzi eziqapheyo, ziletha ukunakekela ekuphucweni kwenkululeko yomphakathi futhi zibheka uhulumeni njengonecala.

Izinselele Zokukhululwa Kombango Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele zanamuhla kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu aphumelelayo okuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo yekhulu lama - 21 leminyaka.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokumelana Nobuphekula

I-USA PATRIOT Act (egunyazwe yiKhongolose ngo-2006 ngoshintsho olumbalwa), i-Internent Surveillance Act ka-2008, kanye nezenzo ze-National Security Agency noGeorge W. Iziphathimandla zaphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngezithakazelo eziphikisanayo zenhlala- kahle nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ziyini lezi zithakazelo kanye naziphi izindaba zenkululeko yomphakathi ezisengozini?

Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye bandisa amandla okuqapha kanye namandla okuqinisekisa umthetho ekusabeleni ezinsongo zobuphekula. Lezi zinyathelo zivame ukuhlanganisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezithakazelo zokulondeka nenkululeko yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, inqubo efanele, nokukhululeka ekuboshweni okuzimele. Ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwenhlalayenza kanye nenkululeko kulokhu kungezinye zezimpikiswano zenkululeko yomphakathi eziphikisana kakhulu zombuso wentando yeningi wanamuhla.

Ukuvikelwa Kwezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nemininingwane

Inkathi yezobuchwepheshe iye yabangela izinselele ezinkulu zamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kwezezinkampani, ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nezindlela zokuvikela umuntu ngemfihlo ezweni lanamuhla.

Imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho emisha yokuvikela ukwaziswa ukuze ixazulule lezinselele, imise amalungelo okungena, okulungile, nokucima ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, kanye nezibopho ezinkulu ezinhlanganweni eziqoqa futhi zihlele ukwaziswa komuntu siqu.

Inkululeko Yokubukisa ESiqwini Somphakathi Esinezinombolo

Ingabe izinkampani ezinkulu zezokuxhumana, njengamabhizinisi azimele, zingakwazi ukucubungula inkulumo evikelwe noma "izembozo" abasebenzisi abangalandeli imithetho ethile? Ingabe uhulumeni kufanele akwazi ukulawula amanga kula mapulatifomu?

Ukuvela kwezindawo zokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula izinkulumo zeningi futhi kwaphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nenkululeko. Izinkinga zihlanganisa ukulinganisela okunenzuzo ngamapulatifomu angawodwa, ukusakazeka kokudukiswa nokungatholi kwaziswa, ukuhlukunyezwa nge - Internet, nendima kahulumeni ekuqondiseni inkulumo ye-inthanethi. Izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho zibheka le mibuzo ngendlela ehlukile, ziveza amasiko ahlukahlukene ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nezinye izindinganiso.

Amalungelo Ezibhamu Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Ukudubulana kwabantu abaningi e - United States ngokuvamile kubangela ukuba kufuneke imithetho enamandla yokulawula izibhamu.ISichibiyelo Sesibili siphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi imingcele ethile iyaliphula yini ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali. Impikiswano ephathelene namalungelo ezibhamu ibonisa izinselele zokulinganisela inkululeko yomuntu nokulondeka komphakathi futhi ibonisa indlela izingxabano ngokuvamile ezihilela ngayo amalungelo nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezincintisanayo.

Indima Yezimiso Ezingokomthetho Ekunqandeni Ukukhokhwa Kwabantu Ngomphakathi

Isimiso somthetho wezwe kanye nesimo saso sithonya kakhulu indlela inkululeko yomphakathi evikelwa futhi ephoqelelwa ngayo. Amasiko ahlukene angokomthetho abheka amalungelo ngezindlela ezihlukene, abonisa izisekelo zefilosofi ezihlukene, amalungiselelo ezindawo, nezindinganiso zamasiko.

UMthetho Ovamile Ufinyelela Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu

Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zivikela inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuhlanganisa iqoqo lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nesibonelo sokwahlulela. Ukubekwa kwecala komthetho ovamile kanye nemfundiso yokugqolozela idecisis kusho ukuthi isivikelo samalungelo sivela ngecala ngalinye. Lendlela ivumela ukuvumelana nokuvumelana njengoba izinkantolo zisebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezisezimweni ezintsha, kodwa futhi ingaphumela ekuguquguqukeni nasekungaqinisekini.

Ukugcizelelwa kwesibonelo ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile kusho ukuthi amacala abalulekile amisa izimiso ezibalulekile zenkululeko yomphakathi anencazelo ehlala njalo. Izinkantolo eziphethe imithetho efanayo zivame ukucaphuna futhi zihlukanise izinqumo zangaphambili, zakhe indikimba yomthetho wecala onikeza incazelo ecacile eziqinisekisiwe zomthetho - sisekelo.

Umthetho Wangaphakathi Ufinyelela Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu

Izimiso zomthetho womphakathi zincike kakhulu emibhalweni ebanzi yomthetho-mthetho nemithetho ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko yomphakathi. Izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho emazweni omthetho womphakathi ngokuvamile zinegunya elikhethekile emibuzweni yomthetho-mthetho futhi zingabukeza umthetho ongekho ngqiqweni, ngaphambi kokuba usetshenziswe ezicaleni ezithile. Lendlela inganikeza ukucaca okukhulu nokubikezelwa ngokuphathelene namalungelo avikelwe.

Ukugcizelelwa kokuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zomthetho kahulumeni kusho ukuthi isivikelo samalungelo sivame ukubalwa ngokucacile ezincwadini zomthetho-sisekelo futhi kusetshenziswe umthetho. Nakuba izinqumo zokwahlulela zichaza la malungiselelo, azinawo amandla afanayo angokomthetho ovamile, futhi kugxile embhalweni wemiyalo engokomthetho nasemithethweni engokomthetho.

Umphumela Wezimiso Ezixubile

Amazwe anezimiso zomthetho ezixubene avame ukusebenzisa amasiko amaningi ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi. Lokhu kungadala kokubili amathuba nezinselele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimiso ezixubile zingahlanganisa amandla ezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengokuvumelana komthetho ovamile nokuhlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlobana phakathi kwamasiko ahlukene angokomthetho kungadala ubunkimbinkimbi nezingxabano ezingase zenzeke.

Ukuphumelela kwenkululeko yomphakathi ezimisweni ezixubene kuxhomeke ekutheni amasiko angokomthetho ahlukene ahlangene kangakanani nokuthi amalungiselelo ezinhlangano anikeza izinqubo ezicacile zokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwemithombo ehlukahlukene yomthetho.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo Ngenkululeko Ekhethekile Yangaphakathi

Ukuhlola indlela izimiso zomthetho ezihlukene ezivikela ngayo inkululeko ethile yomphakathi kwembula kokubili izimiso ezivamile nezihluke kakhulu endleleni ezizosetshenziswa ngayo.

Inkululeko Yenkolo Ngalé Kwezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Inkululeko yenkululeko yenkolo iyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezingokomthetho ezihlukene namasiko. Imibuso yentando yeningi iqinisekisa inkululeko yokuqhuba inkolo nenkululeko ezinkolweni, inqabela uhulumeni ukuba asekele noma iyiphi inkolo. Amazwe anezinkolo ezingokomthetho anganikeza izikhuselo ezilinganiselwe kakhulu ezinkolweni ezincane, kuyilapho alondoloza isivikelo esiqinile enkolweni eningi.

Emazweni anezimiso zomthetho ezingokwenkolo, izinga lenkululeko engokwenkolo lixhomeke ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi komthetho wenkolo nowezwe. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa umthetho wenkolo kuphela ezindabeni ezithile ezinjengomthetho womkhaya, kuyilapho kugcinwa izimiso zezwe zomthetho kwezinye izindawo. Ezinye zafaka izimiso ezingokwenkolo ngokubanzi ngokwengeziwe ezimisweni zazo ezingokomthetho, ezingalinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo kulabo abanganamathele enkolweni evelele.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nenkululeko Yokucindezela

Nakuba imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iqaphela inkululeko yokuveza ilungelo eliyisisekelo, ubukhulu balesivikelo buyahluka kakhulu. Amanye amagunya, ikakhulukazi lawo alandela isiko laseMelika, anikeza isivikelo esibanzi senkulumo, kuhlanganise nenkulumo ecasulayo nephikisanayo. Eminye ilinganisela imingcele ekhululekile ngokumelene nezindinganiso eziphikisanayo njengesithunzi, idumela, nokuhleleka komphakathi, ibeke imingcele enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu emazwini enzondo, ukuhlambalaza, nokukhuthaza.

Amanye amazwe anikeza iziqondiso eziqinile zomthetho - sisekelo ezivimbela ukukhishwa kwezincwadi, kuyilapho amanye evumela imithetho kahulumeni ekhudlwana yemithombo yezindaba futhi ebeka imingcele eqinile ekubikeni izindaba ezibucayi ezinjengokuphepha kwesizwe noma izindaba zokwahlulela.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nesivikelo Semininingwane

Izivikelo zomuntu siqu ziye zavela ngendlela ehlukile ezimisweni zomthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe zibheka ukuzifihla njengelungelo eliyisisekelo lomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho ezinye zivikela amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngokuyinhloko ngomthetho wemithetho. I-European Union iye yasungula imithetho ebanzi yokuvikela ukwaziswa emisa amalungelo nezibopho ngokwaziswa komuntu siqu, kuyilapho eminye imibuso ithatha izindlela ezilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Izikhungo zokuvikela umuntu eyimfihlo ziyahlukahluka futhi ngokuphathelene nokuqapha kukahulumeni, ezinye izimiso zomthetho zibeka imingcele eqinile emisebenzini yokuhlola futhi zidinga imvume yokwahlulela, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza ukuqashelwa komthetho nezinhlangano ezihlakaniphile.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Senkululeko Yangaphakathi

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka iguquka futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kumelwe kuvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho kugcinwa izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Ukulungisa Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa ubuhlakani obuqanjiwe, ukuhlukanisa isayensi yezakhi zofuzo, ukubikezela isayensi yokuhlola, kanye namandla okuhlola akhona kuyoqhubeka kubekela inselele izimiso zenkululeko yomphakathi ezingokwesiko. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zisungule izindlela ezintsha zokuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo enkathini yobuchwepheshe kuyilapho zivumela ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe okunenzuzo.

Lokhu kuyodinga ukuguqula izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo, ukumisa umthetho omusha, nokuthuthukisa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ezisingatha izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezilethwa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Izinkantolo kuyodingeka zisebenzise izimiso ezingokwesiko zenkululeko yomphakathi ezimweni ezintsha, kuyilapho izishaya - mthetho kumelwe zibe nemithetho evikela amalungelo ngaphandle kokusungula okuphazamisa.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokuncishiswa Kwezindinganiso Zamalungelo

Ukwanda kokuxhumana kwembulunga yonke kubangela ukucindezela kokuvumelaniswa kwezindinganiso zenkululeko yomphakathi ezimisweni ezihlukene zomthetho.

Lomkhuba wokuvumelanisa kumelwe ulinganiswe ngokumelene nokuhlonipha amasiko angokomthetho ahlukahlukene nezindinganiso zamasiko. Nakuba izimiso ezithile eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yomphakathi zingase zibe kuyo yonke indawo, ukusebenza kwazo nokusetshenziswa kwazo okuqondile kungahluka ngokomthetho emiphakathini ehlukahlukene nasezimisweni zomthetho.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Njengoba kuvela izinsongo ezintsha zokulondeka nenkululeko yomphakathi, ubuchwepheshe busiza ukuba kube nezindlela ezintsha zokuqapha nokulawula, izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zakhe izisekelo ezivikela kokubili ukulondeka nenkululeko eyisisekelo.

Lokhu kudinga ukuba kube nezindlela eziqinile zokwengamela, izinqubo ezibonisa ngokucacile, nokuhlaziya kokwahlulela izinyathelo zokulondeka ezithinta inkululeko yomphakathi. Kudinga nokuqhubeka kuxoxwa emphakathini ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko yentando yeningi emiphakathini.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho nenkululeko yomphakathi buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunemibono eminingi. Amasiko ahlukene angokomthetho abheka amalungelo ngezindlela ezihlukene, abonisa isisekelo sefilosofi, amalungiselelo ezimiso namasiko ahlukahlukene. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo ivikelwe kanjani ezikhundleni ezihlukene.

Nakuba izindlela ezithile zihluka ezimisweni ezingokomthetho, kuvela izimiso ezithile ezivamile. Ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqashelwa komthetho ngokomthetho noma ngokomthetho kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, izinhlangano ezizimele ezikwazi ukuqinisa lawomalungelo, amakhambi anenjongo enkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe ehlonipha inkululeko. Asikho isimiso somthetho esinegunya elingokomthetho elingokomthetho elingokomthetho elingokomthetho elinamandla ekuvikeleni amalungelo aphumelelayo, futhi izindlela ezihlukahlukene zingafinyelela imigomo efanayo ngezindlela ezihlukile.

Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukusongelwa, nokuguqulwa kwezenhlalo, ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kumelwe kuqhubeke kushintshashintsha. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zivumelanise izimiso ezingokwesiko nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho kugcinwa izibopho eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesithunzi sakhe. Lokhu kudinga ukuxoxa okuqhubekayo, ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano nokuqapha ekusongelwani kwenkululeko eyisisekelo.

Kubantu ngabanye, ukuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho nenkululeko yomphakathi kubalulekile ekuqapheleni nasekuqiniseni amalungelo abo. Kubenzi bezimiso nochwepheshe bomthetho, lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuklameni isivikelo esiphumelelayo nasekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo. Futhi emiphakathini yonke, ukugcina isivikelo senkululeko eqinile yomphakathi kuyisisekelo sokulondoloza ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuzibusa komuntu siqu.

Isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi sisewumsebenzi oqhubekayo, odinga ukunakwa njalo nokuzivumelanisa. Ngokuqonda indlela izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho ezisondela ngayo kulenselele, singafunda kokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukene futhi sithuthukise amasu aphumelela kakhulu okuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo ezweni elilokhu lishintsha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngesibonelo somthetho ofanayo, ukuhlanganiswa komthetho-mthetho, izivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo, noma izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, umgomo uyaqhubeka: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bajabulela isivikelo esinengqondo samalungelo abo ayisisekelo nenkululeko ngokumelene nobuqili nokuphathwa kabi kohulumeni.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezimiso zomthetho kanye nentuthuko yazo, vakashela i- Cornell Legal Information Institute. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezimiso zomphakathi eUnited States, uhlola imithombo yezomthetho e . . [[FLT]] [[FLT]]. Ukuze uthole imibono yamazwe ngamazwe wonke elungelweni lomuntu nenkululeko yomphakathi, hlola i-United Nations Universaltic Ization of Human Rights . Labo abathakazelayo emthethweni womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo bangathola ukwaziswa okuwusizo Umthetho weSikole [FLT:] imithombo yezentengo. Okokugcina, ukuthuthukisa izinhlangano zemithetho yomthetho yesizwe nezimiso zomphakathi, i-Igeverse-Implution, i-Impyume kanye ne-Uni ehlangene ezisasazi se-oms.