Table of Contents

Izimiso zomthetho nezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zimelela izinsika eziyisisekelo lapho imiphakathi yanamuhla yentando yeningi yakhiwe khona. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuzihlanganisa nohulumeni wazo, ukuvikela amalungelo azo, nokuhlanganyela ekulolongeni ikusasa lesizwe sazo, ukuqonda lezi zimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi akuyona nje imfundo kuphela, kubaluleke. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izwe eliyinkimbinkimbi lezimiso zomthetho, izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo, nezinqubo lapho imithetho eyisisekelo iphendukela khona ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezishintshayo zomphakathi.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zezomthetho: Isisekelo Sokubusa

Isimiso somthetho sisebenza njengesimiso esibanzi sokumisa, ukuchaza, nokumisa imithetho yaso. Lezizimiso azinqumi kuphela ukuthi yimiphi imikhuba evunyelwe noma enqatshelwe kodwa nendlela izingxabano ezixazululwa ngayo, indlela ukwahlulela okulawulwa ngayo, nendlela amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa futhi aqiniswa ngayo. Ukwakhiwa kwesimiso somthetho sesizwe kuthonya kakhulu zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi, kusukela kumalungelo empahla nezibopho ezidibeneyo zomthetho-mthetho.

Amasiko Amakhulu Angokomthetho Emhlabeni Wonke

Kuvame ukucatshangelwa njengezimiso zomthetho ezinhlanu emhlabeni namuhla: umthetho wezwe, umthetho ovamile, umthetho wesiko, umthetho wezenkolo, nezimiso zomthetho ezixubene. Ngalinye lalamasiko liye lavela ngezindlela ezingokomlando ezihlukile futhi libonisa izindlela ezihlukene zefilosofi zomthetho, ubulungisa, nokubusa.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ovamile: Ukwahlulela Kwangaphambili Nokwenza Isinqumo

Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile, nakuba ngokuvamile zinemithetho, zithembele kakhulu esibonelweni, izinqumo zokwahlulela esezenziwe kakade. Lelisiko lomthetho, elaqala eNgilandi yeNkathi Ephakathi, libeka ukubaluleka okukhulu esimisweni se- stare decis[ `imfundiso yokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izibonelo ezaziwayo ezicatshangelwe emaphutheni adlule lapho zinquma izindaba ezifanayo.

Nakuba umthetho ovamile uncike emithethweni ethile ehlakazekile, eyizinqumo zomthetho, ngokuyinhloko isekelwe esibonelweni esandulelayo, isho izinqumo zokwahlulela esezenziwe kakade ezicaleni ezifanayo. Lezi zehlakalo zigcinwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngemibhalo yezinkantolo kanye nangokomlando eqongelelwe ekwakheni umthetho obizwa ngokuthi izincwadi zonyaka nemibiko. Lokhu kwakha indikimba ephilayo yomthetho oziguqula ngokuqondene nencazelo yokwahlulela nangokusebenza.

Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zisebenza ngokumelene, kunokuba ziphenye, umahluleli ohlukanisa amaqembu amabili. Kulesi simiso, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza icala lalo, lubiza ofakazi, futhi luphikisa incazelo yalo yomthetho, kuyilapho umahluleli esebenza njengomlungisi ongakhethi oqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlulela ngokulunga futhi usebenzisa izimiso ezingokomthetho ezifanelekile.

I-United States, iCanada, iNgilandi, iNdiya, ne-Australia zivame ukubhekwa njengamazwe avamile omthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi zonke zaziyizikhonzi noma amakoloni eGreat Britain, ngokuvamile ziye zagcina isiko lomthetho ovamile. Lokhu kuhlanganyela ifa elingokomthetho kwakha ezinye izici ezivumelanayo endleleni lezizizwe ezibheka ngayo ukuqamba okungokomthetho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishayamthetho.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi: Imithetho Ephicayo Nemithetho Egciniwe

Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zisuka esikweni lomthetho wamaRoma. Lendlela yomthetho igcizelela imithetho ebanzi, ehlelwe kahle esebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko wegunya elingokomthetho. Namuhla, umthetho wesizwe uyisimiso somthetho esivamile somhlaba, esiqhutshwa cishe emazweni angu 150.

Izizwe ezinezimiso zomthetho wezakhamuzi zinemithetho ebanzi, ehlelwe ngokujwayeza. Okubaluleke kakhulu, icala liwumthombo wesibili kulezindawo eziphethe. Kunokuba zibheke ngokuyinhloko ezinqumweni zokwahlulela zangaphambili ukuze zithole isiqondiso, abahluleli ezimisweni zomthetho wezakhamuzi babheka imithetho eningiliziwe ezama ukubheka nokusingatha zonke izimo ezingokomthetho ezingase zivele.

Kumthetho wesizwe, indima yomahluleli iwukuthola amaqiniso aleli cala nokusebenzisa amalungiselelo emithetho esebenzayo. Nakuba umahluleli evame ukuletha amacala angokomthetho, aphenye lendaba, futhi anqume ecaleni, usebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso esimiswe yimithetho ebanzi, ehlangene. Lokhu kudala indlela yokuhlola enqulweni yobulungisa, lapho amajaji ethatha khona indima ekhuthele ngokwengeziwe ekuphengululeni amaqiniso nasekwahluleleni iqiniso.

Amazwe omthetho ahlanganisa wonke aseNingizimu Melika (ngaphandle kweGuyana), cishe wonke aseYurophu (kuhlanganise iJalimane, iFrance, neSpain), iChina neJapane. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zomthetho womphakathi okwandile kubonisa ithonya lamasiko amaRoma angokomthetho kanye nezinhlangano zobumbano zekhulu le - 18 nele - 19, ikakhulukazi iMithetho kaNapoleon.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wenkolo: Imisebenzi Esekelwe Emthetho Esekelwe Ukholo

Izimiso ezingokwenkolo zomthetho ziyizimiso lapho umthetho uvela emibhalweni noma emasikweni angokwenkolo anikezwe khona.

Isimiso somthetho wamaSulumane, esihlanganisa isharia (umthetho we-Islam) ne-fiqh (Iziqubulo zenkolo), iyisimiso somthetho wenkolo esisetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi esinye sezimiso zomthetho ezivamile ezintathu emhlabeni ngaphandle komthetho ovamile nomthetho wezwe. Umthetho wamaSulumane uvela emithonjeni eminingi, kuhlanganise neQuran, iHadith (amazwi nezenzo zomProfethi uMushushizi uMuhammad), kanye nencazelo namakhulu eminyaka emfundo kanye nemvumelwano.

Ngokwesibonelo, eSaudi Arabia, isimiso somthetho sisekelwe emthethweni we - sharia, osuselwa kuyiKoran, umbhalo wenkolo wamaSulumane, kanye neSunnah ne - Hadith.

Umthetho Ongokwesiko: Imikhuba Yamasiko Nemikhuba Yomphakathi

Izimiso zemithetho ezingokwesiko zisekelwe ezindleleni zokuziphatha (noma amasiko) asemukelwa njengezimfuneko ezingokomthetho noma imithetho yokuziphatha ezweni elithile. Imithetho yezimiso ezingokwesiko ngokuvamile ayibhalwa futhi ikhishwa abadala, idluliswa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

Lezi zimiso zibonisa ukuthuthuka kwemithetho esemthethweni emiphakathini ethile, ngokuvamile emisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni. Namuhla, imithetho engokwesiko itholakala ivaliwe, imiphakathi engayodwa ehlangene nezimiso zomthetho ovamile noma womphakathi, ivumela ukuba ihlale ikanye nezimiso zikahulumeni ezihlangeneyo esimisweni esixubile. Lokhu kuvumela imiphakathi engokwesiko ukuba ilondoloze isimilo sayo kuyilapho ihlanganyela ezimisweni ezingokomthetho zesizwe ezibanzi.

Izimiso Zezomthetho Ezixubile: Izindlela Zokwahlulela Eziwubuhlanya

Lezi zimiso zomthetho ezixubene zibhekisela ezimisweni zomthetho lapho ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zisebenza khona ndawonye. ngokuvamile lezi zimiso ezixubile zivela ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomlando, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kwamakoloni, ukunqoba, noma umklamo womthetho - sisekelo wamabomu ofuna ukulinganisela amasiko ahlukahlukene angokomthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-South Africa ne Sri Lanka zinezimiso zomthetho ezisekelwe emthethweni wakudala we-parmal ongagunyaziwe we-Holland. Nokho, ukuxhumana kwabo isikhathi eside neBrithani kusho ukuthi umthetho wabo womphakathi nezimiso zenqubo yenkantolo kuxhomeke kakhulu emthethweni ofanayo. Ngokufanayo, i-Louisiana e-United States ilondoloza isiko lomthetho wezwe ezindabeni zomthetho womuntu siqu kuyilapho isebenza ngaphakathi komthetho ovamile waseMelika.

Ukwehluka Okuyinhloko Phakathi Komthetho Ovamile Nezimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Ukuqonda umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi komthetho ovamile nezimiso zomthetho wezakhamuzi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela ukucabanga okungokomthetho, igunya lokwahlulela, nobuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho okuhluke ngayo kwezinye izindawo.

Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwalezizimiso ezimbili yindima yezinqumo ezibhaliwe nesibonelo njengomthombo womthetho (enye yezici ezichazayo zezimiso zomthetho ezivamile). Nakuba izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zigcizelela kakhulu isiqalo, abahluleli bomthetho wombango bathambekele ekungasilinganisi kakhulu isimo sokwahlulela. Lomehluko oyisisekelo uhlela yonke into kusukela endleleni abameli abaphikisana ngayo nezimpikiswano ngendlela imfundo engokomthetho ehlelwa ngayo.

Kumagunya omthetho avamile, imibono yokwahlulela iba yingxenye yomthetho obophayo, ukwakha isimiso esinamandla lapho umthetho uphenduka khona ngecala ngalinye. Ezimisweni zomthetho wesizwe, kuyilapho abahluleli bengase bahlole izinqumo zangaphambili ukuze baqondiswe, ngokuyinhloko baboshwe ngemithetho engokomthetho kunangezomthetho. Izinqumo zibopha kuphela amaqembu endabeni, hhayi njengesibonelo sezezomthetho wamuva ezicatshangweni ezifanayo.

Imiphumela engokoqobo yalokhu kungafani ibalulekile. Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zithambekele ekukhiqizeni imibono emide yokwahlulela ehlaziya ngokucophelela amaqiniso, esebenzisa izimiso ezingokomthetho, futhi imise izimiso ezintsha zomthetho. Izimiso zomthetho womphakathi ngokuvamile ziphumela ezinqumweni zokwahlulela ezimfushane ezisebenzisa amalungiselelo angokwezimiso ukuze kutholakale amaqiniso ngaphandle kokucabanga okungokomthetho noma ukuhlaziya okubanzi okungokomthetho.

UMthetho - sisekelo: Umthetho Ophakeme Nesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Umthetho-sisekelo umelela umthetho oyisisekelo wesizwe,(-) ibhukwana eliphakeme elimisa uhlelo lukahulumeni, lichaza imibuso nokulinganiselwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi libala amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi. Umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengencwadi eyisisekelo echaza isakhiwo, imisebenzi, amandla, nokulinganiselwa kukahulumeni. Iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yisakhiwo esihlala njalo kodwa ingadinga ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ibonise izidingo nezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Injongo Nomsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho-sisekelo ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Imisa ukwakhiwa okuyisisekelo kukahulumeni, ngokuchaza amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo yamagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nabezahluleli. Ngokuhlukanisa imibuso nezimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela, imithetho engokomthetho ivimbela ukubekwa kwegunya futhi ivikele ekubuseni kukahulumeni.

Ngaphandle kwezimiso zokwakha, imithetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile ingenamalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo uhulumeni angenakuyiphula. lezi zingahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nokuhlangana; isivikelo ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeki; amalungelo enqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho; namalungelo ezombangazwe ahlukahlukene njengokuvota nokunxusa.

Imithetho-sisekelo futhi isebenza njengezivumelwano zezenhlalo ezihlanganisa izindinganiso kanye nezifiso ezihlanganyelweyo zomphakathi wezombangazwe. Zimelela izivumelwano mayelana nendlela amandla okufanele asetshenziswe ngayo, imingcele okufanele icindezele uhulumeni, futhi yiziphi izimiso okufanele ziqondise ukwenza izinqumo ndawonye. Le misebenzi engokomfanekiso nevamile yenza amathuluzi anamandla okuchaza ubuzwe kanye nobungangamsha bezombangazwe.

Ukusetshenziswa Komthetho - sisekelo Nomthetho

Kuhulumeni ozimele womthetho sisekelo, umthetho-sisekelo umi njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe. yonke eminye imithetho, imithetho, nezenzo zikahulumeni kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Lesi simiso sokuphakama komthetho - sisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nemithetho ekhethwe ngokwentando yeningi ayinakwephula izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo noma iphule amalungelo avikelwe.

Ukubusa komthetho − isimiso sokuthi bonke abantu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni ngokwawo, bangaphansi futhi bazolandisa ngaphansi komthetho, / kuxhomeke ngokuyisisekelo ekuphakameni komthetho-sisekelo. Uma imithetho-mthetho ihlonishwa futhi iphoqelelwa, icindezela amandla onyazi, iqinisekisa ukufaneleka kobuhlobo obungokomthetho, futhi ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekuphathweni uhulumeni.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela, amandla ezinkantolo okuqeda imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula umthetho - sisekelo, kusebenza njengenqubo ebalulekile yokugcina ukuphakama komthetho - sisekelo. Ngokubukeza kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli bomthetho - sisekelo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zomthetho - sisekelo nezokubusa zihlala zingaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo: Ushintsho Lomthetho Oyisisekelo

Ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo luyinguquko noma ukunezelwa kumthetho - sisekelo. Inqubo yokulungisa imelela enye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi evumelanisa ngayo nezimo ezishintshayo, ukushiyeka okucatshangelwayo, nokusabela ekususeni izindinganiso zomphakathi kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuqhubekeka nozinziso lomthetho - sisekelo.

Ifilosofi Esekela Isichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho-sisekelo kudinga ukusabela ekushintsheni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezinjwayezini nasemiqondweni yezenhlalo, kodwa idinga ukuvikelwa ezinguqukoni zesikhathi esifushane noma izinguquko ezisheshisiwe ngaphandle kokucabanga nokucabangela okufanele. Khona - ke, inselele iwukuklama inqubo yokulungisa enziwa: (a) ivumela umthetho-sisekelo ushintshelwe ukuhle komphakathi uma kudingekile, uma usekelwa ukuvumelana okwanele, nangemva kokucabangela ngokucophelela; kodwa (b) ivimbela ukuba ishintshelwe ekuzithakazeleni, ekuthatheni, ekulahleni, ekulahleni, ekulahleni noma ezisusayo.

Lokhu kuguquguquka nokuzinza kusemnyombweni womthetho-sisekelo. Imithetho-sisekelo kumelwe iqine ngokwanele ukuze inikeze ukuzinza, ivikele amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi ivimbele izinguquko ezisheshayo ezibangelwa izifiso zesikhashana zezombangazwe. Nokho kumelwe futhi ivumelane ngokwanele ukuze ikwazi ukubhekana nentuthuko yezenhlalo yangempela, amaphutha alungile, futhi isabelele ezimweni ezingalindelekile.

Inqubo yokukhetha ukulungisa iveza izahlulelo eziyisisekelo ngobukhosi obuthandwayo, isivikelo seqembu elincane, uhulumeni, kanye nejubane elifanele loshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo E - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States unikeza isibonelo esifundisa ngokukhethekile sezinqubo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuthi ukulungisa kungahlongozwa uMkhandlu ngenani eliphindwe kathathu evotini lendlu yabameleli neSigele noma ngomhlangano womthetho-mthetho obizwa ngeziphakamiso ezimbili ezithathu zezindlu zikaHulumeni.

Lendlela yokuhlela amaza amabili ibonisa isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika, ukuvumela ukulungisa kusuka esimisweni sesizwe noma ezifundazweni ngokwazo. Nokho, akukho noyedwa kwezingu 27 eziye zahlongozwa umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo. Zonke iziphetho kuze kube manje zisungulwe eSivumelwaneni, okubonisa izinselele ezisebenzayo nezezombangazwe zokuhlela umhlangano womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Lapho kuhlongozwa, ukulungisa kubhekene nemfuneko efuna indinganiso elinganayo. Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokushesha lapho ugunyazwa abantu abathathu abangamashumi amane base-United States (amaZwe angu-38 kwangu-50). Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zijabulela ukuma kwezwe nokusekelwa kwezombangazwe kulo lonke izwe.

Ngokuphawulekayo, uMongameli we-United States akanandima esemthethweni encwadini ekhombayo yaseMelika ebaluleke kakhulu. Kukholwa noma cha, uMongameli akanikezwanga indima engokomthetho ebhukwini elilandelanayo laseMelika elibaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kubonisa isahlulelo soMsunguli ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo kufanele zimelele intando yabantu nemibuso, hhayi ukukhetha okuphezulu.

Ukwakheka Okunamandla KweSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S., uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu - 27 kuphela eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, naphezu kwezinkulungwane zezicelo. Lokhu kubonisa izinqubo eziqinile endaweni yazo zokuvimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa kuveza ukuvumelana okubalulekile kwezenhlalo.

Lokhu kuqina okuphawulekayo kubonisa ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa kanye nempumelelo yomklamo wokuqala womthetho-sisekelo. Isithiyo esiphakeme sokulungisa sisho ukuthi izicelo ezisekelwa kakhulu ezihlukene zingaphumelela. Lokhu kuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe zesikhashana kuyilapho kuvumela ukuvumelana kwangempela ukuba kuveze ushintsho.

Kuhilela umzamo obambisanayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni kahulumeni nombuso, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kubonakalisa ukuvumelana okukhulu. Inqubo yokuhlunga enzima ivimbela ukulungisa ngokuphamazela. Inqubo yesigaba esiningi, ehilela kokubili ukusikisela nokuhlawuliswa ngezimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu esiteji ngasinye, idala amaphuzu amaningi okumelwe anqotshwe yinoma isiphi isilungiso.

Ukushintsha Kwezinqumo Kuyo yonke Izizwe

Nakuba iUnited States inikeza isibonelo esisodwa sokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo, ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezibonisa amasiko azo ayingqayizivele omthetho - sisekelo namasiko ezombangazwe. Eminye imithetho - sisekelo ingalungiswa ngemithetho emikhulu eyisisekelo, kuyilapho eminye idinga imishado ekhethekile, imihlangano ekhethekile engokomthetho, noma imijikelezo eminingi yemvume yemithetho.

E-U.S., amazwe angu- 49 kwangu-50 adinga imvume yokuba abavoti bavumelane nokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. UDelaware akadingi ukuba abavoti bavumele ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhluka ngisho nangaphakathi kwesimiso sombuso waseMelika kubonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuguqula umthetho.

Ezinye izizwe zihlukanisa phakathi kwezinguquko ezivamile kanye nokubukezwa okuphelele komthetho-sisekelo, kanye nezinqubo ezidinga ukumiswa ngokuqinile. Ezinye zisho izinhlelo ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo njengezingenakuguqulwa, zibeka izimiso eziyisisekelo ezingenakufinyelelwa ngisho nokuvunyelwana okukhulu. Lezi "zingcaphuno zomthetho-sisekelo" zivikela izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ekukhukhulekeni ngisho nangezinqubo zentando yeningi.

Indima yokulawula ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo iyahluka kakhulu ezigabeni. Ezinye izizwe zidinga amavoti athandwayo kuzo zonke izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho ezinye iziqiwi zisekela izinguquko ezinkulu noma zivumela izishayamthetho ukuba zinqume ukuthi zizozivumela yini izivoti ezithandwayo.

Ithonya LeziNkambiso Zomthetho - sisekelo Ngamalungelo Nokubusa

Ushintsho olungokomthetho lungabushintsha ngokuyisisekelo ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni, ukwandisa noma ukuvumelana amalungelo, nokulungisa isimo sezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Ukuqonda ithonya elingokomlando lokulungisa kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kwaso namandla aso.

Izinqumo Ezandisa Amalungelo Abantu Ngabo

Lokhu kubonisa indima eyinhloko yesivikelo samalungelo ekuthuthukisweni komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika nokusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

IBill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, yamisa isivikelo esiyisisekelo senkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, neyasengqungqutheleni; isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka; amalungelo enqubo kanye nokuqulwa kwecala abahluleli; kanye nezinye izivumelwano ezidingekile. Lezi zinqumo zokuqala eziyishumi zadingiswa izikhalo ezavela phakathi nezinkulumo - mpikiswano zokuhlobana nokugcwaliseka kwezithembiso ezenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvunyelwa komthetho sisekelo.

Ngemva kokulungisa kwandisa amalungelo okuvota emaqenjini ayekhishwe ngaphandle ngaphambili. IsiHlanzi seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu senqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba saqinisekisa ukuncitshiswa kwabesifazane, iSichibiyelo se-Amakumi amabili nane se-Frandment (iSichibiyeli se-O) sasusa intela yenhlawulo, futhi iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yafinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu. Inguquko ngayinye yalezi zinguquko yamelela ukunqoba okunzima kwezombangazwe ngenxa yokungenela kwezezombangazwe nokuhlanganyela kwentando yentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo se-14 ngokuyisisekelo saguqula ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwezifunda zikahulumeni nohulumeni ngokufuna imibuso yokuvikela amalungelo eyayingaboshelwanga kuwo ngomthetho ngokomthetho ngaphambili. Isinqumo esihlangene soMkhandlu esahlongoza iSichibiyelo se 14, okungalindelekile ukuthi singesinye sezizathu eziphambili zentengiselwano engu 27 egunyaziwe, sizakuboniswa. Le siqinisekiso sokuvikelwa kwesivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele siye sasebenza njengesisekelo samalungelo entengantengayo entengantengayo enteleni ekhona futhi sihlala sisemqoka ekuhlazisweni komthetho-sisekelo namuhla.

Izinqumo Zokuhlela Uhulumeni

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo samalungelo, ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwalungisa futhi izakhiwo zikahulumeni nezinqubo. ISichibiyelo seTwelfth esiguquliwe ekukhethweni komongameli, izinqubo zeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabameli, iSichibiyelo sekhulu lama-20 esilungisiweyo sobuProfespita nomongameli, iSichibiyeli samashumi amabili nanhlanu esilinganiselwe umongameli, kanye neSichibiyelo seSichithi se-Amakumi amabili namashumi amabili amahlanu sacacisa ukulandelana kobumongameli.

Lokhu kulungisa kwezakhiwo kubonisa indlela inqubo yokulungisa engaxazulula ngayo izinkinga ezisebenzayo emikhankasweni kahulumeni, ilungise imiphumela engalindelekile yamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo wokuqala, futhi ivumelanise izinhlangano nezimo zezombangazwe ezishintshayo. Zibonisa ukuthi ukulungisa umthetho - sisekelo akugcini ngokuvikela amalungelo kuphela kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa imishini kahulumeni.

Izakhamuzi Zihlanganyela Ezinqubweni Zomthetho Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukubusa kwentando yeningi kuxhomeke ngokuyinhloko ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi futhi eziboshelwe ukuwaqonda amalungelo azo angokomthetho, ezihlanganyela ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo, futhi ezibheka uhulumeni njengonecala ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo. Izakhamuzi zifeza izindima eziningi ezibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa ngentando yeningi okungokomthetho nokwakha ukukhula okungokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Angokomthetho Nesivikelo

Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde amalungelo azo angokomthetho okuzisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo futhi zizivikele lapho zisongelwa. lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwazi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkolo, isivikelo esingokwesiko ekumangalelweni kobugebengu nakuhulumeni, amalungelo okuvota, nesivikelo ekucwaseni.

Izakhamuzi kufanele zazi ukuthi zingaluthola kanjani usizo olungokomthetho, zikwazi kanjani ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zenkantolo, zikhononde ngamafayili ngezinhlangano ezifanele, futhi zihlanganyele ezimisweni zokuqondisa.

Ukuqonda amalungelo angokomthetho kusho futhi ukuqaphela imingcele yawo kanye nobukhulu obungokomthetho begunya likahulumeni. Amalungelo akhona phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho ezilinganisela inkululeko yomuntu nezidingo zomphakathi, futhi ukuba izakhamuzi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo kudinga ukuqaphela lokhu kucindezeleka nokuhweba.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekushintsheni Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezinqubweni zomphakathi, kungaba ngokuvota, ngenkulumo yeningi, noma ngemfundo yomphakathi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa intando nokuhlakanipha kwabantu ababakhonzayo.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ezindleleni zomthetho-mthetho ngezindlela eziningi. Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo lapho zivela kumavoti kumelela indlela eqondile yokuhlanganyela. Ezimisweni ezivumela ukubuyiselwa kwezakhamuzi, ukuqoqa izimemo zokusayinwa nokukhankasela izinguquko ezihlongozwayo kwenza ukuba umthetho uqondise ukubhaliswa komthetho-mthetho.

Ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho zokulungisa, izakhamuzi zihlela ukuthuthuka komthetho - sisekelo ngokusekelana kwezombangazwe.

I 18 (18) ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqale ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Abasekeli bevoti baqoqa isimemo sesicelo esithathwe enanini elithile labavoti ababhalisiwe esizweni. Lenqubo yentando yeningi eqondile inika izakhamuzi amandla okuveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo lapho izishayamthetho zehluleka ukwenza okuthile, nakuba iphakamisa futhi imibuzo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwabameleli nentando yeningi ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo embusweni wentando yeningi kudinga imfundo yomphakathi ethuthukisa ukufunda nokubhala ngomthetho - sisekelo. Izakhamuzi akudingi ukuqonda nje kuphela lokho okuqukethwe amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kodwa nezimiso eziwumklamo womthetho - sisekelo, umlando wokuthuthuka komthetho - sisekelo, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukufunda umthetho - sisekelo kuhlanganisa nokuqonda imiqondo enjengokuhlukanisa imibuso, uhulumeni, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, inqubo efanelekile, isivikelo esifanayo, namalungelo ayisisekelo. Kusho ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ezindabeni zanamuhla nokuqaphela lapho izenzo zikahulumeni ziphakamisa izinkathazo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Izikole zemfundo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, imithombo yezindaba nohulumeni zonke zinecala lokuthuthukisa ukufundwa komthetho - sisekelo. izikole kufanele zifundise umlando nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, imithombo yezindaba kufanele inikeze ukudingidwa kokwaziswa ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo, futhi uhulumeni kufanele wenze izinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo zibe sobala futhi zifinyeleleke ezakhamuzini ezivamile.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqina Komthetho - sisekelo Nokuvumelana Nemithetho

Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziphumelelayo zilingana ngezindinganiso ezincintisanayo zokuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo. Ukuqina kakhulu kuvimbela ukuzivumelanisa okudingekile futhi kungaholela ezinkingeni zomthetho-sisekelo noma ekuthatheni imingcele. Ukuguquguquka okukhulu kululaza indima yomthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho oyisisekelo futhi kungavumela izinto ezinkulu zesikhashana zisuse isivikelo esibalulekile.

Okwenza Ukuqina Komthetho - sisekelo Kube Yindaba

Ukuzinza komthetho - sisekelo kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Umthetho-sisekelo oqinile udala ukubikezela ebuhlotsheni obungokomthetho nobungokombangazwe, uvumela izakhamuzi nezinhlangano ukuba zihlele ngokuqiniseka ngemithetho eyisisekelo yalo mdlalo. Lokhu kubikezelwa kusekela intuthuko yezomnotho, ukubambisana kwezenhlalo, kanye negunya lezombangazwe.

Ukuqina kuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nezimiso ekukhukhulekeni kwezikhulu zezombangazwe zesikhashana. Uma ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo ludinga ukuvumelana okukhulu nezinqubo zamabomu, amalungelo amancane nezimiso ezingathandwayo zithola isivikelo ekufuneni izinkanuko eziphambili. Lo msebenzi owenziwe ngokuphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo usho esinye seqhaza elibaluleke kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi.

Ukuzinziswa komthetho kukhuthaza inhlonipho ngomthetho nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma imithetho-sisekelo ishintsha kaningi noma kalula, ilahlekelwa isikhundla sayo esikhethekile njengomthetho oyisisekelo futhi ingase ibhekwe njengemishini evamile yezombangazwe ekwazi ukusetshenziswa kabi.

Isidingo Sokuvumelana Nomthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kokuzinza, imithetho-sisekelo kumelwe futhi ivumelane noshintsho. Iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yisici esihlala njalo kodwa kungadinga izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukubonakalisa izidingo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ngakho - ke, ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kungamathuluzi adingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ezibusayo zesizwe zihlala zisebenza futhi zisebenza.

Izinguquko zezenhlalo, zezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe zingabangela ukuba amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo aphelelwe isikhathi noma abangele izinselele ezintsha ababehlela umthetho - sisekelo wokuqala ababengenakuzilindela.

Ukuvumelana nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo futhi kuvumela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuba zilungise amaphutha futhi zilungise ukungalungi. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa ukuqedwa kokugqilazwa, ukunwetshwa kwamalungelo okuvota, nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Ngaphandle kokulungisa, lezinguquko ezibalulekile zaziyodinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esengeziwe noma ukuthathelwa indawo komthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho ngezinkantolo kunikeza olunye uhlobo lokuvumelana nezimo, kuvumela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ukuba ishintshe ngokwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho. Lokhu kuchaza kuvumela imithetho-sisekelo ukuba ihlale isebenza ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane kuyilapho ilondoloza ukuqhubekeka kombhalo.

Izinselele Nezikhungo Eziphikisanayo Ekushintsheni Komthetho - sisekelo

Izinqubo zokulungisa uMthetho - sisekelo ziphakamisa izinselele eziningi eziwusizo nezicatshangelwayo izakhamuzi okufanele ziziqonde lapho zihlaziya izinguquko ezihlongozwayo noma zihlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Inkinga Yokusekelwa Umthetho - sisekelo

Izinqubo ezinzima zingalungisa izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezingasalawuli ukusekela okukhulu noma ezingasebenzi okuhle emphakathini. Uma ukulungisa kunzima kakhulu, imithetho-mthetho ingamiswa, ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo noma izinkinga ezilungile eziqashelwayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekusebenzeni komthetho-sisekelo, ukushintsha komthetho ngokomthetho ngokwethukela, noma ngisho nasezinkingeni zomthetho-sisekelo.

Inselele inquma izinga elifanele lobunzima bokulungisa. Kulula kakhulu, futhi ukuqina komthetho-sisekelo kuyantengantenga; kunzima kakhulu, futhi ushintsho oludingekile lungaba yinto engenakwenzeka. izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zingafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngalokhu kulingana okusekelwe emilandweni yazo, ezombangazwe, namasiko omthetho - sisekelo.

Ukulwa Kwamakhosi Nesivikelo Samalungelo Abantu

Izinqubo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kumelwe zilinganise ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo ambalwa nezimiso eziyisisekelo. Ingabe ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo kufanele ludinge izinto ezinkulu kuphela, noma ingabe kufanele kudingeke izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu? Ingabe amalungiselelo athile kufanele angalungiseki, noma ingabe konke okuqukethwe umthetho - sisekelo kufanele kubukezwe ngentando yeningi?

Lemibuzo iveza izingxabano ezijulile ngobukhosi obuthandwayo, ukuphakama komthetho - sisekelo, nesimo samalungelo ayisisekelo. Inkolelo - mbono yentando yeningi isikisela ukuthi abantu kufanele bakwazi ukushintsha umthetho - sisekelo wabo, kodwa umthetho - sisekelo umi uwukuthi ezinye izimiso kufanele zingenakulawulwa iningi.

Indima Yezinguquko Ekushintsheni Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-apendium kushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nentando yeningi nentando yeningi emelele i-democracy. Ama-referendium angathuthukisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuqondile ngemibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, zingakwazi futhi ukuthonya ngokweqile, zifake izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ziveze imiphumela ebangelwa izinkanuko zesikhashana kunokuba zikhiphe isahlulelo samabomu.

Izinqubo zokuhlobanisa i - areaderum ezikhuthaza ukuhlobana nokwaziswa kuyilapho zikhuluma ngobukhosi obuthandwayo ziyinselele enkulu.

Ukubukeza Okungokomthetho Nokwahlulela

Ukuqonda indlela izakhamuzi ezingabekela ngayo inselele izenzo zikahulumeni futhi zifune amakhambi angokomthetho kuyisici esibalulekile sokufunda okungokomthetho.

Amandla Okubukeza Ukwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela (-) amandla ezinkantolo okwephula imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula umthetho-sisekelo ("") kusebenza njengenqubo eyisisekelo yokugcinwa komthetho-mthetho. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli bezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, zivikela amalungelo nokugcina imibuso ihlukene.

Isilinganiso nokuhlola kokwahlulela kuyahluka ezimisweni zomthetho. Eminye imithetho-mthetho inikeza izinkantolo amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, kuyilapho kwezinye izimiso iye yavela ngokuchaza kokwahlulela noma ngokusebenza komthetho-sisekelo. Ubukhulu bokuhlola kokwahlulela. .[1] Izinkantolo zihlolisisa izenzo zikahulumeni ngokuseduze kakhulu, futhi kuyahluka kuye ngohlobo lwelungelo noma amandla akhona kulendaba.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokugunyazwa kwentando yeningi. Uma abahluleli abangakhethwanga imithetho ephucukileyo ekhishwa izishayamthetho ezikhethwe ngedemokrasi, kuphakama izingxabano phakathi kokuvikelwa komthetho-mthetho welungelo kanye nokuzilawula kwentando yeningi. Izimiso zomthetho sisekelo ezihlukene zixazulula lokhu kucindezeleka ngokuhlukile, ngamazinga ahlukene okuzibamba ngokulandela izahlulelo zomthetho.

Ukufinyelela Ubulungisa Nezinqumo Ezingokomthetho

Amalungelo oMthetho - sisekelo asho lutho ngaphandle kwezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyenzeka. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukungena ezinkantolo nakwezinye iziqu ukuze zilwele amalungelo azo, ziphikise izenzo zikahulumeni, futhi zifune amakhambi okuphulwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukufinyelela ebulungisani kudinga izici eziningi: ukukhomba okungokomthetho okungakhokhwa, imithetho ecacile, inqumo efike ngesikhathi yezingxabano, namakhambi aphumelelayo ekwaphulweni. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zizama ukunikeza ukufinyelela kobulungisa okwanele, ikakhulukazi kubantu abaswele abangase bantule imithombo yokusebenzisa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho.

Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo, izinhlangano eziqondisayo, izimemezelo zokukhokha amalungelo abantu, nezinye izinhlangano zinganikeza izikhundla zokusingatha izikhalo ezingokomthetho.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zanamuhla zibhekene nezinselele eziningi ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukusongelwa kwokulondeka, nokushintsha izindinganiso zomphakathi.

Amalungelo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yolwazi

Ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe baphakamisa imibuzo ejulile yomthetho ngokomthetho mayelana nokuzifihla, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuhlola kukahulumeni.

Imibuzo ephathelene nokuthola uhulumeni ezimisweni ze-oday, ukuqoqwa kwezindawo zobuchwepheshe nokusetshenziswa kwemininingwane yomuntu siqu, ukulawulwa kwenkulumo kuyi-website, nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yokwenza zonke izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuvumelanisa imingcele yemithetho-sisekelo nenkathi yobuchwepheshe ye-apply kunikeza enye yezinselele ezinkulu ezibhekene nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zanamuhla.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Usongo lobuphekula, ukuhlasela kwe - Internet nezinye izinselele zokuphepha kubangela ukucindezela kokwandisa ukuqapha nomthetho.

Lokhu kulinganisela kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze kuxazululwe izinsongo ezibonakala zikhona kanye nezimo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo. Ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisengozini, kuhlanganisa inqubo efanele, ukuzifihla, ukukhululeka ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo, nemingcele yamandla okulawula, kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izilinganiso zokuphepha futhi kubeke uhulumeni icala.

Ukulingana Nokungavumelani

Isiqinisekiso soMthetho - sisekelo sokulingana nokunqabela ubandlululo siyaqhubeka siguquka njengoba imiphakathi incintisana nemibuzo ngohlanga, ubulili, indlela yobulili, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici. Izimpikiswano zesikhathi esizayo ngokuvuma, ukushada okufanayo, amalungelo ahlukile, kanye nenkululeko engokwenkolo konke kuhlanganisa izimiso ezilinganayo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Lezi zimpikiswano ngokuvamile zidinga ukuba izinkantolo nezakhamuzi zilinganisele izindinganiso eziphikisanayo zomthetho - sisekelo futhi zinqume ukuthi imingcele yesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo ingakanani.

Imibono Eqhathaniswa Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlola indlela izizwe ezihlukene ezakha ngayo izimiso zazo zomthetho - sisekelo futhi zisebenzisa ngayo ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo kunikeza izakhamuzi nezinhlangano ukuqonda okuwusizo nezifundo eziwusizo. Ukuhlaziya okuhambisana nomthetho - sisekelo kwembula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zezinselele ezivamile futhi kubonisa ukuthi imiklamo eminingi yomthetho - sisekelo ingasekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

IPhalamende Liqhathanisa Nezimiso Zobumongameli

Izimiso zomthetho-mthetho zihluka kakhulu endleleni ezakha ngayo amandla abusayo kanye nobuhlobo bawo nesishaya - mthetho. Izimiso zePhalamende zihlanganisa amandla aphetheyo nezomthetho, lapho isikhulu siphuma futhi siqhubeka silandisa kumphathi wendlu yomthetho. Izimiso zobumongameli zihlukanisa lemibuso, neziphathi ezikhethwe ngokuzimele ezifeza izinqumo ezimisiwe.

Isimiso ngasinye sinezinzuzo nezingaphumeleli. Izimiso zePhalamende zingasabela kakhulu futhi zigweme ukuvalwa kwemigqa phakathi kwamagatsha, kodwa zingagxilisa amandla ngokweqile. Izimiso zomongameli zinikeza ukuhlukana okucacile kwemibuso kanye nokuhlola, kodwa zingabangela ukuntengantenga. Ukuqonda lokhu kuthutha kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole amalungiselelo azo siqu omthetho-sisekelo.

Isimiso Sokusebenzelana Nezimiso Zokuhlangana

Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ziyahluka futhi endleleni ezisakaza ngayo amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nabezizwe. Izimiso zomphakathi zihlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kwesizwe nohulumeni bezwe noma besifundazwe, ngamunye unezindawo ezivikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho zegunya. Izimiso zobumbano zigxilisa amandla ezingeni lesizwe, lapho ohulumeni bendawo besebenzisa igunya eliphathiswe abantu kuphela.

I-Federalism ingavikela izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo, ivimbele ukuhlaziywa ngokweqile, futhi yenze kube nokuhlola okungokwezimiso. Nokho, kungadala futhi ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, ukungalingani, nokungalingani ezifundeni. Ukukhethwa kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni nohlelo lwezindawo kuveza izahlulelo ezifanele ngobukhulu bokubusa kanye nokubaluleka kokuzimela ngokwezifunda.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuba Izakhamuzi

Ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho nezinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo kufanele kuguqulele ekubeni isakhamuzi esikhuthele.

Ukuhlala Ngizazi Impikiswano Engokomthetho Neyomthetho

Ukuqonda izimpikiswano zamanje ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, isivikelo samalungelo nemibuso kahulumeni kufanele kulandele izindaba ezidingidwayo eziphathelene nezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo, izinqumo zenkantolo, nokuhlongozwa kwazo.

Imithombo enokwethenjelwa yokwaziswa okungokomthetho zihlanganisa amawebhusayithi kahulumeni, izinhlangano zemfundo engokomthetho, izikhungo zezemfundo, nezindawo zokukhipha imibiko yezindaba ezidumile. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune imibono engafani futhi zihlakulele amakhono okucabanga ahluzekile ukuze zihlole izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda okujule kakhulu, imithombo enjenge Inqolobane yesizwe , izincwadi zomthetho-mthetho, nezinhlelo zemfundo ezinikezwa amayunivesithi nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza amathuba awusizo okufunda.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlanganweni Zentando Yeningi

Ukuvota kumelela uhlobo oluyisisekelo lokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi kufanele zingavoti kuphela okhethweni oluvamile kodwa futhi nasezindinganisweni zokuvota, kuhlanganise nezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuvota ngolwazi kudinga ukuqonda izimpikiswano ezihilelekile kanye nemiphumela yezinguquko ezihlongozwayo.

Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuxhumana nabameleli abakhethiwe, ukuba khona emihlanganweni yasobala, ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukusekela Amalungelo Nezinhlangano Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izakhamuzi zingasekela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokujoyina noma ukunikela ezinhlanganweni ezinikeza imibandela yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, zisekela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo, noma zinikeze izinkonzo ezingokomthetho kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameleli. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Domical Liberties Union [, imitholampilo yezomthetho-mthetho, kanye nezimboni zomthetho zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Ukusekela izinkantolo ezizimele, imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile nezinye izinhlangano zomthetho - sisekelo nakho kuqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi komthetho - sisekelo.

Ulwazi Olubalulekile Ukuze Ube Izakhamuzi Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nezimiso zomthetho nezinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo kufanele ziqonde imiqondo nezimiso eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • Indlela imithetho esungulwa futhi ishintshwe ngayo:[ Ukuqonda izinqubo zomthetho, izenzo zokuphatha, izinqumo zokwahlulela, nokubekwa kwemithetho kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ekuthuthukeni okungokomthetho futhi zibekela inselele ezenzweni ezingekho emthethweni.
  • Isakhiwo sikahulumeni: Ulwazi lokuhlukanisa amagunya, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, kanye nezindima zezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela amandla asetshenziswa ngayo futhi aqiniswe ngayo.
  • Amalungelo nesivikelo se- ukujwayelana namalungelo ayisisekelo (ihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanele, isivikelo esifanayo, kanye namalungelo okuvota) izakhamuzi zokuzivivinya nokuvikela lezisivikelo.
  • Inqubo yokulungisa: Ukuqonda indlela imithetho-siseko engashintshwa ngayo, izimfuneko zokulungisa, nomlando wokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo wenza ukuba kukwazi ukuthatha iqhaza elinolwazi ezimpikiswaneni ngoshintsho lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
  • [ Ukubukeza okungokwesiko namakhambi angokomthetho: Ulwazi lwendlela izinkantolo ezihlola ngayo izenzo zikahulumeni kanye namakhambi akhona okwephulwa kwamalungelo asiza izakhamuzi ukuba zifinyelele ubulungisa futhi zigcine uhulumeni enecala.
  • Ukubaluleka kokuzinza komthetho-sisekelo: Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani imithetho-mfucumfucu inganzima ukushintsha kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye izinguquko ezihlongozwayo futhi zimelane nezinguquko ezithathelwanayo noma ezingacatshangelwanga kahle.
  • Indima yezakhamuzi ekushintsheni ngokomthetho: Ukuqonda indlela ukuthatha iqhaza okumisa ngayo intuthuko engokomthetho nengokomthetho-sisekelo kushukumisa ukuthembisana nokubonisa amandla ezenzo zomphakathi.
  • Imibono ehlukanisayo yomthetho-sisekelo: Ukuqaphela indlela amanye amazwe ahlela ngayo izimiso zawo zomthetho-sisekelo kunikeza umongo wokuhlola amalungiselelo asekhaya nokuhlukanisa inguquko ezingase zibe khona.

Ikusasa Lentando Yeningi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izimiso zomthetho zibhekana nezinselele eziqhubekayo namathuba njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha, intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, nokuxhumana kwembulunga yonke. Ikusasa lentando yeningi yomthetho - sisekelo lixhomeke ezakhamuzini eziqonda izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, ezihlanganyela ngentshiseko ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, futhi zihlale ziqaphile ekuvikeleni amalungelo nezinhlangano.

Ukuhlanganisa izinselele − kuhlanganise nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nokuphambana kwentando yeningi, okuyohlola izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo futhi kungase kudinge ukujwayela umthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zicabange ngalezi zinselele, zilinganisele inhlonipho ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo futhi zivikele amalungelo ayisisekelo lapho zikwazi ushintsho oludingekile.

Amandla entando yeningi yomthetho - sisekelo ekugcineni awaxhomekile embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo wodwa kodwa nasekuzibopheni kwezakhamuzi ezindinganisweni zomthetho - sisekelo. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda izimiso zazo zomthetho - sisekelo, zihlanganyela ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo, futhi zivikela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, ziqinisa izisekelo zokubusa kwentando yeningi futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho - sisekelo ihlala isebenza njengemishini esebenzayo yokuzibusa.

Ukuze uthole imithombo eyengeziwe engokomthetho wezomthetho-mthetho kanye nezivumelwano zomphakathi, izakhamuzi zingahlola izinto zemfundo ezisuka e-FLT National Constitution Center[, izikole zomthetho waseyunivesithi, nezinhlangano zemfundo yomphakathi. Le micebo inikeza amathuba okufunda ngokujule ngokwengeziwe nokuhlanganyela okuphumelela kakhulu ekulawuleni umthetho wentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ukuba izakhamuzi ezinikwe amandla Ngokufunda Umthetho - sisekelo

Izimiso zomthetho kanye nezinqubo zomthetho zenza isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, simise imithetho imiphakathi ezihlela ngayo, ivikele amalungelo abantu, futhi iphishekele imigomo yabo bonke. Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lezizimiso akuyona nje imfundo kuphela, kudingekile ekuhlanganyeleni okunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi, ukuvikela amalungelo okuphumelelayo, nokuthembisana ngemibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ebhekene nemiphakathi nezizwe zazo.

Kusukela ekuhlukeni okuyisisekelo phakathi komthetho ovamile nezimiso zomthetho womphakathi kuya ezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi imithetho emiswe ngazo, ukwakhiwa kwezimiso zomthetho nomthetho - sisekelo kuthinta zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, indlela imithetho engokomthetho esebenza ngayo, indlela amalungelo avikelwe ngayo, nendlela ushintsho oluvela ngayo luhlonyiselwe kangcono ngayo ukusebenzisa amalungelo azo, lugcina uhulumeni enesibopho sokulandisa, futhi lunengxenye ekuthuthukiseni umthetho - sisekelo.

Inqubo yokulungisa, ikakhulukazi, ibonisa ukulinganisela kokunakekela okumelwe kube khona phakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana, phakathi kokuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo nokuguqula okudingekile, phakathi kokuhlonipha ubukhosi obuthandwayo nokuvikela amalungelo amancane. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganisela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlongozwayo ngokucabangela futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni ngomthetho wezwe lazo oyisisekelo.

Njengoba imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi yomthetho - sisekelo ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha enkathini engokwezinombolo, izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale zithembise, zinolwazi, futhi zizinikele ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ikusasa likahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo lixhomeke ezakhamuzini eziqonda izimiso zazo zomthetho-mthetho, ezihlanganyela ngokuzikhandla ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, futhi ziwavikela ngokuqapha amalungelo nezinhlangano ezisekela imiphakathi ekhululekile. Ngokufunda nokwethulwa kwezakhamuzi zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, abantu bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimiso zomthetho nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ziyaqhubeka zikhonza izinjongo zobulungisa, inkululeko, kanye nokuzilawula ngokwentando yeningi kwezizukulwane ezizayo.