Izinqumo eziyinhloko zezinqumo zezinqumo zikahulumeni ziyizinkathi lapho abamisi-mthetho bezwe behlangana khona ukuze bamise, baphikisene, bamise, futhi bamise imithetho elawula ukuphila kwezigidi zamaMelika. Ngokungafani ne-U.S. Congress, elandela ikhalenda elifanayo, isifundazwe ngasinye (nezwe) nesifundazwe esilandela isimiso saso, imithetho, nokungavumelani kwazo siqu, isikhathi sokumiswa kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho. Ukuqonda izisekelo eziyisisekelo zezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezifuna ukulandela izenzakalo zemithetho, ukusekela inhloso, noma ukuqonda nje indlela uhulumeni waso osebenza ngayo. Kusukela esiphendunduku saminyaka yonke sendlu yomthetho yesifundazwe enjengeyesiKhaliniyashishishishishini yengxenye yesikhathi sengxenye yendikimba yesimiso somthetho, ukuhlelwa kwalezi zinqubo zesimiso somthetho.

Izinhlobo Zezinqumo Zomthetho

Izinhlelo zemithetho zikahulumeni zilandelana ngezigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye enenjongo ekhethekile nemithetho ehleliwe. Ezimbili ezivame kakhulu yiziqephu ezivamile nezikhethekile, kodwa amazwe amaningi futhi aba nezingxenye zokuhlela, iziqephu ze-veto, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile, akhumbule noma akhumbule iziqephu zokufunda.

Iziqephu zasikhathi sonke

Izikhathi zezikhathi ezivamile ziyizimiso ezivamile, eziphindaphindayo lapho izishaya-mthetho ziqhuba ibhizinisi elivamile. Lezi zihlelwa ngokwemithetho-mthetho kazwelonke noma umthetho we-statory, futhi zenzeka ngesisekelo sonyaka noma sesikhathi esimisiweyo. Ngo-2024, izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zihlangana minyaka yonke: izifunda ezingu-449 ziqhuba iziqephu ezivamile zaminyaka yonke, kuyilapho izifundazwe eziyisithupha `Montana, i-Nevada, i-Oregon, i-Texas, ne-Wyoming/Still zinamathela ezimisweni zeminyaka emibili, umhlangano kanye iminyaka emibili. Ngisho naphakathi kwezifunda zaminyaka emibili, ukuphindekabili kubhidlike izikhathi ezihlukene (umjikelezonyaka emibili, unyaka ngamunye, unyaka ngamunye, unyaka owodwa wesithathu nonyaka) noma zihlanganiswe esiqenjini esisodwa esisodwa. I-National State Res Provinces (Ess) i-sssssssssssssssssss ahlelwe kahle.

Iziqephu ezikhethekile

Izikhathi ezikhethekile, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi izikhawu ezingavamile, zihlelwa ngaphandle kwekhalenda elivamile ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba eziphuthumayo ezingalindeli kuze kube semhlanganweni olandelayo. Ngokuvamile, umbusi nguye kuphela onegunya lokubiza isiqephu esikhethekile futhi amise uhlelo oluzohlelwa (____________izishayamthetho eziqondile zingathatha kuphela izimpikiswano eziye zatholwa umbusi. Kwezinye izizwe, abaholi bomthetho-mthetho bangabiza futhi isiqephu esikhethekile uma bekwazi ukuhlanganisa ivota ephambili, noma uma umnyango wendlu yomthetho ngokwawo ngokwawo ubiza izicelo zomuntu othile. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuvusemkhankambini, ukusabela ngenhlekelele, ukusabela kwenhlekelele, noma ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ephakeme njengobulungisa noma ukuhlelwa kwentela. Ngokuvamile, izikhathi ezikhethekile zingaba masonto ambalwa kuphela noma amasonto ambalwa noma aveza umthetho omkhulu wezezezimali.

Iziqephu zokuhlela

Izigodlo eziningi zinesimiso esifushane sokuhlela ekuqaleni kwalo kanye kwenkathi entsha yezishaya-mthetho. Lezi zikhathi zilinganiselwe emikhankasweni yokufushanisa: ukufunga kumalungu asanda kukhethwa, ukukhetha ubuholi (isibonelo, isikhulumi sendlu, umongameli we-senate, izihlalo zekomiti), ukwamukela imithetho yamagumbi, nokumisa amalungu ekomiti. Izinqumo zokuhlela zihilela izingeniso noma izimpikiswano ezingaphansi kwe-impikiswano, kodwa zimisa isigaba somsebenzi ovamile ukuba ulandele. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhululo sendlu yomthetho eCalifornia simisa isimiso sokuhlela ekuqaleni kuka-December ngemva kokhetho, kuyilapho i-New York iqala ngosuku lokuqala lwesimiso sasikhathi sangoJanuary.

Iziqephu ze - Veto

Kumazwe ambalwa, isimiso seveto sihlukile, sihlelelwe inkathi ebekelwe ikhefu ukuba isikhulu sendlu yomthetho sicabangele izikweletu ezithathwe ngumbusi. Uma umbusi enqaba isilinganiso esithile ngemva kokuphela kwesimiso sasikhathi sonke, umlawuli wendlu yomthetho angabuya ngosuku olulandelayo ukuze azame ukuqalwa. Isikhathi nezinhlelo ziyahluka: ezinye zihlela ngokuzenzekelayo isimiso seveto emasontweni ambalwa ngemva kwesimiso sasikhathi sonke, kuyilapho abanye bedinga ukubizwa okukhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, umhlangano omkhulu wase-Illinobyl uphethe isiqephu se-veto ngonyaka ngamunye ngo-Okthoba noma ngoNovember, lapho kungase kuthathe ezinye izindaba ngokuvumelana kwabaholi.

Ukumisa Isikhathi Nesikhathi Seziqephu

Isikhathi nenkathi yezikhathi zezimiso zikahulumeni zilawulwa imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, futhi zihluka kakhulu (isibonakaliso semisuka ehlukene engokomlando, indawo, nezombangazwe yesifundazwe ngasinye. Ezinye izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo wezwe umisa usuku oluqondile lokuqala, ummiselo onzima, noma inani elikhulu lezinsuku zekhalenda noma izinsuku zomthetho.

Izinqumo Zonyaka Ezinyakazi

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, izifundazwe eziningi manje zihlangana minyaka yonke, kodwa i-bily esthromes iyaqhubeka ngezifundazwe eziyisithupha. Izinkathi zenkathi yeminyaka ethatha isikhathi eside ziyenzeka ngeminyaka engavamile futhi zingathatha izinyanga eziningana (umz., isiqephu sasikhathi sonke seTexas siyizinsuku eziyi- 140 zekhalenda, kusukela ngo-Januwari kuya ekupheleni kuka-May). Ezizweni eziningi zaminyaka yonke, iziqeshana zingahlukaniswa: ngokwesibonelo, isiqephu eside seminyaka engavamile elinganiswayo sokuphatha uhlelo lwemali nenqubo enkulu, nesimiso esifushane eminyakeni eyi-32 elinganiselwe ye-“ ndlu" noma izihloko ezilinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iColorado, ibamba unyaka ngamunye engu-2066, kanti i-New Mexico ilinganisela isimiso sayo sezinsuku ezingu-60 ngezinsuku ezingu-30 ngisho naseminyakeni engu-30.

Ama-v alungisiwe. Ama-date okuqala avumelanayo

Ezinye zihlela usuku lokuqala kumthetho-sisekelo wazo: Isimiso sasikhathi sonke sikaKentucky siqala ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngo-January; ukuqala kuka-Indiana ngoLwesibili lwesithathu ngemva kosuku lwenhlangano. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela isishayamthetho ukuba simise ikhalenda laso phakathi kwezindawo ezibanzi. Futhi izifundazwe eziningi zimisa isikhathi okumelwe zonke izikweleti ziqalwe ngaso (usuku lokungena) nosuku lokugcina lokufa (usuku lokufa), ngemva kwalokho ibhizinisi elingase-ke laqhutshelwa ngaphandle kokuba isiqephu esikhethekile sibizwa.

Imingcele Yobude Besiqephu

Ukuze kuvinjelwe izinhlelo zemithetho ye-province eziqashwayo noma eziqashwe, izifunda eziningi zibeka imingcele eqinile yokuthi isiqephu sasikhathi sonke singathatha izinsuku ezingu-60. Le mingcele ivame ukuvezwa ngezinsuku zekhalenda noma “izinsuku zezinsuku zezinsuku ezingu-121” (izinsuku zesimiso somthetho we-costal siseqedispix). Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sasikhathi sonke seFlorida silinganiselwe ezinsukwini ezingu-60 zekhalenda nezinsuku ezingu-60 zeminyaka. Isimiso se-Alaskarakalia seminyaka engu-60 kuphela ngezinsuku zekhalenda, kanti i-New Mexico ivumela izinsuku ezingu-60 kuphela eminyakeni engavamile nengu-30 ngeminyaka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-New York, i-Pennsynnsyl, ne-Michigan ayinaworden-debources (unyaka we-Exoundation, i-Andea, ne-Proutem, ne-'ehst) zisetshenziswa kakhulu kweminquisime.

Umphumela wengxenye yesikhathi ngokulandelana kwemithetho yesikhathi esigcwele

Isikhathi abamisi-mthetho abangasinikela emsebenzini wabo ngokusondelene nezimiso zesimiso. Abanye basho ukuthi banezishaya-mthetho “ezigcwele isikhathi” ezihlangana cishe unyaka wonke futhi zikhokhela amalungu azo ngokuhambelana (umz., California, New York, Pennsylvania). Abanye“ baboshwe ngezikhathi ezimbalwa” noma “izindikimba ezineziqephu ezimfushane” ezinezikhawu kanye nembuyiselo ephansi (umzk., Texas, Colorado, Maine, Wyoming). Ingxenye yezikhathi ezithile ithembele kumakomiti afunda ngezindaba eziphakathi kwezinsuku zonyaka, ngakho akukho msebenzi wenqubo owenziwa phakathi nesimiso sasikhathi esivamile. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubasekeli abaxhasi nabangenisindi, njengefasitela lethuba lokuthonya imvume yomthetho ingaba yincane kakhulu.

Indlela Izikhathi Eziqhutshwa Ngayo

Imisebenzi yemini yosuku lwesimiso somthetho ilandela inqubo emiswe kahle, nakuba imithetho eqondile namasiko ehluka ngokwezisekelo nesifundazwe. Ngezinga eliphezulu, lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuthungatha izimemezelo, ukubukeza kwamakomiti, ukuphikisana ngesesitezi, nokuvota. Izifundazwe eziningi zinemjikelezo weminyaka emibili (i-projectal"), kanye nezikweleti ezingadluli ekupheleni kwalowo mjikelezo futhi okumelwe ziphinde zibekwe esigqebeni somthetho esilandelayo.

Isiqalo Nesici Esiphambili

UBills angaziswa kuphela amalungu ondlu yomthetho (kwezinye izizwe, umbusi angase ahlongoze umthetho ozokwenziwa, kodwa ilungu kumelwe liwuxhase ngokusemthethweni). Izizwe eziningi zivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba basebenzise izindleko “ngaphambi kwe-profile” ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe isimiso, ukuze balungele isabelo sokuhlela ngosuku lokuqala. I-Preplafilting isiza abamisi ukuba balawule ukushesha futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zingabuthwa futhi zibukelwe ngaphambi kokuba iwashi liqale ukuqalwa. Inombolo yezindleko ezazenziwayo ingesibonelo esikhulu, i-Texas Leglature ibona izikwele ezinamathi angu-6 000 njalo ezigcinwe esiqenjini esisodwa.

Umsebenzi Wekomiti

Uma sekwamukelwe, amafakthe abhekiselwa kumakomiti azimele asebenza ezindaweni ezithile eziqondile (umz., ezolimo, imfundo, ezokuthutha). Amakomiti angamahhashi asebenzayo enqubo yomthetho: anezimemezelo, ahlaziya igalelo lemali, ulimi lokulungisa, futhi avote ukuthuthukisa izikweletu ezisezansi noma azibulale ngokuqondile. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukucubungula ngokuningiliziwe, ulwazi olungase lungakholeki phansi okuminyene. Kwezinye izifundazwe, isimemezelo singabhekiselwa emakomitini amaningi, okunganciphisa intuthuko noma ukudala imivimbo. Izihlalo zekomiti zisebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo ekunqumeni izivumelwano ezizokuzwa nokuzilahla.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Ngemva kokudlula kwekomiti, imvume ihamba ifike phansi egumbini layo eliphumayo (Indlu noma iSigele). Ukuphikisana okugcwele kwamalungu ngalesi sivumelwano, kunganikeza ukubuyiselwa, futhi ekugcineni kuvotelwe ekudluleni kwayo. Inkulumo - mpikiswano ebusayo ingaba nemithetho eqinile(amazwe alawulayo abeka imingcele yesikhathi ngesikhulumi ngasinye, amanye avumele impikiswano engenamkhawulo. Ukuvota okudingekayo ukuze kudluliswe indawo kumane kuyinani elivamile lamalungu akhona nawakhethayo, kodwa ezinye izinyathelo (umk. umthendedwa, izimpikiswano zesibopho, ukuncintiswano ngokomthetho) kudinga ukumiswa kwe-a enkulu (2 76 tri2) noma i-sm. Uma isimemezelo sidlula elinye igumbi, kuya kwelinye igumbi, lapho inqubo ihamba khona. Uma amagumbi edlula, ingqungqungquthelana, amalungu ezindaweni ezihlukene, izinhlangano ezihlukene, izinhlangano ezimiswe kuwo zombili zimiswa njalo njalo.

AmaKhalenda Angokomthetho Nezinombolo Ezifile

Ukuze isimiso siqhubeke, izishaya-mthetho zithembele ekhalendeni elibeka izenzakalo eziqalile: imikhawulo yokumisa isimemezelo sesivumelwano, ukudlula kwekomiti, indawo yaphansi egumbini elikhona, kanye nendima yokugcina. Le nkathi “eshonayo” isiza ekuvimbeleni i-logjams. Ngokwesibonelo, eColorado, ikhalenda le-“Profely Sesting” ihlanganisa“ inkathi yokuqalisa isikole” cishe ngosuku lwama-30, “usuku olumisiweyo” ngosuku lwe 60, kanye “nosuku olunesikhathi esinqunyiweyo” ngosuku olungu-80 ngosuku ngalunye. Uma isibambiso semvume siphuthelwa isikhathi, sifa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuba sivusenzwe umthetho okhethekile, ngokuvamile odinga ukuvota okukhulu.

Ukungafani Kwamazwe

Azikho izishaya-mthetho ezimbili ezifana ncamashí, futhi ukungefani kudlulela ngalé kwesikhathi sokuhlela. Ezinye izimo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukusungulwa kwalenhlangano, izinga lokwehlukana, imingcele yegama, nendima yombusi ekhalendeni lemithetho.

Imithetho Yezakhamuzi Egcwele Isikhathi

Njengoba kushiwo, njengase California nase New York, izishaya-mthetho ezikhokhelwa kakhulu zinezisebenzi ezinkulu, ezizenza zikwazi ukuhlangabezana cishe nonyaka wonke kanye nezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kwesinye isiphetho sezimiso, sisho i-New Hampshire, South Dakota, neWyoming zisebenza “njengozindlu zomthetho ezizezente,” lapho izinhlelo zimfushane khona, futhi amalungu amaningi anezinye izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isigaba se-NCSL sandisa izishaya-hlelo zezishaya-mthetho zaba izigaba ezintathu: i-proteinmentmentment (eay), i-projective (yeng), nengxenye ye-679time (esh), esekelwe ebude besimiso, ukukhokhelwa, intengo, nempahla. Lokhu kunezici eziyinhloko zokusebenza komthetho, izinga lokucwaninga nokulungisa, nethonya ngaphandle kwe-Protist.

Ukulinganisela Kwezikhathi Nezikhawu Zesikhathi

Ezindabeni ezinemingcele yesikhashana (umzk., iCalifornia, iMichigan, iFlorida, iOklahoma), isakhiwo sobuholi nolwazi lwezeziqulo njalo kuyaqabuleka. Abakhi bemithetho abasha bangase bangajwayelene nezinqubo zomthetho, okuholela eziqenjini zokuqala ezinde futhi kuncike kakhulu ezinkonzweni. Ngokuphambene, izigodlo ezingenamingcele zivame ukuveza isici esiyinhloko semithetho engoma endulo eqondisa futhi iqhubekele phambili phakathi nezinqumo.

Indima Yombusi

Igunya lombusi phezu kwekhalenda lomthetho lihluka kakhulu. Kwezinye izifundazwe, umbusi unamandla okubiza izikhawu ezikhethekile futhi amise uhlelo lwakhe. Kwezinye, isishaya-mthetho singazibiza futhi ukuba sibe nesimiso esikhethekile ngenqubo yesicelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababusi abaningi banamandla olayini . Izindleko zinganganganyuswa ngevoti engu-2983. Usongo lweveto(noma isithembiso sesimiso esikhethekile) singaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuxhumana phakathi nesimiso sasikhathi sonke.

Ukuzola Nokufa Kwesisu

Isimiso ngasinye somthetho ekugcineni kumelwe siphele. Isimiso sokunquma isikhashana (isikhashana) noma okokugcina. Isivumelwano sokugcina sibizwa ngokuthi “isifa” (isiLatin lisho ukuthi“ngaphandle kosuku”), i-pactimen incishiswa yalesosimiso futhi akukho bhizinisi elingashintshwa kuze kube yilapho isimiso esilandelayo esikhethekile", ngaphandle kokuba kuhlanganiswe isimiso esikhethekile esimiswe umthetho we-odoctal sona sifa usuku; ngokwesibonelo, i-Oregon Legallature kumelwe ihlanganiswe ngoJuly 10 ngeminyaka engu-66. Uma i-ogconst commetic ingawuqeda umsebenzi wayo ngalesosikhathi, umbusi angabiza isimiso esikhethekile sokuqeda uhlelo lwemali noma ezinye izinto ezibucayi.

Umphumela Wezinqumo Ekubekeni Imithetho Nokubusa

Isimiso kanye nesikhathi sezimiso zokushaya umthetho sithinta ngokuqondile umthamo, izinga, nesivinini somthetho. Izikhawu ezimfushane ziphoqelela abamisi-mthetho ukuba bahlele, ngokuvamile ngezindleko zokucabangisisa. Izikhathi zesikhathi esiningi zingaholela ekujaheni okukhulu emasontweni okugcina, njengoba amakhulu emali edilivayo enciphisana isikhathi esiphansi. Ngokuphambene, izishaya-mthetho ezigcwele ezinezikhawu ezithatha isikhathi eside zingaba nemali engcono, zikhiqize izikweleti ezicwe, futhi zithathe izindleko ezicwengezele kakhulu, kodwa futhi zifaka futhi engozini yokuthatha ibhulosi noma izindleko eziphansi.

Kumphakathi nasemaqenjini esithakazelo, ukuqonda uma isimiso sikahulumeni siqala futhi siphela kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kufinyelelwe impumelelo. Abaxhasi bahlela uhlelo lwabo phakathi namakhalenda esikhathi, futhi bazi ukuthi ukusungula nokusebenza kwamakomiti kuvame ukuba nethonya kakhulu kunesenzo saphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwazi imithetho yezikhawu ezikhethekile neveto kunganikeza ithuba lesibili lokuqhubekisela phambili noma ukunqanda umthetho. Imithombo yangaphandle enjenge- NCSL ikhasi lesimiso somthetho we-Isimiso somthetho we-PROFET[[FLT:[FLT]] kanye nomthetho ngamunye we-partum yomthetho we-'uniosakhi (e.[FLT.]], [FLT]]], [FLT]] i-panersetween couragement yolwazi ngalunye lwesimiso sesimiso.[FLT]]]][FT]]

Isiphetho

Izimiso eziyisisekelo zezimiso zikahulumeni ("izikhathi ezihlukene). Uma zenzeka, zithatha isikhathi eside kangakanani, futhi yimiphi imithetho ebusayo ewujuqu ekuqondeni i-constitutions (isebenza). Nakuba isimiso se-U.S. ngokuvamile sichazwa ngokuthi “icebo lentando yeningi,” ukuthi indawo yokucwaninga isebenza ngezikhathi ezihlukene kakhulu esifundeni ngasinye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguchwepheshe wenqubo, umlobeli wezindaba, umfundi, noma isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, ukugcina indlela yekhalenda yomthetho womthetho wezwe inyathelo lokuqala lokuthatha inqubo yomthetho. Njengoba kuqhubeka kuguqula izakhiwo zabo zesimiso sesikhathi kusuka esazi se-bie - bilymilyly, abanye bebeka imingcele entsha noma bandisa amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela ekuhlanganyeleni kwezindawo ezikude, kuhlala kunamandla futhi kunezimo zesimiso somthetho.