Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Izimiso Zokuziphatha Zibaluleke Ekuqondiseni Komphakathi

Ukuqondisa komphakathi kuwumgogodla wemisebenzi kahulumeni, ukuguqulela isimiso emsebenzini nokunikeza izinkonzo ezakhamuzini. Ukwethembeka kokuziphatha kule nqubo akuyona into engenziwa ngokuzithandela. Izimiso eziyisisekelo ekuqondiseni komphakathi zibhekisela ezimisweni zokuziphatha nezindinganiso eziqondisa ukuziphatha kwezikhulu zomphakathi emigudwini yazo yansuku zonke. Ngaphandle kwesimiso esiqinile sokuziphatha, ukwethemba komphakathi kuyawohloka, ukulandisa kuyantengantengantengantenga, kanye nendwangu ebanzi yokubusa ngentando yeningi. Lesiqondiso esinwetshiwe sihlola izinhlelo zefilosofi, izimiso eziyisisekelo, izinselele ezisebenzayo, namasu asebenzayo achaza ukubusa okunenzuzo enkathi yanamuhla.

Njengoba ohulumeni bebhekene nezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu — kusukela ezifweni nasezimweni zezulu ezishintsha zibe ukushintsha kwenqubo yezobuchwepheshe nokungalingani kwezenhlalo — izinga lezimiso zokuphatha liba elibucayi kunanini ngaphambili. Lesi sihloko sinikeza abaphathi bomphakathi, abenzi bezimiso, abafundi, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukusekela izindinganiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme kakhulu emsebenzini womphakathi.

Izisekelo Zomqondo Ongokwesayensi Ekuqondiseni Komphakathi

Ukuze baqondise izinkinga zezimiso zokuziphatha ngokuphumelelayo, abaphathi bomphakathi kumelwe baqonde izimiso ezinkulu zezimiso ezifundisa ukwenza izinqumo. Lamasiko efilosofi anikeza ilens lapho kuhlolwa khona ukukhetha kokuziphatha.

Izimiso Zokuhlazisa

Izimiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi, ezisekelwe emsebenzini ka-Immanuel Kant, zigcizelela imisebenzi nemithetho. Ebuthweni lomphakathi, lokhu kuguqulela ekunamatheleni okuqinile emithethweni, ezimisweni, nakumthetho wokuziphatha okhokhelwayo, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu somphakathi kumelwe sihlele ukusebenza ngemvume ngokwezimiso ezimisiwe, ngisho noma ukuthobeka kwemithetho kungaveza umphumela ongcono kakhulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokulunga kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kungaba nokuqina ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izimiso Zobufundisi (Imfundiso Yokulwela Uhulumeni)

I-Utilitarianism ihlulela izenzo ngemiphumela yayo. I-Utilitanism, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu, ifuna okuhle kakhulu kumanani amakhulu. Abaphathi bomphakathi abasebenzisa loluhlelo bangahlela izimiso ezithuthukisa inhlalakahle yonke, njengokumisa imithombo elinganiselwe yezempilo esekelwe ekuphumeleni kwezindleko. Nakuba ikhanga ngenxa yokugxila kwayo emiphumeleni, lendlela ishaya indiva amalungelo abantu abambalwa noma abantu abangase balinyazwe izibalo ezithiwa.

Izimiso Zobuhle

Ukulunga kushintsha ukugxila kusuka emithethweni noma emiphumeleni kusuka kubuntu bomenzi wesinqumo. Imfanelo eyinhloko yabaphathi bomphakathi ihlanganisa ukwethembeka, isibindi, ububele, ukuhlakanipha nobulungisa. Kunokuba ngibuze ukuthi “yimuphi umthetho okufanele ngiwulandele?" noma "Yimuphi umphumela ongcono?, isazi sezimiso zokuhle sibuza "Isiphi isikhonzi esihle somphakathi esingenza kulesi simo?" Lesi simiso siwusizo kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isimilo phakathi kwezinhlangano.

Isithakazelo Somphakathi Njengomqondo Oshukumisayo

Izazi eziningi zezezembutho zomphakathi ziphikisa ngokuthi isisekelo esiqinile kakhulu sezimiso zokuziphatha siwumqondo wesithakazelo somphakathi . Nakuba kuxoxwa, isithakazelo somphakathi ngokuvamile sibhekisela enhlalakahleni yomphakathi wonke, ngaphandle kwezithakazelo ezilinganiselwe zezombangazwe noma zomuntu siqu. Kudinga abaqondisi ukuba balinganisele izindinganiso ezincintisanayo ezinjengokuphumelela, ukulingana, ukuba sobala, nokulandisa.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimiso Ezingokwezimiso Zekhorathi

Izimiso eziningana zibhekwa emhlabeni wonke njengezinsika zokuqondisa umphakathi ngokwezimiso.

  • Izikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zenze ngokwethembeka nangokungaguquguquki, ukugwema ukukhohlisa nokuhlanekezela. Ubuqotho busho ukugcina izithembiso nokuhlanganisa izenzo nezindinganiso ezishiwo.
  • Imali eqashelweyo:[ abalawuli banomthwalo wemfanelo ngezinqumo nangezenzo zabo, kokubili ukuvota izikhulu kanye nezakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwamukela imiphumela yokwehluleka nokulungisa amaphutha.
  • [[QULT:0] Inqubo yokwenza isinqumo kufanele ivuleke ukuba ihlolwe ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esishukumisayo sokufihla imfihlo (umz., ukulondeka kwesizwe). Ukubona gcaba kukhanya kwakha ukwethemba futhi kuvumela ukuphatha komphakathi.
  • Ukuzihambela nokungathathi hlangothi: Zonke izakhamuzi kumelwe ziphathwe ngokungakhethi, ngaphandle kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, isimo sezenhlalo, noma ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe. I-quity ingadinga imizamo eyengeziwe yokuxazulula ukungahleleki komlando.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Umsebenzi oyinhloko wabaphathi bomphakathi ukukhonza umphakathi, hhayi ukuzithakazelela kwabo siqu noma izithakazelo zamalungu aphezulu anamandla. Lesimiso sisekela umqondo wenkonzo yobuchwepheshe.
  • Izimiso zoMthetho: abaphathi kumelwe basebenze phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho, ngisho nalapho bengavumelani nemithetho ethile. Nokho, umsebenzi wezimiso zokuhle ungadinga futhi ukungalaleli kwemithetho engekho ngokomthetho.

Ukulinganisela Izimiso Ezingqubuzanayo

Uma zisetshenziswa, lezizimiso zivame ukungqubuzana. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubonakala ngokukhululekile kungase kungqubuzane namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, noma ukulandisa kungase kuncishiswe isidingo sokuphumelela. Abaphathi-masipala kumelwe bathuthukise ukwahlulela ukuze balinganise lokhu kucindezeleka, basebenzise izimo ezibonisa ukwenza izinqumo futhi baxoxe nezikhulu zezimiso zokuziphatha noma amakomiti.

Izinselele Ezinkulu Ekubuseni Kwabantu

Ngisho noma benezimiso eziqinile, abaqondisi bomphakathi babhekana nezinsongo eziphikelelayo zokuziphatha.

Ukonakala Nokusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Inkohlakalo //ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla somphakathi ngokwenzuzo yomuntu siqu, kulokhu kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke. Kusukela ekufumbathiseni okuncane kuya ekuxhaseni okukhulu nokuphatha iziphakamiso. Ngokwe- i-International Poration Perceptions Index, akukho zwe elingogonyelwayo, nakuba izinga lihlukile. Ukonakala akuchithi nje kuphela imithombo yomphakathi kodwa kuqeda nokuthembana kwezenhlalo nokungalingani.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokwehlukana

Ngokuvamile abaphathi bomphakathi basebenza ngaphansi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe ezingase zibaphoqelele ukuba babeke phambili izithakazelo ezihlukanisayo esikhundleni sokungathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kucindezela kungabonisa njengokufuna ukuphathwa kahle, ukucindezelwa kwemininingwane engokomthetho, noma ukuziphindiselela ngokukhuluma iqiniso egunyeni. Ukulondoloza ukuzimela kobuchwepheshe kudinga isibindi nesivikelo sezinhlangano njengenkonzo yomphakathi.

Izimo Ezidingekayo Ezingokwemithombo Nezidingo Ezizuzisayo

Imali esetshenziswayo, ukuntuleka kwezisebenzi, nokunqwabelana kwezezimali kudala izimo lapho ukuqashana kubonakala kukhanga. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu sezenhlalakahle singashesha ukudlula ezinqumweni eziqinile, eziholela emaphuthani noma ekungalinganini. Ukubusa kwezesayensi kudinga ukuthola izindlela zokulondoloza izindinganiso ngisho nangaphansi kokucindezeleka, njengokuthuthukisa inqubo kunokuba sinqume amagumbi.

Ukungezwani Kwesithakazelo

Uma izikhulu zomphakathi zinezithakazelo zomuntu siqu noma zezimali ezingathonya ngokungafanele izinqumo zazo, ukuthembana kuyahlehliswa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umsebenzi wangaphandle, ukutshala imali, izipho, noma ubuhlobo bomkhaya nezisebenzi zokwakha. Imithetho enamandla yokudalula nezimiso zokubuyisela izigwebo ibalulekile, njengoba kuqokonyiswa yiziqondiso ze ECD zokusingatha ukungezwani kwesithakazelo [[.

Ukungacabangeli Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, imininingwane emikhulu, nokwenza izinqumo ze-algorithism kuletha izinselele ezintsha. Ukucwaswa komthetho-mthetho, ukuphulwa kwemithetho yezindaba zomuntu siqu, nokungabonakali ezimisweni ezizimele kudinga izimiso ezithuthukisiwe zezimiso zezimiso. Abaphathi bomphakathi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bufeza isithakazelo somphakathi futhi abukhethi izibalo ezizisebenzelayo.

Amasu Okuqinisa Ukuziphatha Okuhle

Ukuthuthukisa izimiso zokuziphatha akuyona into ethatha isikhathi esisodwa kodwa isibopho esiqhubekayo sokuhlela. Indlela ebanzi yokuthuthukisa iphumelela kakhulu.

Imithetho Ecacile Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Inhlangano yomphakathi ngayinye kufanele ibe nesimiso esibhaliwe sezimiso zokuziphatha eziqondile, eziphoqelelwe, futhi ezibukezwa njalo. Kufanele sihlanganise izici eziyinhloko njengezipho, umsebenzi wangaphandle, imisebenzi yezombangazwe, nokubika ukuziphatha okubi.

Ukuqeqesha Izimiso Nemfundo

Ukuqeqeshwa okuvamile (hhayi nje kuphela) kuyasiza ekwakheni ukuqaphela isimilo kanye nokwenza izinqumo. Izifundo zecala, izingxoxo ezingokomlando, nokudlala indima kuphumelela kakhulu kunezifundo. Ukuqeqesha kufanele kuhlanganise kokubili izimiso ezivamile nezinselele eziqondene nezinhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi lemithetho kaHulumeni U.S. inikeza imithombo yemfundo ebanzi.

Izivikelo Zokuvuthela

Abaqashwa ababika ukuziphatha okubi kumelwe bavikelwe ekuphindiseleni. Izinqubo eziqinile zomthetho, iziteshi ezingadumile ezibikayo, kanye nempucuko ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhulumeni. Abacuphi baye badalula ukonakala, ukwephulwa kwezokuphepha, nokukhwabanisa, ngokuvamile lapho kusengozini enkulu. Izimo eziphuthumayo kufanele zikhuthaze ukubika kwangaphakathi ngaphambi kokuba kubhebhebhetheke izindaba.

Ukuqondisa Nokuzilawula Ngokuzimele

Imithetho yemithetho ayisebenzi ngaphandle kwezimiso zokuhlola ukuphulwa nokuphoqelela imiphumela. Lokhu kudinga abakhomishane abazimele, abahloli, noma amahhovisi okuhlola. Lezi zindikimba kufanele zibe nemithombo eyanele negunya lokuhlola ngokucophelela.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubona Imibala Egqamile

Ukuvula izinqubo zikahulumeni ukuze kuhlolwe umphakathi kunciphisa amathuba okuziphatha okungafanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iziphetho zomphakathi, imihlangano, izikhungo zokwaziswa eziselayinini, kanye nezakhamuzi eziphethe amabhodi e-odam. Open Government Partership [[[FLT: 1] inikeza indawo ephezulu yomhlaba wonke ukuze amazwe akwenzele izinguquko ezibonisa obala.

Ukuhola Nesiko Lenhlangano

Lapho abaholi belingisa ukuziphatha okuhle, bevuza ubuqotho, futhi bezibeka icala, badala impucuko lapho ukuziphatha kuchuma khona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma abaholi bebekezelela ukuphambana okuncane noma ukujezisa, ukuziphatha okungenazimiso kuba okuvamile.

Ukuhlola Izifo Zezwe: Izifundo Ezivela Ekuhlulekeni Kwezesayensi Nempumelelo

Ukuhlola izindaba ezicatshangelwe ngokuqondile kujulisa ukuqonda izimiso zokuziphatha ezisebenzayo.

I - Watergate Scandal (19721974)

Lelihlazo eliphawulekayo lezombangazwe eU.S. lalihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya kweziphathimandla zeNixon, kuhlanganise nokuphulwa kwemithetho, ukuthumba, nokufihla imfihlo. Kwabonisa indlela isiko lokufihla nokwethembeka ezimisweni zokuziphatha okungakonakalisa ngayo ngisho namazinga ohulumeni aphakeme kakhulu. Umphumela waholela ekusebenziseni imithetho eqinile yezimiso zokuziphatha, izinguquko zezezimali, nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezeluleko ezizimele. Icala lihlala liyinganekwane eqaphileni ngokuziphatha okungalawuleki kwezinhlangano zedemokrasi.

Izimiso Zezempilo Zomphakathi Phakathi Ne - COVID - 19 Pandemic

Lomqedazwe ophoqelelwe ukuba benze izinqumo ezisheshayo mayelana nokuzibopha, ukusakaza, nokunika izimpahla. Izinkinga zezesayensi zanda kakhulu: Ingabe abangenisi-moya kufanele baye ezigulini ezisencane ngamathuba aphakeme okusinda? Ukulinganisela inkululeko yomphakathi nezinyathelo zempilo zomphakathi? Amazwe ayehluka kakhulu ezindleleni zawo. Izizwe njenge-New Zealand ne-South Korea zatuswa ngokukhulumisana okusobala nezimiso eziqondiswe kahle, kuyilapho abanye bebhekene nokugxekwa ngokonakala ekutholeni noma ukubhala ngokuguquguquka.

Isimiso Sendawo Ezungezile: Ukulinganisela Intuthuko Nokulondolozwa Kwemvelo

Ukungqubuzana phakathi kokukhula kwezomnotho nokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile yezimiso zokuziphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvumela idamu elisusa imiphakathi yabomdabu kodwa elinikeza amandla ahlanzekile lihlanganisa ukuhweba. Isimiso sokuzalana kwezizukulwane ezihlukene nokulingana − ukuthi izizukulwane zamanje akumelwe zilimaze izizukulwane ezizayo , izenzakalo eziphumelelayo, njenge U.S. uhlelo lwezemvelo lokuvikela indawo ezungezile lwesimiso sokulawula indawo ezungezile [[[, zibonisa indlela ukubopha nokuhlola okungathi kwenze ngayo imiphumela engokokuziphatha.

Imininingwane Yakho Nobulungisa Bemithetho

Ohulumeni basebenzisa izimpawu-mithetho ngokuqhubekayo ukuze babikezele amaphoyisa, ukuphamba kwezenhlalakahle, nokuqasha. ENetherlands, i-algorithm esetshenziselwa ukuzwa ukuphambana kwezingane kuzuzisa inzuzo yaholela ezinkulungwaneni zemikhaya ezimangalelwa ngamanga, ezinemiphumela yokulahla esekelwe ebuzweni. Uhulumeni waseNetherlands ekugcineni wawa ngenxa yalelihlazo. Lokhu kugcizelela isidingo samabhodi okuhlola izimiso zokuziphatha, ukuhlola, nokuveza imiphumela, kanye nokubonakala kwezimiso zesinqumo ezizisebenzelayo.

Indima Yokuhola Ekuhlakuleleni Isiko Elingokwesiko

Abaholi abagcini nje ngokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho; bangabaklami bempucuko yenhlangano.

  • Ihamba ngesibonelo:[ Uma abaholi besika amagumbi, bemukela iziphakamiso, noma amaphutha okufihla, abangaphansi bayolandela. Abaholi kumelwe babonise ukwethembeka okuphelele nokulandisa ngezenzo zansuku zonke.
  • Ibangela Ukuphepha okungokwengqondo: Abaqashi kufanele bazizwe belondekile ukuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungokokuziphatha ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa. Lokhu kudinga ukulalela okusheshayo, ukusabela okungakhuthaziyo emibhalweni yokuqala yezinkinga, kanye nezenzo ezibonakalayo emibhalweni.
  • Ukuziphatha okungokobuhlanya: Ukukhuthaza, amabhonasi, nokuqaphela umphakathi kumele kuxhunyane nokuziphatha okuhle, hhayi imiphumela. Lezimpawu zokuthi ubuqotho buyigugu kakhulu njengokwenza.
  • Imikhankaso ye-Ethical APPC: izibalo ezivamile zezinqubo, ukuqeqesha, izimiso zokufutha ikhwelo, kanye nezimo zangempela ezisizayo ekuboneni ubuthakathaka. Lokhu kuhlola kufanele kube sobala futhi kuholele esenzweni sokulungisa.
  • Ukuhlukahluka kwemiqondo: Amaqembu anezimo ezihlukene avame ukuhlushwa ukucabanga ngokweqembu. Amaqembu aphikisanayo abekela inselele ukulinganisela futhi anciphise ingozi yokuthi izinqumo ezingathandeki azingaphenduki.

Ukwakha Imfundiso Yezimiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukunakekela ukuqondisa komphakathi okungokokuziphatha kudinga okungaphezu komusa womuntu siqu; kudinga isisekelo sezinhlangano esisekela ukuziphatha okuhle kuzo zonke izinga.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nowokuqondisa

Ukubekwa kwemithetho enjengenkululeko yokwaziswa, imithetho emelene nokonakala, imithetho yezezimali nezimiso zikahulumeni kunikeza umgogodla ongokomthetho. Amazwe anemiphumela eqinile yezimiso zokuziphatha avame ukuvikelwa ngokusemthethweni kanye nezikhungo ezizimele.

Izinhlangano Nezindinganiso Zobuchwepheshe

Izinhlangano ezinjenge- American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) kanye ne International City/Community Management Association (ICMA) inemithetho yokuziphatha enikeza isiqondiso nokulandisa kontanga. Inikeza futhi ukuqeqesha, izincwadi, kanye nezokuxhumana ukuze kusakazwe imikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Njengoba ohulumeni behlanganisa, izimiso zokuziphatha kumelwe zibhakwe ezimisweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa "imfundo ngokuklanywa" ekutholeni i-Al, ukuzwana kwemiphumela, nokubonana kwe-algorith. [OECD AI Principles[[FLT: 1] kunikeza uhlelo lwe-AII engxenyeni yomphakathi.

Ukubambisana Kwezizwe Zonke

Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezinjengeNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene emelene noHlolwano (UNCAC) zisiza ukubambisana, ukululama kwempahla kanye nosizo lomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukungavumelani Okuqhubekayo Nezimiso Eziziphethe

Izimiso zokuqondisa umphakathi akuwona umsebenzi oqhubekayo kodwa umkhuba oqhubekayo wokucabanga, ingxoxo, nokuthuthukisa. Izinselele zekhulu lama-21 .Kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nangokongalingani kuya ekushintsheni ngokwezinqubo zesayensi yezezimo zezulu nokungalingani kwezombangazwe (kuzovivinya ukuma kwezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zesizwe). Nokho izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala zicacile: ubuqotho, ukulandisa, ukubheka ngamacala, ukubheka ngapha nangapha, nokukhonza ekusekeleni isithakazelo somphakathi. Ngokufaka lezindinganiso emithethweni, izinhlangano, ukuqeqeshwa, namasiko, ohulumeni bangazuza futhi balondoloze ukwethenjwa kwezakhamuzi. I-democracy ngokwabo kuxhomeke kulokho. Isikhulu ngasinye, kusukela kubabhali bezindawo eziphambili ukuya emakhanda, sinendima yokusekela lo msebenzi ongcwele. Umqondisi onikezwa lapha lapha umgwaqo, kodwa uhambo ludinga ukuqapha nokuzi.