Izimiso ze-Electoral azizona nje izinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokuhumusha amavoti ezihlalweni; zigxile kakhulu esikweni lezwe lezombangazwe nase e evocisweni engokomlando. Phakathi kwalezi zimiso zokuvota ezinkulu zenza kube yizinqubo zokuvota eziphambili noma ezithathelwe phambili. Ziye zasebenzisa ithonya elinamandla ekutheni amasiko ezombangazwe nefa lesizwe kugcinwe kanjani, kubekelwe inselele, noma kushintshwe inselele. Ngokusekela kakhulu, amaqembu asunguliwe futhi aveza imiphumela ewujuqu, lezi zimiso zithambekele ekuqiniseni izakhiwo zamandla ezikhona kanye nezilandiso zempucuko. Kodwa lesi sihloko sihlola futhi ukubekwa kwenkulumo phakathi kokuvota okuyinhloko nefa lesizwe, ukuhlola kokubili imiphumela yokuzinzisa nezinganiso zeze zezwe, ukuhlola kokubili imiphumela ehlelekile nokugxeka okuye kwaholela ekuhleleni kwezindawo ezisebusweni ezisebusweni ezisezinziwayo.

Ukuqonda Imisebenzi Yama - mukuru

Ukuvota okuyinhloko kuyindlela yokukhetha lapho umvoti noma iqembu lizuza khona amavoti amaningi. Indlela evame kakhulu yisimiso sesifunda esisodwa (SMDP), esisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, iCanada, ne-India. Kulesi simiso, izwe lihlukaniswa libe yi-constituecturations, ummeleli ngamunye. Umfundi onenani eliphakeme kakhulu (engaba ngaphansi kwenani). Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ezingxenyeni ezimbili noma ezingaphezulu kwengxenye zenhlangano enkulu, njengemizabala elincane ukuze lithole ngaphandle kokuba ukusekela kwabo kukhuluzwe.

Abameleli bezimiso eziyinhloko bahlanganisa isimiso esijikelezayo esisetshenziswa eFrance kanye nokhetho lukamongameli oluningi, kanye nevoti ehlukile (ephakathi-mpuphu) esetshenziswa e-Australia ukuze ithole indlu ephansi. Naphezu kokungafani, zonke izimiso zezikhulu zinemfa: zivuza iqembu elikhulu labavoti futhi zithambekele ekuvezeni ohulumeni abayingxenye eyodwa. Lokhu kuqonda nokunquma kuvame ukunconywa ngabameleli abaphikisa ukuthi izimiso ezinjalo zivumela ukubusa nokulandisa okuphumelelayo.

Izici eziyinhloko

  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxenye-yokugcina: kuphela umpempe emthaleni wesifunda ngasinye uthola ummelelo.
  • [ ivota ekhethekile: Imishini ivame ukukhetha phakathi kwabaholi ababili kunokuba ikhethe, ukugwema "ukuvota" kwabo.
  • Iprojects ezakhiwa iziqu ezinkulu: Iqembu lingawina izihlalo eziningi zezishayamthetho ngokungaphansi kwenani elikhulu lamavoti athandwayo.
  • [ Imiphumela e-'ipropotiation': Amaqembu amancane anokusekelwa okukhulu angathola izihlalo ezimbalwa noma angazitholi nhlobo, kuyilapho imibuthano yesifunda ingavezwa ngaphezu kwezindawo eziqinile.

Lezizici zithinta ngokuqondile indlela amasiko ezombangazwe agcinwa ngayo. Ngenxa yokuthi izimiso eziyinhloko zisekela amaqembu anezimpande ezijulile emphakathini, zithambekele ekumiseni amaqembu ezombangazwe akhona manje (8ba asekelwe ezigabeni, enkolweni, ezinhlanga, noma ezweni elithile). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezizimiso ziba ingxenye yefa ngokwalo, zithonya amathemba nezenzo zezazi zezombangazwe nabavoti.

Umlando Nokuvela Kwamasiko Ezombangazwe

Ukufakwa kokhetho oluyinhloko edemokratini eningi kwakungenangozi. Kwakuvame ukubonisa ukuyekethisa kwezombangazwe namandla ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwesizwe. EUnited Kingdom, isimiso sokuqala sezikhombo saqala kancane kancane kusuka ezindaweni zenkathi ephakathi, ukuqinisa ukubusa kweWhig noTory amaqembu kamuva aba amaLiberals namaConservative. Ngokufanayo, iUnited States yafaka izifunda ezithathele izifunda zonke izifunda ezithathile njengengxenye yesakhiwo sombuso wamazwe amakhulu namancane aklanyelwe ukulinganisela ithonya lamazwe amakhulu ne-Elmetal College inezela ungqimba omqondo omkhulu wobupotimenti.

Lemisuka engokomlando isho ukuthi izimiso eziyinhloko zihlangene nesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isiko laseBrithani likahulumeni onamandla, owenziwe yiqembu elinezihlalo eziningi, lixhumene kakhulu nesimiso sokukhetha. ECanada, lesi simiso siye sasiza ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwama Liberal namaConservative, kuyilapho futhi sivumela amaqembu esifunda njenge Bloc Québécois ukuba amelele imiphakathi ehlukile yamasiko. Nokho, lesi sigaba singaqinisa futhi siphikise ifa lezwe lesizwe ngezikhathi ezihlukene.

Ukuqiniswa Kwemifelandawonye Yesiko

Izimiso zezikhulu zamazwe zivame ukuqinisa izivumelwano zezezombangazwe ezingokwesiko ngokwenza kube nzima ngezinhlangano ezintsha. Emazweni amaningi, imikhaya emide yeqembu ebambelele kakhulu futhi ephakathi neqembu elinamadlangala kakhulu nesigaba sezentando yeningi . Lokhu kuqina kungabonakala njengohlobo lokulondolozwa kwefa: abavoti bathatha ifa lenkambiso, amasuntswana ahlala njalo, futhi amasiko ezombangazwe aba ingxenye yendwangu yesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK Labour Party isibopho esiseduze senyunyana yezokuhweba nenhlangano yezentengiselwano nezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano kuhlale kusezingeni eliphezulu lezezezombangazwe eBrithani ngekhulu leminyaka, isekelwe isimiso sezethu esivumela ukuba izifunda eziningi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo: ENdiya Nefa Layo Elingafani

INdiya, isigaba sentando yeningi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, isebenzisa isimiso sokuqala-semuva se-Lok Sabhaha (indlu engezansi). Isimiso siye sanikela ekubuseni kwe-Indian National Congress emashumini eminyaka angaphambili futhi kamuva i-Bharatiya Janata Party. Naphezu kwenani elikhulu lolimi, inkolo, kanye nokuhlukahlukahluka kwempucuko, isimiso sobushiqela siye sakhuthaza izinga lokuqhubeka kwezombangazwe, kanye namaqembu esizwe ngokuvamile asebenza ngokuzibandakanya namaqembu ezifunda. Lenhlangano yesizwe inamandla okuhlanganisa izikhundla zezindawo ezinkulu − qhawe yasiza ukuhlanganisa izifunda ezihlukahlukene kwezezwe zezombangazwe, kuyilapho ilondoloza futhi izihlalo zezifunda eziwina izihlalo ezizweni zawo. Nokho, abagxeki ngokomthetho ukuthi isimiso sezwe lingaba neqembu leqembu elilodwa lenkolo elivamile noma isonto elivamile.

Ukulondoloza Ifa Ngenxa Yokungaguquguquki Kwezombangazwe

Enye yezinzuzo ezikhonjwa kakhulu zokuvota okuvamile ukuzinza okunikezwayo. Ngokuveza abanqobi abacacile, lesi simiso sivumela ukubusa okuwujuqu ngaphandle kwezingxoxo ezithatha isikhathi eside ezivamile ezimelelweni ezilandelanayo (PR). Lokhu kuqina kungakuzuzisa ngokuqondile ukulondolozwa kwefa lesizwe. Ohulumeni abaningi kakhulu bangamisa izimiso zamasiko eziqinile, bavikele izindawo ezingokomlando, iminyuziyamu yezimali, futhi bathuthukise izimpawu zesizwe ngaphandle kosongo lokukhubazeka kwephalamende elihlukene.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwezimiso zempi yaseYurophu kwabona izimiso eziyinhloko emazweni anjenge-UK neFrance zisekela ohulumeni abaqinile abathatha imisebenzi yefa lesizwe, njengokumiswa kweBritish National Trust noMnyango Wesizwe waseFrance. Ukuqhubekeka kwenqubo emijikelezweni yokhetho kwasiza ekulondolozeni nasekubuyiseleni izakhiwo zesikhumbuzo ezingokomlando, izinqolobane, namasiko. Ngokungafani, amazwe anezimiso ezilinganayo ngezinye izikhathi azama ukusekela imali egciniwe yefa ngokuqhubekayo, njengoba ohulumeni abahlangene beshintsha izinto eziza kuqala.

Izibonakaliso Zesizwe Nezimo Ezingokomlando

Izimiso zamakhulu zingaqinisa ukulandisa kwesizwe. E-United States, isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili esiphoqelelwe yizinhlangano ezithatha impumelelo-zonke `ziye zaphakamisa indaba yesizwe esekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo, ukwanda kwentshona nezimiso zentando yeningi. Nakuba le ndaba iye yaphikiswa, ukuphikelela kwayo kubangelwa yinqubo yokhetho elawulayo ethambekele ekubekeni imingcele eqinile noma encintisaneni okungabekela isizinda sezwe inselele. Ngokufanayo, isimiso sokuqala se-UK-past-past siye sasiza ekulondolozeni ukuma kwe-mistrome, amasiko epalamente, nesiNgisi njengezinsika zezempucuko, njengoba izwe liba nezwe elinomehluko kakhulu.

Nokho, ukuzinza kungavela ngezindleko. Isimiso esifanayo esivikela ifa singabuye sibe yisidala noma sikhiphe amasiko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudluliswa ngokweqile kwasemaphandleni, i-democracy ethatha indawo ebanzi ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi ezinkulu kunganciphisa izinguquko eziqhubekayo ezihlobene namalungelo abomdabu, ukulingana kwabesifazane, noma ukuqashelwa kwezinhlanga. Ukulondolozwa kwefa, ngalokhu kukhanyisa, kuba yinkemba evalwe kabili: ivikela ingcebo eyigugu engokwesiko kodwa futhi ingamelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okudingekile.

Izinselele Nokugxeka: Ukuhlehla Nokuxabana

Izimiso zokuvota ezinkulu zibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu ngokuthambekela kwazo kokunciphisa amaqembu amancane, amaqembu amancane, nezithakazelo zesifunda. Lokhu kubekwa indiva kungaba nemiphumela eqondile ekulondolozweni kwamasiko ezombangazwe nefa, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini engeyona ingxenye yezinhlangano ezivelele zamasiko noma zezombangazwe.

Ukumiswa Kwemincane

Uma isimiso sikhipha imingcele yamaqembu amancane ngokungaguquki, singathula ngokuphumelelayo amazwi amelela amasiko ahlukile amasiko esizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu abomdabu eCanada nase-Australia ngokuvamile akuthola kunzima ukuzuza izihlalo ngaphansi kwe-past kuqala ngaphandle kokuba agxiliswe ngokwezwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ifa lawo lezombangazwe kanye nezakhiwo zokubusa ezingokwesiko zingashaywa indiva ekusunguleni kwezimiso zobuzwe. Ulwazi olungokwesiko namasiko alemiphakathi akuvamile akuvamile ukuhlanganiswa emizamweni ephambili yokulondoloza imvelo uma kungekho ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe.

Izigaba Zezifunda Nezinhlangano Ezisekela Umphakathi

Kwezinye izimo, ukuvota okuyinhloko kungabhebhethekisa izingxabano zendawo. Uma iqembu elikhulu lesizwe libusa isishayamthetho kuyilapho indawo ivotela isigaba esilahlekile njalo, leso sizwe singase sizizwe sisongelwa. Lokhu kunamandla kuye kwavezwa njengesici esibangela ukunyuka kwezinhlangano ze-secessionsism ezindaweni ezinjenge Scotland (ephakathi kwe-UK), Catalonia (ekanye neSpain, esebenzisa isimiso esixubene kodwa esinezakhi ezinkulu), ne-Quebec (Canada). Umbono wokuthi iningi elikude lifuna ukuphuma ezikhundleni ze-gesi lifuna ukhuni olungcono noma ukuzibusa, libeka ifa enkabeni yempi yezombangazwe.

Isibonelo: iScotland ne-Union - Isimiso se-UK seyokuqala-ngesikhathi esidlule siye sanikeza iQela leMidlalo yeSifundazwe inani elikhulu lezihlalo ngisho noma lingayifuni kahle eScotland. Lokhu kuye kwanezela emqondweni wokuthi amasiko ezombangazwe ase-Scotland Scotland − anjengedemokratial jovoismsmential ne-univationism / "i-awusekensi". Ukunganeliseki kuye kwafaka i-Scoptian National Parcessssss isssss jocem, okuyibekela ifault Union inselaze inzuzo eqondileyo. Nakuba i-2014 i-Endm igcine i-Union, izikhalo ezingaphansi kokhetho olusaziwayo zihlala zingaphelisiwe.

Ukucindezelwa Kokungalingani

Abagxeki baphikisa futhi ngokuthi izimiso ezinkulu zingabangela ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nezinhlanga ngokuvala izinhlangano ezintsha ezimelela imiphakathi encikene. E-United States, isigaba esihlukene sibili siye sagxekwa ngokuhluleka ukusingatha inqubo yobuhlanga noma ukungalingani kwezomnotho, njengoba kokubili amaqembu amakhulu esekela ukwakheka kwawo okuyisisekelo kwezezomnotho. Ifa lomzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, ngokwesibonelo, lingagujwa ezindabeni zesizwe, kodwa isimiso sokhetho sikwenza kube nzima ukubhekana namazwi ahlukile. Njenge-Green Green Party noma abalweli abazimele ngempela, njengoba ithola imvume, ithonya ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemikhuba yezombangazwe engcono kakhulu.

Ukulinganisela Isiko Nokungavumelani Nezinguquko Ezingokwesiko Nezimiso Ezixubile

Ngenxa yokushiyeka kokuvota okungaphelele, idemokrasi eningi iye yamukela izimiso ezixubile noma ezingezinye izindlela ezihloselwe ukulinganisela ukuqina nokumelelwa okwengeziwe. Lezinguquko zivame ukuzama ukulondoloza izinzuzo zokubusa kwezikhulu. Okunjengohulumeni ocacile kanye nokumelelwa okungaguquguquki okuvumela amaqembu amancane namaqembu amancane ukuba abe nezwi.

Izimiso zezokuxhumana ezixutshwe ne-Member

Amazwe anjenge-Jalimane, i-New Zealand, neJapane asebenzisa ukuvota okuxubeneyo. E-New Zealand, lapho ingxenye yezihlalo yabelwa khona ngezindlela zobushiqela futhi enye ngoluhlu lweqembu ukuze ifinyelele imiphumela elinganayo. Lesi simiso siye savumela amaqembu amakhulu ukuba ahlale eqinile kuyilapho enika amaqembu amancane njengamaGreens noma amaqembu esifunda. E-New Zealand, ukushintshwa kwezindawo zokuqala ze-MMP ngo-mP ngo-19969 kuholele epalamendeni ehlukene kakhulu, ukumelelwa kwe-Māori, futhi i-mmodeli eyandayo. Lokhu kushintshwa akuwasusanga amasiko ezombangazwe; kunalokho, kwabaphoqelela ukuba bavumelane, bafake amazwi amasha efeni lokubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Māororor e-oserdateat procences processs (indementals) ezindaweni ezivamile, kanti iqoqo lezezezeko.

Ukushibilika Kwezinqolobane Nethonya Lazo

Olunye ushintsho lunqunyulwa ngokwezigaba zokuvota (RCV), olusetshenziswa e-Australia’s House of Messages nasemadolobhana athile ase-U.RCV luvumela abavoti ukuba bafake izikhundla, futhi uma kungekho muntu othola iningi, umvoti wokugcina ukhishwa futhi uvotelwe. Lesimiso sigcina imiphumela yezezimali kodwa sikhuthaza abamele ukudlulisa izisekelo zabo, ukukhuthaza imikhankaso ebanzi. E-Australia, i-RCV ayizange isuse ukubusa kwamaqembu amakhulu kodwa inike amaqembu amancane afana namaGreens ithuba lokuthonya ngenkambiso. Lokhu kuye kwacebisa ifa lezombangazwe le-Australia ngokuhlela impucuko yokhetho, kuyilapho isalokhu igcina isiko esizingeni esiphakathi sikahulumeni esisodwa.

Izimiso zeRound ezimbili

Isimiso saseFrance esinezingxenye ezimbili ezibanzi soMhlangano weSizwe singesinye inguquko. Uma kungekho mfundamakhwela owina iningi enxanxantathuni yokuqala, ukudutshulwa kuyenzeka phakathi kwabaphambili. Lesi simiso sithanda ukusekela izivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu, ngokuvamile sisusa abazofundayo abaphezulu noma abasuka kude emzuzwaneni wesibili. Umphumela uye waba ukulondolozwa kwendabuko "republican" ehlanganisa amaqembu avamile ukuba avimbele ukweqisa, aqinise ifa lezwe lezwe laseFrance nepestris. Nokho, abagxeki bayaqaphela ukuthi lokhu kungavimba futhi izinkulumo zangempela zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene.

Isiphetho: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yezimiso Zama - majortine Ekulondolozweni Kwefa

Izimiso zokuvota ezinkulu azinakuthatha hlangothi; zilungisa ngentshiseko isimo sezombangazwe nethonya amasiko asindayo futhi aqhubekele phambili. Ngokusekela amaqembu amisiwe futhi akhiqize ohulumeni abaqinile, zisiza ekulondolozeni ifa lesizwe (kusukela emasikweni esizwe kuya ezinhlanganweni zempucuko). Ukucaca nokunquma kwemiphumela emikhulu kuvumela ukwenza inqubo engaguquki, engavikela izikhungo ezingokomlando, ithuthukise izimpawu zesizwe, futhi isekele izibopho zezombangazwe ezimi isikhathi eside.

Kodwa izici ezifanayo ezivikela ifa zinganciphisa futhi amazwi amancane nokungalingani. Umehluko phakathi kokuzinza nokungalingani ufuzekile, kodwa kukhulu kakhulu ekuthatheni wonke amalungiselelo aphumelelayo. Njengoba ukuguqula imibuso yentando yeningi, abaningi baye bakhetha ukuhlanganisa izici ezilinganayo noma izindlela zokuvota ukuze bandise ukumelelwa ngaphandle kokudela izinzuzo zokubusa. Lezinguquko zibonisa ukuthi ukulondoloza ifa lezombangazwe akudingi ukuqina; kungavumelana nokuzivumelanisa nomphakathi othengiselanayo.

Kubafundisi nabafundi abahlola ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zokuvota kanye nokuzichaza kwempucuko, kubalulekile ukuqaphela amandla nokulinganiselwa kokuvota kwezikhulu. Ukulondoloza ifa akuyona nje kuphela indaba yomthetho noma isimiso − kuhlobene kakhulu nendlela izakhamuzi ezichaza ngayo intando yazo yezombangazwe nendlela lokho okuzoguqulwa ngayo ukuba zibuse. Ukuqonda lamandla kusisiza ukuba siqaphele ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwemishini yentando yeningi namasiko aphilayo achaza ngayo isizwe.