Ingxenye Yokuphila Kwesibalo: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Zomthetho KaHulumeni

Imithetho yoMbuso ihlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela esivinini esilinganisweni sokuhamba kwakho kanye nezimfuneko ezidingayo zomsebenzi wakho ukuya ekuxhaseni ingane yakho i-' isikole nezimiso ezilawula ukunakekelwa kwakho kwempilo. Naphezu kwale miphumela emikhulu, inqubo lemithetho esungulwa ngayo futhi ishintshwe ngayo ihlala ifinyele ezakhamuzini eziningi. Ukuqonda lesi simiso akusona nje ithuluzi elisebenzayo lokusekela izivumelwano zezenhlalakahle. Uma uthatha isaziso esithatha umgomo esithathwe emehlweni ukuba ushintshele, uzuza ikhono lokusekela ngokuphumelelayo ushintsho, ugcine izikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe zinecala, futhi zenza zibe neqhaza ngokunenjongo enkulu enkulule enkulumweni.

Uhambo lomthetho kazwelonke aluvamile ukuba luqonde. Luhamba ngamakomiti, lunqamule amagumbi, futhi ekugcineni ludlulela kumbusi i-' ideskiniki. Le nqubo ichazwa ngenkulumo-mpikiswano, ukuxoxisana, nokuyekethisa. Nakuba imithetho eqondile ihlukahluka kuhulumeni ngamunye (i-Texas isebenza ngendlela ehlukile kune-New York, ehlukile ku-Nebraska ' izakhi eziyingqayizivele ze-uncameral systems ezihlala ngokuphawulekayo. Lendlela iphula isisekelo somthetho wombuso, inikeza uhlaka olucacile, olusebenzisekayo lokuqonda indlela engenziwa ngayo inqubo esendaweni yombuso.

Lapho Kuqala Khona Konke: Umthetho KaHulumeni Nesiqalo Se - Bill

Izakhi zofuzo zanoma yimuphi umthetho kahulumeni zingumqondo. Lomqondo ungavela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: umxhaka olwisana nomagazini wendawo, iqembu elifuna isithakazelo esikhethekile elifuna ushintsho lwenqubo, inxusa likahulumeni elikhomba igebe lokuzivumelanisa, noma ummisi-mthetho i-' umgangatho wesimiso somthetho. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvelaphi yawo injani, lomqondo awunakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba usungulwe ilungu le-padropu.

Indima Yomphathi (I - Sponsor)

Ummisi-mthetho onquma ukusekela umbono uba umthetho wemvume i-' i- impompor[. Ezizweni eziningi, amafaktheli angaba futhi namalungu amaningi, abonisa ukusekela okukhulu futhi andise amathuba okuthatha imvume. Umxhasi u' umsebenzi uwukwelusa isiphakamiso ngayo yonke inqubo ye-propatition, umsebenzi odinga ikhono lezombangazwe, ukuxoxisana, nokuphikelela. I-Giviorcon isebenza nezisebenzi ezingokomthetho ukuhumushela umkhuba ongokomthetho oqondile.

Ukuphoqelela Nokuqala

Le nguqulo iphethwe yi- Office of Legislative Dicer (noma i-opartisan nkonzo engokomthetho). Labameli abaqeqeshiwe bathatha umqondo wenqubo futhi bayisebenzisele ukwenza umthetho, iphelele ngezingxenye, izincazelo, nokulungisa okuqondile. Uma bebhaliwe, umthetho usungulwe ngokomthetho eMthethweni we- ikamelo (Indlu noma i-Gaza). Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukufunda kokuqala, ukuchaza, kuyisinyathelo lapho umthetho ungeniswe khona ngokusemthethweni erekhodini nasenombolo eyabelwe (e.g. HB, 100.[B] noma u-20] Lombono awucacile.

Izinhlobo Zezincwadi Nezinqumo

Akuwona wonke amaqembu emithetho awumthetho.

  • Izinhlamvu:[ Lezi zingamathuluzi ayinhloko okwakha imithetho emisha noma elungisayo. Zibopha futhi zithwala isisindo esigcwele somthetho.
  • Isinqumo se-estent:[ ngokuvamile sisetshenziselwa ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe, ukuhlanganisa izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, noma ukusingatha izindaba zesikhashana njengokukhipha izibopho.
  • Izinqumo ezingokonyaka: zisetshenziswa ukuveza umbono wesishaya-mthetho endabeni ethile noma ukusingatha izindaba zokwaba izakhiwo zangaphakathi. Abanawo amandla omthetho.
  • Izinqumo ezilula: Idlula ngegumbi elilodwa ukuze ilawule imithetho yayo yangaphakathi noma iveze imibono yayo.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Umgcini - mthetho Wemithetho

Ngemva kwesethulo, intela yabelwa ikomiti emile esekelwe endabeni yayo yendaba. Imithetho yezimiso zendawo ezungezile ingaya eMzalweni naseMbhoshongweni Wemithombo Yemvelo, kuyilapho isiphakamiso sentela sisiya eGcikweni naseMathuleni noma eKomitini Yezemali. Kulapho kulapho izikweletu eziningi [ disee [ [nesizathu esihle] futhi isimiso sekomiti sivumela khona izigebethi ezinezici ezithile zobuchwepheshe ukuba zihlole iziphakamiso.

Ukulalela KweKomiti

Ikomiti iyingxenye yomphakathi nefinyeleleka kakhulu yenqubo yomthetho. Lithuba lokuba umphakathi, ochwepheshe, nabasekeli banikeze isigwebo, kulandelwe ubufakazi obuvela kubasekeli nabaphikisi. Izakhamuzi zingasayina njalo ukuze zikhulume noma zinikeze ubufakazi obubhaliwe. Leli iphuzu elinamandla lokungena kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya umthetho. Amalungu ekomiti abuza imibuzo, ubuthakathaka obuhlolayo, futhi ahlola umzwelo womphakathi.

Ukuphawuleka Nesichibiyelo

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti iphethe isiqephu sokuphawula . Imali ifundwa ngomugqa, futhi amalungu amakomiti anganikeza izinguquko ukuze ashintshe ulimi lwayo. Yilapho kwenziwa khona amasoseji. Imali ingashintshwa khona ngokuphawulekayo, iqiniswe, incitshiswe, noma ibhalwe kabusha ngokuphelele phakathi nophawu. Lenqubo ivumela ikomiti ukuba yakhe umfelandawonye futhi ikhe uhlobo lombhalo ongadlula igumbi eligcwele.

ISikhankaso Nombiko WeKomiti

Lapho ukuqoqwa sekuphelile, amavoti ekomiti. Imiphumela evame kakhulu ihlanganisa:

  • [ Nikeza ukhiye olulungile[ (ukuqinisekisa udluliso).
  • phawula ubhaxa ngokungafanele (ukuphika okutusekayo).
  • phawula ubhayela njengolulungisiwe (indlela evame kakhulu ezikweletini ezinkulu).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isithebe noma imbobo yomlomo [ (ngokuphumelelayo uyibulala ngaphandle kokuvota ngokuqondile).

Uma ikomiti idlulisa isikweletu, sibuyela egumbini eligcwele nekomiti enombiko oningiliziwe wezinguquko ezenziwayo kanye nekomiti i' ukutusa.

Isinyathelo Sobuciko: Impikiswano Nesinqumo Esigungwini

Uma isikweleti sesikhishiwe ekomitini, sibekwa ekhalendeni le-cade ' ukuze sihlolwe. Uhambo lokuya ekuvoteni kwaphansi kungaba lude, njengoba ukuhola (uMholi noma uScoumer) kulawula isimiso. UBill angaphelelwa amandla ekhalenda uma bentula ukusekela kwezombangazwe.

Imithetho Yempikiswano

Ingxoxo ye-floor ilawulwa yimithetho eqinile. Endluni, impikiswano ivame ukulinganiselwa ngumthetho omiswe yiKomiti Yomthetho, echaza isikhathi esizothatha futhi iziphi iziphendu ezivunyelwe. ISigele sivame ukuba nengxoxo evulekile. Abaqondisi benza izinkulumo zobufakazi ezizwiwayo ekomitini nasezidingweni zenqubo yabo. Lena isigaba esibonakalayo kakhulu senqubo, lapho izikhundla eziyinhloko zikhona futhi kulwiwa khona izimpi zezombangazwe.

Ukufunda Nokukhanyisa

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga ifaktha yemali efundwa ngezinsuku ezintathu ezihlukene ngaphambi kwevoti yokugcina. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi kuqala, okwesibili, nowesithathu ukufundwa kwe. Ngemva kokufunda kwesithathu, amavoti egumbi. Amavote angaba:

  • [[FLT: 0] ivoti: Amalungu amemeza nge "Aye " noma " No, " nenduna yesikhulu eqondisayo yahlulela umphumela. Isebenziselwe izikweletu ezingakhonziwe.
  • Amalungu e- evoti:[ kumele ukubalwe.
  • Isikhala esiphelele: Ilungu ngalinye ' amavoti aqoshiwe ngocingo noma ngegama. Lena indlela ebonakala kakhulu futhi idingeka ekwenzeni umthetho omkhulu.

Uma umlomo udlula, ufakwe (inyatheliswe emweni sayo sokugcina, elungisiweyo) bese ithunyelwa kwelinye igumbi ukuyophinda yonke lenqubo.

Ukuhamba Egunjini Lesibili: Phinda Futhi Uphinde Usebenzise I - concile

Imali kumelwe idlulise kokubili iNdlu neSigele enesimo esingokwendawo ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumbusi. Igumbi lesibili ngokuvamile linezinto eziza kuqala nezingaqondani, ngakho icala kumelwe liqhubeke liphila kwenye indawo yezindaba zamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezinsi, nezinciphiso.

IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Kuyinto evamile ukuba amagumbi amabili adlulise izinguqulo ezihlukene zemali efanayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, intengo ayinakuqhubekela phambili. Ukuxazulula ukungefani, umholi wegumbi ngalinye umisa iqembu elincane lamalungu ekomitini ephethe ikomiti ye-[. Le komiti, ngokuvamile eyakhiwe amalungu amadala ekomitini ezimiso ezihlobene, ihlangana ngasese ukuze ivumelane nokwephula. I-'FLT''''umphumela [ umbiko owe-okanye, ohlangeneyo lomthetho. Lombiko kumelwe uvunyelwe yiwo womabili amagumbi ngaphandle kokunye okuhlanganisa i-metacial-met. Lelithuluzi elinamandla livumela ukuba i-okelelene-okanye futhi liphinde liphuke.

Indwangu yombusi: Isibonakaliso, i-Veto, noma i-phocket

Uma amagumbi esedlulile uqhwaku olufanayo, lusongwe bese luthunyelwa kumbusi. Umbusi i-' indima iyi-sethi yokuhlola amandla omthetho.

Ukukhetha uMbusi

Lapho ethola imvume, umbusi unezinqumo eziningana, ezihluka ngokomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni:

  • Uphawu olusemthethweni: Umthetho uthatha usuku oluqondile oluphumelelayo.
  • Uveza umthetho: Umbusi uyawenqaba ngokuphelele umthetho awubuyisele kumphathi wendlu yomthetho onomyalezo weveto ochaza ukwenqaba. Isishaya-mthetho singayidlulisa leveto ngevoti ukuvota [ (ngokuvamile ama-tria amathathu egumbi ngalinye). Izindawo ezisetshenziswayo zingavamile kodwa zingenzeka uma isishaya-mthetho sizizwa ngokunamandla ngempikiswano.
  • Uhlamvu-hlamvu lwe-wine vento: Ezifundazweni eziningi, umbusi angaveza izinto ezithile zelayini ukuphambanisa (ukuthumela) izikweleti[ ngaphandle kokukhipha isikweleti sonke. Lokhu kunikeza umphathi amandla amakhulu phezu kohlelo lwemali.
  • vumela izivumelwano ukuba zibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa: Uma umbusi engenzi senzo phakathi kwezinsuku ezimisiwe lapho isishaya-mthetho siseseqenjini, isibambiso zenzakalela ukuba sibe umthetho. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyisibonakaliso sezombangazwe sokuthi umbusi akawusekeli umthetho kodwa akafuni ukusebenzisa amandla eveto.
  • Pocket vento: Uma isishayamthetho sifa [ sifa [ (iqeda isiqephu) ngaphambi komphathi-sikhathi i-' inkathi yokubukeza iyaphela, umbusi akathatheli nyathelo, futhi isibeko siyafa. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi iphakethe lika-veto futhi akakwazi ukuvala.

Umbusi u-' imvume kanye ne-pasworth ' ikhono lokukhipha i-veto ikha i-cheke nokulinganisela okuyisisekelo kuhulumeni wezwe. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yomthetho (NCSL) inikeza ukuwohloka okungalawuleki kwalemibuso ngokwezwe[.

Ukushintsha Kwemithetho Ekhona: Izinqumo, Iziphetho, Nentando Yeningi Eqondile

Imithetho ayimi ndawonye, kumelwe ishintshele ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezintsha, ukulungisa imiphumela engahlosiwe, noma ukubonisa ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

I- imvume iyisibeko esibhekene nomthetho othile okhona. Isho ngokuqondile ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yomthetho eshintshwayo nokuthi luzoba luni ulimi olunjani. Ngokwesibonelo, isishayamthetho singadlula ekulungiseni indinganiso yokuphakamisa umholo kazwelonke kusuka ku $7.25 kuya ku-R1.00. Lenguquko ilandela indlela efanayo (i-introduction, ikomiti, i-tovota, umbusi/i-okhensiss.)

Inqubo Yokuphinde Uzilungise

Ngezinye izikhathi imithetho ayisabalulekile. Ingaphelelwa isikhathi, ingaba ingasebenzi, noma ingasebenzi. iwumthetho osusa umthetho ezincwadini. AmaRepeal angaba yi-etheeucratic (ukususa wonke umthetho) noma inxenye (izinto eziqondile). Amalungiselelo okunquma, awenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kosuku olumisiwe ngaphandle kokuba isishayamthetho sithathe izivumelwano, ayithuluzi elivamile lokuhlola izinhlelo nezinhlelo zezikhathi ezithile.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Nezinsimbi Zokubuyisela: Isenzo Sezakhamuzi Eziqondile

Cishe ezifundazweni zase-U.S., izakhamuzi zingadlula ngokuphelele isishaya-mthetho ukuze zakhe noma zishintshe imithetho. Lena inqubo ye eqondile yentando yeningi [.

  • Izakhamuzi zihlela umthetho ohlongozwayo noma ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqoqe inani elidingekayo lezisayino ezivela kubavoti ababhaliwe ukuze ziwubeke ku-colot. Uma ukuthatha isinyathelo sidlula kukhetho oluvamile, kuba umthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iCalifornia ' ukubekwa kwe 13 (imingcele yentela) kanye nombuso ohlukene wesilinganiso esisemthethweni sensangu yezokwelapha.
  • Referendemu: Lena yivoti emthethweni osewudlulisiwe kakade yisishaya-mthetho. Kwezinye izizwe, izakhamuzi zinganxusa ukuba kubekwe umthetho osanda kumiswa ku-collet yevoti ethandwayo ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Kwezinye, isishaya-mthetho ngokwaso singabhekisela kubantu ukuze sivume.

Lendlela inikeza ithuluzi elinamandla loshintsho uma isishaya-mthetho sivalwa noma singazimisele ukwenza okuthile empikiswaneni ethandwayo. iBallotteia ilondoloza ibalazwe eliningiliziwe nomlando wokuthatha isinyathelo kanye nokusebenzisa i-astendum kulo lonke elase-U.S..]

Ushintsho: Indlela Ongawulolonga Ngayo Umthetho KaHulumeni

Ukuqonda le nqubo kumane nje kuyisinyathelo sokuqala, isimiso siklanyelwe ukuba sisabele emphakathini, kodwa sidinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo. Akudingeki ube umzam ’ izivakashi noma ummeli ukuze ube nethonya.

Ukuqashwa Okuhlakaniphile: Isikhathi Nendlela Yokuhlanganyela

Isihluthulelo sokuphumelela ekusebenziseni ulwazi kuyisikhathi. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuthonya izindleko ngaphambi kokuba ifike phansi, lapho isekhona. Yilapho abashaya imithetho beqoqa khona ulwazi futhi besungula imibono yabo.

  • Ukuhlangana noMyalo Wakho: I-imeyili efingqiwe, noma ucingo kumnini-mmeleli wakho noma ucingo kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu yokwenza izwi lakho lizwe. Qonda inombolo yemali, chaza indawo yakho ngokucacile, futhi uchaze ukuthi kungani ibalulekile kuwe nasemphakathini wakho. Abaqondisi-mthetho banikeza ukunakekela okuseduze kwiposi ye-octal.
  • ihlola e-Assmear: Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti kusobala. Sisayine ukukhuluma. Lungisa inkulumo ecacile, emfushane (ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-2-3). Izindaba zomuntu siqu zinamandla. Uma ungakwazi ukuya ngokoqobo, faka ubufakazi obubhaliwe. Kuba yingxenye yerekhodi lekomiti elisemthethweni.
  • Ukwakha i-Proqution: Amazwi ngamanye anamandla, kodwa amaqembu ahlelekile anamandla. Ukuhlangana noma ukwenza umfelandawonye nezinye izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, noma izinto ezingazuzisi ezihlanganyela umgomo wakho kwenza isigijimi sakho nemithombo yamachibi iqine.

Ukulandelela Imithetho Nezinqumo

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zanamuhla zinikeza amathuluzi aqinile kulayini yokulandela izikweleti. Ungafuna izikweleti ngezinombolo ezishicilelweyo, abaxhasi, noma ikomiti. Ungasayina ukuze waziswe izixwayiso ze-imeyili uma isimemezelo osikhathalelayo sihamba. I-open States ingumphandu ongesona isiphakathi ongawatholi ama-data omthetho kuwo wonke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu, okwenza kube lula ukuthatha izikweleti ze-mkhondo futhi uthole abameleli bakho.[

Okokugcina, ungalokothi uwathathe kalula amandla ebhokisi le-colot. Abaxhasi bemithetho abaxhasa, impikiswano, kanye namavoti ezikweletini ukhethwa nguwe. Umbusi obamisayo noma obathumayo ukhethwa nguwe. Ukuhlala wazi ukuthi abazobhapathizwa bamiphi imigomo ezindabeni eziyinhloko kanye nokuvota kunoma iluphi ukhetho lwezwe kunoma iluphi ukhetho lwezwe, kuhlanganisa nezingalusebenzisi kanye nokhetho oluthatha isikhathi eside.

Umjikelezo Oqhubekayo Womthetho KaHulumeni

Ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa komthetho kahulumeni kuwumjikelezo oqhubekayo, onamandla. Akuyona izenzakalo ezizinhlohlo kodwa kuhlelwe ngendlela ehleliwe (uma ngokuvamile kunezimo eziphazamisayo) ukuxoxisana, ukuyekeka, nokwenza izinqumo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesiqalo somqondo kuya ekusayineni kokugcina noma ekuhlolweni, iqopheni, iqophelo ngalinye liyindawo yokungenela ukuthatha isinyathelo. Nakuba lenqubo ingabonakala ithatha kancane futhi ikhungatheze, indalo yayo eklanywe ngamabomu. Yakhelwe ukuhluza noma ukuhlolwa okungalawuleki nokuphoqelela izipha zemibono. Ngokuqonda indlela yomlomo, uzihlomisela ngolwazi lokuqondisa isimiso sezokuqondisa isimiso sakho, ulwele izithakazelo zakho, futhi ufaka isandla empilweni yezwe empilweni yezwe ezindaweni zetshe; umthetho awuhlelwa futhi ubhalwa futhi ubhalwa futhi uyaqhubeka nengxenye yengxoxo yakho.