Izindlu ezinokuthengwa kakhulu seziye zaba enye yezinselele ezinkulu emadolobheni alo lonke elase-United States nasemhlabeni. Ukunyuka kwezakhiwo zokuqasha, iholo elihambayo, nokuntuleka kwemali engapheli kuye kwafaka izakhiwo zamakhaya kanye nezindlu zokuqasha eziqinile ezingenakufinyelelwa izigidi zemikhaya. Nakuba amabutho ezindawo zokuthengisa afeza indima, imithetho kahulumeni kuhulumeni, uhulumeni, kanye namazinga endawo anesimo esiyisisekelo sokuthi indawo yokuhlala ihlala ingenamali yini, noma ingabi nakukho. Ukuqonda lemithetho ayizisizi izakhamuzi kuphela ukuba zisebenzise izimo zazo zokuhlala kodwa futhi iziphiselele ukusekela ushintsho lwezimiso zezimiso. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyinhloko ezilawula izindlu ezifanele, izithiyo zokuthuthukisa impumelelo, izibonelo zangempela zezwe, nezindawo ezingokomphakathi zingathatha impumelelo enkulu esikhathini esizayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwezindlu Ezibizayo

Izindlu ezingcono kakhulu zingaphezu nje kokuba isisekelo sekhanda lomuntu. Isisekelo sokuhamba kwezomnotho, ukufinyelela imfundo, impilo engokomzimba neyomphakathi. Uma imikhaya ichitha imali engaphezu kwe-30% yemali yayo eholweni lokuhlala. Isilinganiso sezwelo sokuthola “imithwalo yezempilo, ezokuthutha, nokugcina imali. Izindleko ezinkulu zingaholela ekuxoshweni, ekutholeni imakhaya, nasekucindezelekeni okungapheli. Ngokungafani, izindlu ezimile, ezithengeni eliphansi, ziye zahlanganiswa nemisebenzi engcono yempilo yezingane nabadala, amazinga aphakeme okuthweswa iziqulo phakathi kwabafundi, nezomnotho zendawo. [FLD:] [0] inzuzo evela ezindaweni ezingokwenhlalo yomphakathi.

  • Ukunciphisa ukungabi namakhaya nokuntengantenga kwezindlu
  • Isekela ezomnotho zendawo ngokusungula umsebenzi nangokusebenzisa imali
  • Ukwandisa ukuqina komphakathi ngokunciphisa ukwanda nobugebengu
  • Ithuthukisa imiphumela yempilo ngokukhulula imali yokunakekela nokudla okunomsoco
  • Ukwanda kwemfundo yezingane ezinezindlu eziqinile

Izimiso Zohulumeni Eziyinhloko Ezishintsha Indawo Yokuhlala Engashisi

Ukungenela kukahulumeni ezimakethe zezindlu kunezizindlela eziningi. Ezinye izinqubo zikhokha ngokuqondile noma zifake izikhwama ezibizayo, kuyilapho ezinye zilawula indawo yokukhokha noma zinikeze abakhi bentela. Ukudlala phakathi kwalamathuluzi kunquma ukuthi kwakhiwa indlu engakanani efinyelelekayo, lapho ikhona, nokuthi ubani ongayithola. Ngezansi siphula izigaba zenqubo ezinethonya kakhulu.

Ukuzingela Nezwe Kusetshenziswa

Imithetho yokuzihlela iphakathi kwemithetho enamandla kakhulu − futhi ngokuvamile kunezici ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ohulumeni bendawo ekukheni indawo yokuhlala. Izindawo zomkhaya owodwa, ezilinganisela ukukhula kwezindlu ngezindawo ezinkulu, imingcele yokulinganisela nokuhambisa izindleko zomhlaba. Ngokungafani, ukubeka i-motion[[FLT] i-flural ukuhlelwa okuphansi [[ukuhlelwa] [ukukhuhlaliswa]] [ukuhlelwa kwezindawo] [kunye]] [kusetshenziswa kwemisebe] [kwezilinganiso eziphezulu] ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo, kufunwa noma ukusungulwa kwezindawo ezingaphezulu, kukhuliswa amagredimu afana nePolitislandsssssss. [[FUFUNU:][2] izinhlangano izinhlangano zezifundo ezitholakalayo kuphela, futhi inciphekwe kakhulu isilinganiso esidingekayo ngenxa yezici zezindawo ezidingekayo, kodwa inciphisa kakhulu isilinganiso sezindawo ezidingekayo kakhulu.

  • Izindawo zomkhaya owodwa zilinganiselwe ukuphakama kwezindlu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo
  • Izindawo ezixubile zithuthukisa izindawo ezihambayo ezinezindlu ezihlukahlukene
  • Imithetho yokukhipha izimali noma ukwenza amaqembu angabizi ngentuthuko entsha
  • Izimiso zokuhlala (ADU) zivumela “ukuqina okumnene” ezindaweni ezikhona manje
  • Ukunciphisa izimfuneko zokupaka kunciphisa izindleko zokwakha

Izinhlelo Zokusekela Imali Kahulumeni

Ngaphandle kokutshala inzuzo enkulu yomphakathi, imakethe yodwa ayinakuveza izindlu ezithengwa ngokwaneleyo. Uhulumeni uthumela amasheya ayizigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ngezinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukusekela kokubili ingxenye enikezwayo (ukwakha okusha nokulungisa) kanye nohlangothi oludingekayo (usizo lomphakathi). Imali yeSikhungo sentela esingenisa intela (LHTC) [[[[FLTC]] [[FFLT]] Uhlelo lwezembutho lwezwe [FFOLD] olukhulu kakhulu lwezwe, ukunikeza abakhiqinisi bezindlu ezithengwayo nezinga ezithengwa yimali ezitholakalayo, ukunikeza izikwele zemali nezindawo zokukhokhelwa ukuze kuthole inzuzo ezindaweni ezitholakalayo, kusukela ekutholeni kwemisebenzi eyishumi yokwakha noma yokuqandayo. [FFF] Imali encikelwe kakhulu] [FFoctive.[3], futhi inzuzo ephansi yemali ephakathi kwezindawo ezingumphakathi) [FFoct:[3] [F]

  • Imali ehhala ehholo eliphansi Imali yentela (LIHTC) — uhlelo olukhulu kakhulu lokuqoqwa kwezindawo ezingaphandle
  • Isimiso Sezisebenzi — Izipho ezivumelana nezimo zezidingo zendawo
  • Imishini yentuthuko yomphakathi (CDBG) — intuthuko ebanzi yomphakathi
  • Imishini Yokukhetha Izindlu (Ukhetho 8) — izimali zokukhokhela izindlu ezisekelwe kuyi - tenant
  • Iprojekthi Esekelwe Kusizo Lwezingosi Zengqondo — Ukusekela izimali okuhlobene nentuthuko ethile

Abagqugquzeli Bentela Namacala

Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali ngokuqondile, umthetho wentela umshayeli onamandla wezindlu ezithengwayo. Imali eholayo ephawulwe ngenhla i-Credit iyisibonelo esiyinhloko. Abathuthukisi bancintisana ngezindawo zikahulumeni zokukhokha intela, abathengisela abatshala izimali (ngokuvamile) ukunyusela i-easethi yemisebenzi. Amaqoqo awe-asethi afanele ukukwazi ukufinyelela inkathi emisiwe (iminyaka engu-30). Ezinye izisusa zihlanganisa intela zezindlu ezithengwayo zokwenza izakhiwo ezithengwayo shwnjwayekile, ezithengwayo emadolobheni anjenge New York neChicago ne-Qualmstionstions (iintela) ezisetshenziswayo emisebenzi esemthethweni. Ezinye izimemezelo zikhokhiwonga [Fodkn.[3]

  • Ukungakhokhi intela yempahla kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kwabaninindawo ababizayo
  • Imali yokukhokha yentela ehhayishwayo kahulumeni
  • Ukungakhokhi intela ezintweni zokwakha ezibiza imali encane
  • Izikweleti zokubuyiselwa ezingokomlando zikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwezakhiwo ezindala

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Ekusebenzeni

Ngisho nezimiso zezindlu ezihlelwe kahle zivame ukuhluleka ngenxa yezinkinga zezombangazwe, zezezimali, kanye nezokuphatha. NOMBY] (“Ayikho emuva kweYard”) ihlala ingezithiyo: izakhamuzi ezikhona ziphikisana njalo nezenzakalo ezintsha, ikakhulukazi izindlu ezingakholeki, ukuphawula ukukhathazeka ngenani lempahla, noma ubuntu bendawo. Lokhu kuphikisa kungabambezela imisebenzi yeminyaka eminingi futhi kukhulule izindleko. Enye inselele inzuzo enkulu yiyo [[FLT:] inzuzo enganele [[FLT:]. Izinhlelo zezezindlini ezikhona njenge LIHTC nezindawo ezihlalayodwa, ingenze intengosi ephansi, futhi inciphe kakhulu, inciphe izakhiwo zezindawo ezingcono, futhi incikelele, incikelele kanye nezimpompompompo zezindawo ezingokomhlaba ezihlukene, futhi izikhali ezihlukene, izakhiwo ezihlukene, izakhiwo ezihlukene, futhi ezihlukene, izifunda kakhulu, izifunda kanye nezingundabushisiwe, izakhiwo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezintathu, ezihlukene, zinga

  • Ukuphikiswa kwendawo okuhlelwe ngamaqembu omphakathi nangamanxusa omkhandlu wedolobha
  • Umkhuba ophikelelayo wokuthola usizo lokuqasha nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza
  • Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuvuma ezandisa izindleko nemigqa yezikhathi
  • Ukuqedwa kwemingcele yokukhokha (isib., izikhathi zokuvuma zeminyaka engu-30)
  • Ukwanda kwezilwane nokucindezela kokuhoxa eduze kwezindlu ezisezingeni eliphezulu

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngomthetho Ophumelelayo

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, amadolobha amaningana aye abonisa ukuthi ukuklanywa kwesimiso esihlakaniphile nezombangazwe okuqhubekayo kuyoveza inzuzo ezuzisayo ezindlini ezibizayo.

Izindlu Ezinabantu Abahlukahlukene ZaseNew York City (MIH)

Ngo-2016, iDolobha laseNew York lamukela uhlelo lweMandatic Inclusionary Home, olufuna abathuthukisi abafuna izinguquko zemisebenzi emikhulu ukuze babeke eceleni ngokungenasiphelo 20% kuya ku-30% yamayunithi njenganganele. Uhlelo lusebenza ezindaweni ezibhalwe kabusha ngenxa yobunzima obuphezulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseduze. Ngo-2023, uMIH yakhiqiza izilinganiso ezingaphezu kuka-8000 ezibiziwe, nezinkulungwane ezengeziwe kuphayiphi. Isimiso sihambisana nemali yedolobha Imali ebekelwe indawo ephezulu nentela yempahla efana ne-AIFOT (manje ethathelwe indawo ye-Affordcable). Isihluthulelo se-NYC sihambisana nokubaluleka kwemali egcwele [[FFFY]: [2]

Izinguquko Nezimali ZaseSan Francisco

ISan Francisco inenye yezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zokuhlala ezweni, nokho iye yasungula futhi izimiso eziningana ezintsha. I- yedolobha ekwazi ukukhokha i Honase Bonase Program ivumela abathuthukisi ukuba bakhe izakhiwo ezinde neziminyene ngokungemthetho ezikhona. Futhi iSan Francisco isebenzisa isilinganiso sokuhlola sendawo (Imvume) eyandayo yezindlu nemisebenzi ngentela yebhizinisi, ukuveza amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamadola ngonyaka. Omunye umende wedolobha ukuvunyelwa kwemisebenzi engafinyeleleki ngokusemthethweni engaphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kungadlula futhi uma behlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhokha. ISan Francisco isabhekene nendlu enzima, imishini yayo engenisa imali engenisa imali enele.

IMinneapolis: Ukuqeda ukuhlobisa umndeni ongawodwa

Ngo-2018, iMinneapolis yaba idolobha lokuqala eliyinhloko eU.S. eliwunyaka eliqeda umndeni owodwa ngokuphelele, livumela i-duplexes nama-trix ezindawo ezihlalayo. Inguquko yayiyingxenye yepulani elibanzi ledolobha, iMinneapolis 2040, eyandisa futhi ukukhuphuka kwemisebenzi yezentengiselwano. Ubufakazi bokuqala busikisela ukuthi le nqubo iye yandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu endaweni ezikude ngaphambili, nakuba izindleko zabaqashi bezingakhokhwawa zilinganiselwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuvalwa kwema kwemakethe. Noma kunjalo, ukunyakaza kweMinneapolis ngesibindi kuye kwakhuthaza imizamo efanayo emadolobheni anjengePortland, eSercean, naseCalifornia (imthetho wezentengiselwano). Indaba ibonisa ukuthi ukuthuthukisa okukhulu kwezindawo zokuqashiswa kwemali eziqashiswayo ngokuqashiswa kwemali nezinye izimvume zokuqashiswa.

Indima Yokuba Ingcweti Yomphakathi

Izimiso zikahulumeni aziveli endaweni ewubulungisa. [[FLT]] Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kwamalungu omphakathi, izinhlangano zobuzali, kanye nezinhlangothi ezihlangene. Izakhamuzi zingathonya inzuzo yezindlu ngokuya emihlanganweni yendawo yokuhlela, zifaka ubufakazi ezindaweni zomkhandlu, futhi zihlanganise noma zihlanganise amaqembu agxile ekubekeni izintambo zokuhlala. Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kwezeSikole se-[[FLD:1] kubonisa ukuthi amaqembu ahleliwe "YYMB" aqhubele ngokuphumelelayo ukunyusela ibhonasi ezindaweni eziningi zaseNtshonalanga yolwandle. Ngasikhathi esifanayo, izinyunyana nezinhlo ezizimele zosizo ezingokomthetho zokulawula intela, isivikelo, nokugcinwa kwezindawo zokuhlala. Izikhulu eziningi zisebenzisa izikhungosi zeze zezentengo yomphakathi futhi zisebenzisa izinyathelo eziphambili zokukhokhwama kwezelela, lapho kuviswe khona izikhali zezombangazwe.

  • Yiba khona emihlanganweni yomkhandlu wasedolobheni futhi uhlele ukuqulwa kwecala
  • Hlanganyela noma usekele amaqembu ezindlu zendawo okuhlala (IMIBHA, izinyunyana ezihlala ndawonye)
  • Sebenzisa imikhankaso yezokuxhumana ukuze uphaphamise ukuqapha nabenzi besinqumo esicindezelayo
  • Hlanganyela ezindaweni zomphakathi ezihlela izindlu nokulungisa izindawo
  • Yiba nesibindi okhethweni lwendawo futhi usekele abazonikezwa izikhungo eziqinile zokuhlala

Bheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lomthetho Wezindlu Obiza Kakhulu

Njengoba amadolobha eqhubeka ekhula futhi imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu idla izingozi eziningi, ikusasa lezindlu ezithengwayo lizodinga izindlela ezivumelanayo nezihlangene. Ukuthambekela okukhulu ukugcizelelwa kwemikhuba yokwakha , enjenge-nethithi nokwakhiwa kwamandla engeziwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphansi, okunganciphisa izindleko ezisebenzayo zezindawo zokuhlala ezithengwayo. Okunye kungokokwanda kwemisebenzi yokwakha [[[FLT]] ye-odwa , lapho ohulumeni bedolobha benikeza khona umhlaba noma iziteshini zemali lapho abaholi behleli bengekho khona, nakuba bedinga izivumelwano ezikhona. [FOct:4] izinhlelo ezingoko ezikhona ezingcono kakhulu. [enganciphisa izindleko ezikhona ezikhona zezindawo zokuhlala.][Foctives.[5][FFFFF:2] izindleko zokuzinye zemali ezitholakalayokusetshenziswa ngokungenanzuzo ezintsha ukuze kutholakale ngokusakhelwa inzuzo yezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezikhona, izindawo ezitholakalayo,

  • Izakhiwo eziluhlaza ngokungenalutho zifakwe ezimisweni zezindlu ezingabizi
  • Qinisa ubuhlobo bomphakathi bomuntu siqu enhloko - dolobha eyimfihlo
  • Yenza ukulondoloza imali kuqhubeke ngokuthola izimali nangokuqasha
  • Izindlu Zokuqala Nezisekelayo Zezakhamuzi Ezingenamakhaya
  • Abasekeli bosizo lokuqasha izakhiwo ezisezweni lonke

Izindlu ezihlalayo aziyona inqaba, kungokomgogodla wemiphakathi echumayo, engenabunkungu. Izimiso zikahulumeni zingaba khona noma zinciphise inkinga yezindlu, futhi umehluko uvame ukufika ekuqapheleni, ukukhubazeka okuphikelelayo kwezakhamuzi nabagcini bezindawo. Ngokuqonda amathuluzi akhona `ukulungisa inguquko, ukuxhasa izinhlelo, izisusa zentela (//) nezithiyo ezima endleleni yazo, abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zingaphoqelela izinguquko eziyokwenza izindlu zilondeke futhi zikwazi ukuzuza izizukulwane ezizayo. Ikusasa ledolobha lakho lixhomeke kulokhu.