Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya, uhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Lesi sakhiwo, esibekwe eMthethweni, siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lithole amandla amakhulu kakhulu. Nokho naphezu kwendima yalo eyisisekelo engokwezakhamuzi zaseMelika, izakhamuzi eziningi zinemibono eyiphutha eqhubekayo mayelana nokuthi lamagatsha asebenza kanjani ngempela futhi asebenzela kanjani. Lokhu kungaguqula impikiswano yomphakathi, kwakha ukulindele okungakholeki kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, futhi ngisho nokululaza ukwethemba ezikhundleni zentando yeningi. Kulesiqondiso esinwebile, sizosusa izinganekwane ezivamile ngamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, ukunikeza izincazelo ezicacile ezisekelwe eMthethweni, ekusebenzeni komlando, nasekwenzeni kwesimanje.

Inkolelo - ze 1: Igatsha Elingokomthetho Liyimithetho Eyedwa

Yinkolelo esakazekile yokuthi i-Congress — indlu yabameleli neSigele — inegunya eliphelele ekwenzeni umthetho. Nakuba iSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sibeka "yonke imithetho" eKhongomeni, iqiniso libambisana kakhulu. Inqubo yomthetho ihilela ukufakwa okuqhubekayo emagatsheni aphethe nawahluleli, adala ukudansa okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlobana, ukuxoxisana, nokubukeza.

Umbuso Wama - Presidenti We - Veto

Uma nje isikhongozelo sidlulisa isikweleti, kumelwe sinikezwe uMongameli ukuze sivunyelwe. UMongameli angasayina umthetho noma akhiphe i-veto, ayibuyisele ngokuphumelelayo imvume eKhongomeni ngokuphikisa. Umongameli we-veto angamane ancishiswe kuphela yisici esiphezulu esizintwe-mitha ezintathu kwezimbili kuzo zombili izikhundla —a umgoqo ophakeme ngamabomu owenza ukuba kube nzima. Kusukela ngo-1789, abaholi be-Mongameli baye bafaka izikweleti ezingaphezu kuka-500, ngemali engaphansi kuka-5% jpesenti. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igatsha elikhulu linesandla esiqondileyo, esinamandla sokulungisa izimali eziba umthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yemithetho

Ngisho nangemva kokuba umthetho usumisiwe, igatsha lokwahlulela linethonya. INkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni zinamandla okuhlola u-&mdash wokwahlulela; igunya lokumemezela imithetho ngaphandle komthetho futhi ngenxa yalokho ingenalutho. Ibekwe embhalweni wendaba (1803 :0]] Marbury v. Madison, leligunya liqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kumelwe uvumelane noMthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zichaza ulimi olucacile, lususa ngokuphumelelayo incazelo yemithetho ngezindlela zoKhongolo. i-judiary ye-gement ichaza[FLT], "ihlulele imithetho yemithetho ye-ommuni kanye neminye imithetho ehlangene nexazulu."""

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo: [ ukushaya imithetho kuyisivumelwano esihlanganyelwayo. Umphakathi uveza futhi udlulise izikweletu, kodwa uMongameli angazihlasela, futhi izinkantolo zingazishaya noma zizichaze kabusha.

Inganekwane 2: UMongameli Angamemezela Impi Ngokungashongo Kamuva

Mhlawumbe akukho nganekwane ewumphumela ongcono kunenkolelo yokuthi uMongameli, njengoMyaleli-kakhulu, angafaka impi yase-U.S. ngokungazelele kubekwe empini. UMthetho-sisekelo ucacile: ISiphakamiso I, isiqephu 8 sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okumemezela impi. UMongameli, ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, u-"Mphathi weNkosana yeButho ne-Navy" kodwa kuphela ngemva koMkhandlu ogunyaze ubutha.

Isinqumo Semibuso Yempi Sango - 1973

Ekulandeleni kweMpi yaseVietnam i-— ukubheka uMongameli uJohnson noNixon abahlanganyela ekuthatheni impi isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho kwempi — uConwar wadlulisa iSinqumo Sempi soMkhosi kuMongameli uNixon ’sveto. Lomthetho ufuna ukuba uMongameli aqhubeke ehlangene neKhomishane [ [iSivumelo] ngaphambi kokuba afake amabutho ahlomile empini futhi abike eMkhankanyeni phakathi namahora angu-48. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugunyaza ukuba amabutho axoxwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30 (ngeniswa nosuku) ngaphandle kokuba iMikhandlu imvume yeMpi yeMpi iqhubeke nempi, kugcizelele ukuthi amandla okuqala impi kakhulu.

Izindawo Ezingokomlando Eziwubala Nezimpunga

Naphezu komthetho-sisekelo, abaMongameli baye bahlanganyela emikhankasweni yezempi ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho kwempi i— iKorea, iVietnam, i-Iraq, neLibya bayizibonelo eziphawulekayo. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi uMongameli ’ igunya elizuzwe njengeMphathi-iChief uvumela ukusebenzisa amandla okuxosha ukuphila okungalindelekile noma ukuvikela ukuphila kwaseMelika. Nokho, ukusungulwa koFata kwabekwa ngamabomu amandla eMkhandlu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isinqumo sokuya empini siyobonisa intando yabantu, hhayi inhloso yomholi oyedwa. iNational Constitution Center , i-Isquo; impikiswano eyodwa iye yaba ehlukanisa kakhulu imibuso yempi phakathi kwemibuso.

Ukhiyo: IKhokheli kuphela iSishaya-mthetho esingamemezela impi ngokomthetho, futhi uMongameli kufunelwa umthetho-mthetho ukuba afune imvume yokuhlangana kwempi eqinile.

Inganekwane 3: Igatsha Lokwahlulela Lichaza Imithetho Kuphela

Abantu abaningi babheka amajaji njengabatoliki abangenzi lutho abathi — bamane nje bafunde imithetho futhi basebenzise yona emacaleni. Eqinisweni, amajaji aguqula umthetho ngokuzikhandla ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, isibonelo, ngisho nendalo evamile. Ukuchaza ngokwako kuyisenzo sokudala; ulimi alucaci kahle, futhi abahluleli kumelwe banqume phakathi kokufundwa okuphikiswayo komthetho noma ilungiselelo lomthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengokwenza Imithetho

Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme imemezela umthetho ongekho emthethweni (1954), awusho nje ukuchaza; uqeda amagatsha akhethiwe i-’ umsebenzi. Izinqumo ze-Landmark ezinjenge-Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], eyabulala ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, futhi bergefell v. Hodges (20), eyagunyaza ukushada okufana nokwezena, yaba nemiphumela emikhulu. Lesinqumo asizange nje sichaze umthetho okhona; zakha amalungelo amasha nemithetho enziwa umphakathi waseMelika.

Amandla Okuqala

Izinqumo zokwahlulela zimisa izibonelelo ezibophayo izinkantolo eziphansi okumelwe zilandele. Lemfundiso, eyaziwa ngokuthi stare decis, inikeza ijaji umsebenzi wokwenza umthetho uvumelane nomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme i’ 1973 isinqumo [ku- Roe v. Wade wamisa ilungelo lomthetho lokukhipha isisu, okungakho ukumiswa kwemithetho yeSishaya iSishaya-Mnyango nemithetho yeSishayamthetho okungahlengahlengi iminyaka engu-50. INkanto ngokwayo yaguqula isimo [kusukela kumthetho oqhubekayo] amaDobbs v. Jackson Women&ctsquo; Health Organization [FLT:][FFod] [202], ukuchazwa kwezenzo zomthetho eziphambili, futhi kungenziwa ngezenzo ezinjalo eziqhubekayo.

Isihluthulelo: Ijaji lenza okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokuchaza; lihlela umthetho ngokubukeza komthetho-sisekelo, isiqalo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinqumo zezimiso eziqinile ezingaguqula isimo somthetho.

Inganekwane 4: Igatsha Elithathu Elidlala I - opera Ngokuzimela Ngokuphelele

Isigaba somphakathi esivamile sokusebenza ngokweqile sisebenza ngokuhlukene. Eqinisweni, uMthetho-sisekelo ufaka ngamabomu amandla awo ngesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene edinga ukubambisana nokuqondisa. Umgomo awukona ukwahlukana kodwa amandla ahlanganyelwe [[[FLT:] [FLT].

Inhlangano Ihlola Isikhulu Sawo

UKhomishane ulawula uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali, uqinisekisa abamisiwe kumongameli, futhi ungayisusa uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, kanye namajaji kahulumeni. ISigele i-’ i- “advice nemvume i-” indima isho ukuthi iziphakamiso ezinkulu zezikhulu nokwahlulela zidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele i-— ukuxoxisana kwezombangazwe okuvame ukuhlela isimiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-Promskom kungaphenya futhi kuphoqelelwe ubufakazi ezikhulwini zamagatsha eziphethe, njengoba kuboniswa ezingxoweni eziningi ezisukela eWatergate kuya kuJanuwariath 6

Isigungu Esiphethe Sihlola I - judiary

UMongameli umisa bonke abahluleli bahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuba baqiniswe. Lokhu kunikeza umphathi ithonya elihlala njalo ehutsheni lejaji ’ i-professo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli angathethelela abantu ababoshelwe emacalani kahulumeni, asekele igatsha lika-’ ahlulele izinqumo. Umphathi futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela izimemezelo zenkantolo, kodwa uma uMongameli enqaba ukuphoqesha isahlulelo (isenzo esingavamile kodwa esingathi sinangathi sína), ijaji lamacala asemagatsheni ambalwa agunyaza ukuphoqelela ukuthobela.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Izinkantolo zingachitha izenzo zezikhulu nomthetho njengezeze-paltina. Ngamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, ijaji lisebenza njengenkokeli yokugcina emingceleni yamandla kahulumeni. Lokhu kubambisana kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa; ngalinye kumelwe lihileleke namanye ukuze lifeze imigomo yalo. Njengoba USA.gov ichaza[[, i- “ i-U.S. Constitution imisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu.

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo: Amagatsha awazimele; ancikile futhi ahlolana njalo, enza ukubusa kube inqubo ebambisanayo futhi evame ukuxabana.

Inkolelo - ze 5: INkantolo Ephakeme Igatsha Elinamandla Kunawo Wonke

Uma kunikezwa iNkantolo ’ ikhono lokushaya imithetho nenqubo yokuma, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi iyigatsha elinamandla kakhulu. Kodwa ijaji libuthakathaka kakhulu. Alinawo amandla esikhwama semali (igunya lokulawula ikhorali), alikho igunya lokuphoqelela (isikhulu akumelwe sisebenzise izinqumo zaso), futhi akukho mthetho othandwayo (izigebengu azikhethwa futhi zisebenzise izimfuneko zokuphila). INkantolo incike ngokuphelele kwamanye amagatsha ukuze ihloniphe futhi yenze izinqumo zayo.

Ukuncika Emfundweni

Ngo-1832, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i- u-Worcester v. Georgia u-Georgia akakwazanga ukumisa imithetho yakhe emazweni oMdabu waseMelika. UMongameli uAndrew Jackson ucashunwa ngokudume ngokuthi, u-“ uJohn Marshall wenze isinqumo sakhe; manje makayiphoqelele. U-&rdo; uJackkle; uJack wanqaba ukukhipha isinqumo, futhi iNkantolo ayikwazanga ukumyalela. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa ukuthembela kwe-judiary ’ ukuthembeka ekuthobeleni izikhulu. Ngokufanayo, phakathi nenkathi yesikole, uMongameli Eisenhower wa-enyoesah ukuba athumele amabutho eNkabeni iNkademou &quo; [FLD] [FFF] [FF], ngaphandle kwesinqumo se-RCalnsmian, umqondisi oyisimesmean, i-Stop, i-ock.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwezakhiwo

ISishaya-mthetho singasilinganisela futhi iNkantolo ’ amandla ngokushintsha ubukhulu bayo, ishintshe ubukhulu bayo (ngokulindelekile isuka kweyisithupha kuya kweyishumi kuya kweyisikhombisa kuya kwengu-9), noma ifake izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezilawula izinqumo zeNkantolo. Igatsha lokwahlulela alikwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo; lingasabela kuphela emacaleni alethwa phambi kwayo. Ngakho, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa ithonya eliphawulekayo, alilona igatsha elinamandla kakhulu ngokwezimo ezingokoqobo. Igatsha eliphethe amandla aseduze kakhulu, ngokulawula amabutho empi, umthetho, kanye nomthetho omkhulu.

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo: Inkantolo ePhakeme ixhomeke kumphathi ukuze aqikelele imithetho yayo nakuKhongolo ukuze isekele imisebenzi yayo, iyenze igatsha elibuthakathaka kakhulu uma kubhekwa amandla angakavuleki.

Inkolelo - ze 6: Igatsha Elingokomthetho Alisebenzi

Abagxeki bavame ukulahla i-Congress njenge- “do-any ” i-octal egcwele izingxabano ezishubile nokulwa okuhlukanisayo. Nakuba umkhiqizo wemithetho wezezigebengu wehle emashumini eminyaka amuva, lenganekwane ayiwunaki umphumela obalulekile ongokomlando kanye nendima yayo ebalulekile ekuncipheni kwentando yeningi. I-Gridlock ayilona uphawu lwesehluleki ngaso sonke isikhathi; ingaba uphawu lwe-Msunguli we-’ umklamo wenhloso wokunciphisa izinguquko ezinkulu nokuvumelana.

Umthetho Owuphawulwe Ngezwe Udlula Naphezu Kokwehlukana

UKhomishane umise imithetho yokuguqula ngisho naphakathi kwezinkathi zokwehlukana okukhulu. Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 udlulisiwe ngevoti ephazamisayo eSigebengwini, yanqoba ukuphikiswa kwaseningizimu. I-Affordcable Care Act ka-2010 yadlula ngaphandle kwevoti eyodwa yeRepublican kunoma yiliphi igumbi kodwa lasinda izinselele eziningi ezingokomthetho futhi lihlala liyikhokhankasela kwezempilo yaseMelika. Muva nje, izimali zesisekelo sezemfundo yemvelo ye-bipartiss ziye zasusa iSishayanteyina nakuba igebende ehlukanisa kakhulu. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi i-Congress Congress ingaphumelela uma izikhuthulo ziphakeme futhi ziphethe.

Indima YamaKomiti Nenkululeko

Inqubo yomthetho ithatha impondo ngamabomu. U Bills kumelwe adlule phakathi kwamakomiti amaningi, izibopho ezingaphansi, izimpikiswano zasesiteji, namakomiti engqungquthela ukuze kuvumelaniswe ukungafani phakathi kwendlu nezinguqulo zeSishayamthetho. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kukhipha iziphakamiso ezibhalwe ngokuphandle noma ezingaqondwanga kahle. Izindleko eziningi (ngaphezu kuka-95% weSishaya-Roces) aziphumeleli ukuba zibe umthetho i-— okuwumklamo, hhayi igciwane. UJohn Adams wake wathi, “ akuzange kube khona idemocrali engakaze i-deli eyakethanga ukuzibulala, i-” isidingo sokuhlola inkanuko ethandwayo. Umhlangano, nohlelo lwayo lwezintambo ezisesitejikishini, usebenza njengesenzweni lokuqubuka.

Isihluthulelo: [isikhathi iziKhomishane zingathatha ijubane futhi zingahlanekezeleki, iye yabonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe amandla ayo okudlulisa umthetho omkhulu, futhi isimo sawo sokuzimela siyisici, hhayi iphutha, lesimiso.

Inganekwane 7: Umthetho - sisekelo Uyincwadi Eqinile

Abanye abantu baseMelika babheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengombhalo oqinile, ongashintshi okumelwe uchazwe ngokuqondene nesakhelo sawo ngo-1787. Eqinisweni, uMthetho-sisekelo uyisisekelo esiphilayo esiye savela ngokulungisa, ukuchaza ukwahlulela, nokuzivumelanisa okusebenzayo. AmaFramers ngokwawo ayelindele ushintsho ngokuhlanganisa nenqubo yokulungisa eSiphakami V nangokusebenzisa ulimi olubanzi olungasetshenziswa ezimweni zesikhathi esizayo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Kusukela ekuhlawulisweni, uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-77. Intethelelo yokuqala eyishumi (iSikhathi Samalungelo) yafakwa ngokushesha ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqedwa kokuqeda ubugqila (13th), kwaqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo (14th), kwenqabela ukuvota okusekelwe ehlangeni le-(15th), ubulili (195), noma ukukhokha izintela (24), futhi kwehlisela ukuvota eminyakeni engu-18 (26). Ukubuyiselwa ngakunye kubonisa ukushintshwa kwezincwadi ze-societal ’ u-convement. Abasunguli benza ukuba ukunciphiswa komthetho kungabi nzima ngamabomu ngamabomu (inquisime).

Ukuchaza Ukwahlulela Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

INkantolo Ephakeme & Actsquo; ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo kuye kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Ngekhulu le-19, iNkantolo yasekela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga Pressity v. [1896] [1896] futhi yashintsha indlela [[FLT:] Brown v] v.[FLT]. [FLT] v [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [inkulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [i-FLT] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu].[5] [inani elingaphezulu] [inani elingaphezulu, kodwa kamuva laziqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali ([FT]6]).[7] [i-Foclect; izincazelo zenani elicacile, i-Exmosss.[iase, ichazwayokuncane, izinombolo yomthetho

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo:[ Umthetho-sisekelo uyibhukwana elinamandla, eliklanyelwe ukulungiswa futhi lichazwe kabusha, liqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokususa Izindaba Eziqanjiwe

Ukuqonda amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Ulwazi oluqondile lokuthi amandla asakazwa kanjani ludingeka ukuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe zilandise, zihlole iziphakamiso, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ekuphileni komphakathi. Izinganekwane ngamagatsha i-’ izindima zingaholela ekubekeni intukuthelo nge-— ngokwesibonelo, ukusola uMongameli we-Congress ’ ukuhluleka ukwenza, noma ukulindele iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuxazulula izinkinga ezidinga ikhambiso lomthetho. Ngokulahla lemibono eyisigebengu eyisikhombisa evamile, sisusa ukudidelelana nokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibe abasekeli abaphumelelayo, abavoti, abathatha i-democrali, nabathathi abahlanganyela ekulawuleni ngentando yentando yeningi.

Ikhono lesimiso saseMelika lisekulinganiseleni kwalo: igatsha lenza imithetho, isikhulu sezemithetho siyayikhipha, futhi ijaji liwachaza ngokuthi i — kodwa ngalinye linezwi elikuyo enye i-’ umsebenzi. Lokhu kusebenzelana ngenye akusona isiphazamiso noma ukuhluleka; kuyisivikelo esiye sasekela iriphabliki amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Umphakathi osungulwe kahle uyinhlolo - kuhlolwa kokugcina kuwo wonke amagatsha amathathu, futhi uqonda iqiniso ngendlela asebenza ngayo inyathelo lokuqala lokusebenzisa lelo khono ngokuhlakanipha.