Umlando Nesidingo Sezinguquko Ezingokomthetho

I-Good Wearth Agreement (eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi i-Belfast Agreement), eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, yayiwukuphela kweminyaka yezingxoxo ezihloselwe ukuqeda impi yezezwe eyaziwa ngokuthi iNkingo. Impi, eyaqala ekupheleni konyaka ka-1960 kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwawo-1990, yabulala ukuphila kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-3, yashiya ukuwohloka okujulile kwezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Nakuba lesivumelwano ngokuvamile sigujwa njengesivumelwano sezombangazwe, ifa laso leqiniso lisesakhelweni esingokomthetho esasungulwa ukuguqula ukubusa kweNyakatho ye-Ireland, isivikelo somphakathi, nemishini yokuvikela abantu. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinguquko ezingokomthetho, izigebetho zezombangazwe zazingeke zikhona izimiso ezidingekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthula.

Ukuqonda ushintsho olungokomthetho kudinga ukwazisa indawo yangaphambi kuka-1988. I-Northern Ireland yayibuswe ngaphansi kokubusa okuqondile kusukela eWestminster kusukela ekunqanyulweni kwephalamende lokuqala i-Stormont ngo-1972. Isimiso somthetho sabuswa umthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo, kuhlanganise neSivikelo sobuBuphekula Imisebenzi, esanikeza amandla aphakeme amabutho awokulondeka. I-Pricipita yabuswa kakhulu, futhi yacwaswa kakhulu ngomphakathi wesizwe/we-republican emakhaya, umsebenzi, kanye nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe kwabhalwa kahle. I-Goondreverse Active Reament yafuna ukuthatha indawo yalo ngokomthetho esekelwe ekulinganisweni, emalungeni, emalungeni, nasemalungeni abantu.

Isimo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesimiso Sokuvuma

Isivumelwano samisa isimiso somthetho esiyisisekelo: Isikhundla somthetho sisekelo se-Northern Ireland phakathi kombuso wase-United Kingdom sasingashintshwa ngaphandle kokuba iningi labantu bakhona livote ngenye indlela. Lesi simiso sokuvuma samiswa e-Northern Ireland Act [Umthetho we-Ireland] 1998, owaphinde wahlanganisa uHulumeni wase Ireland Act futhi wamisa izinhlangano ezintsha ezihlukene. I-Act yazisa ngokucacile ukuthi “ukuzalwa kwabo bonke abantu baseNyakatho Ireland kulungile futhi wamukeleka njenge-Ireland, noma iBrithani, njengoba bengase bakhethe kanjalo. Lokhu kwakuyisibopho esingokomthetho esasusa izinhlangano ezintsha ezihlukene ezazinengxabano.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivumelwano sakha indlela yokuhlola umngcele: unobhala weZwe lase-Northern Ireland angabiza i-parendendum uma kubonakala sengathi iningi labavoti lingasekela ukuhlanganiswa neRiphabliki yase-Ireland. Nakuba lombuso ungakaze usetshenziswe esikhathini, uyaqhubeka uyindlela engokomthetho, kuxoxwa ngayo ngomongo wenguquko yezombangazwe yangemva kwe-Brriquit. Ukuzinza komthetho-sisekelo okunikezwa yisimiso sokuvumela kwenza ukuba bobabili abanyunyana nezakhamuzi zesizwe baqiniseke ngokomthetho, kubavumele ukuba bahlanganyele ekubuseni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi olunye uhlangothi lungashintsha isimo se-past-Brit.

I - Druvolution Nomhlangano WaseNyakatho Ireland

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sikahulumeni Oyintandokazi

I-Northern Ireland Act 1998 yasungula i-Northern Ireland Act njenge-assembly ye-Urream yase-Urry ehlangene namalungu angu-90 (kamuva ancishisiwe aba ngu-90 kuya ku-90 ku-108 enguquko yonyaka ka-2017). I-Umhlangano unamandla okubeka umthetho oyinhloko "ezempilo ezithathelwe kwenye indawo" kuhlanganise nemfundo, ezolimo, indawo ezungezile, nobulungisa (ngemva kokuncishintshwa kwamaphoyisa nemibuso yobulungisa ngo-2010). Izindaba ezigciniwe, njengezezezomthetho zezezomthetho (ngaphambi kuka-2010), zazidinga ukuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano sokweqashela, nakuba ngaphandle kwezindaba, njengezindaba zakwamanye amazwe nezokuvikela, zihlala nePhalamendezasePhala.

Imfuneko eyinhloko engokomthetho yokuvota okuxhunyaniswayo kweqembu elilandelanayo ezinqumweni ezithile "izihluthulelo," kuhlanganise nokukhethwa koMphathiswa Wokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala, ukwamukelwa kweziyalezo ezimile, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemali. Ukuvota okuxhumene ne-community kungafinyelelwa yiningi lawo wonke amalungu kanye neningi lamalungu amisiwe, noma isilinganiso esilinganiselwa ku-60% awo wonke amalungu nangu-40% womphakathi ngamunye. Lenqubo i-amandla angokomthetho ayavumelana futhi ivimbela noma imuphi umphakathi ukuba umbusi wendlu yomthetho.

Ihhovisi Lomphathi Wokuqala Nesekela LikaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala

Kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-UK okhethekile, uNgqongqoshe wokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala bayihhovisi elihlangeneyo elikhethwe yi-Assembly ngesisekelo esiphambanayo. Zombili zinamandla alinganayo futhi kumelwe zenze ngokuvumelana. Lokhu kuhlola okungokomthetho kusho ukuthi akukho okungaphansi kwenye, umklamo wamabomu wokugwema umbono wokuthi umphakathi othile unezinga eliphambili. Ihhovisi elihlangene lahlolwa phakathi nonyaka ka-200-2007 we-cronsotion, kodwa isakhiwo salo sihlala siqinile futhi sisetshenziswa ngempumelelo yiziphathimandla ezilandelanayo.

Ukupholisa Amandla Nenhlangano Yokuzwana

Isivumelwano sagunyaza umphathi omkhulu kunabo bonke ophethe amandla ezombangazwe (isigaba noma isobuzwe), futhi isekela leNgqongqoshe Yokuqala labelwa amaqembu ngokwamandla alo eMhlanganweni lisebenzisa indlela ye-d'Hondt. Lena inqubo egunyaziwe ngokomthetho: uNgqongqoshe Wokuqala umiswa ngeqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke kwezombangazwe (ilungu noma i-ovational), futhi isekela leNgqongqoshe Yokuqala linqunywe yiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke elisuka eqenjini lesibili eliyinkulu. Ezinye izikhonzi zimiswa ngokuzenzakalela ngamandla eqenjini, ziqinisekisa ukuthi inyunyana, i-zwe, ne-"enye" iziqubulo zimelelwa zonke. Ngokungafani ne-West Westminstern, akukho ukuhlakanipha komfundisi wokuqala ukuba akhethe noma angazifuni.

Isibonelo samandla anamandla siye sagxekwa ngokuvumela amaqembu ukuba avimbele izinqumo zikahulumeni ngokuyeka ukuphatha, njengoba kwenzeka phakathi kuka-2017 no-2020 kumthetho wehlazo elivuselelekayo nolimi lwase-Ireland. Noma kunjalo, izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zisekhona, kanye nezinguquko ezilandelayo, njenge-New Heenturies, New Approach ka-2020, ziye zaqinisa inqubo yokuziphendulela, kuhlanganise nokudalwa kokuphikiswa kwegunya elingokomthetho kanye nemithetho eqinile ekwaphukeni kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Amalungelo Abantu Nemithetho Elinganayo

I - Human Rights Act 1998 no - Northern Ireland Act 1998

Mhlawumbe ushintsho oluthathelwe kude kakhulu olungokomthetho kwakuwukufakwa kwe-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) esemthethweni wasekhaya ngoMthetho Welungelo Lomuntu ngo-1998 , osebenza kuyo yonke i-UK. Kodwa i-Northern Ireland yaqhubekela phambili: i-Northern Ireland Act yenza ukuba ingabi namthetho kunoma yiliphi igunya lomphakathi, kuhlanganise noMhlangano-kanye noMbuso, ukwenza ngendlela engqubuzana ne-ECHRCR. Lelungiselelo liphoqelelwa ngokuqondile ezinkantolo, linikeza amajaji anamandla ukuba ashaye noma alahle umthetho owephula amalungelo abantu.

Ingxenye 75: Isivumelwano Sokuqongelela Imithetho Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Ukulingana

Ingxenye 75 yoMthetho we-Northern Ireland Act ka-1998 iphoqelela umsebenzi okhethekile noboshelwe ngokomthetho kuziphathimandla ukuba "zibhekene nesidingo sokuthuthukisa ukulingana kwethuba" phakathi kwezigaba ezingu-9: inkolelo engokwenkolo, umbono wezombangazwe, ubuhlanga, ubudala, isimo somshado, ubulili, ubulili, ubugola, nokuncika. Lokhu akuyona nje i-odolo olukhethekile, futhi kudinga izindikimba zomphakathi ukuqhuba i-Ascectsss (EQIA) kuzo zonke izinqubo zezombangazwe nokusakaza izibalo zazo. I-Enameomfectal Commis of Northern Ireland ihlola nokufaka izimpawu. Ingxenye 75 ichazwe njengenye yemisebenzi yokulingana okukhulu emhlabeni, futhi ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokucwa kwemibono eyasiza ukuhlanganisa ingxabano.

IKhomishane Yamalungelo Abantu Nesimiso Sokulingana

Isivumelwano samisa futhi izindikimba ezimbili ezizimele: i-Northern Human Rights Commission ne-[FLT] Commission engalinganiyo ye-Northern Ireland[. Bobabili banawo amandla okululeka uhulumeni, ukuhlola, ukunikeza usizo olungokomthetho kubantu, futhi balethe amacala ngegama labo siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-NIHRC ibilokhu ishiseka ezimisweni zikahulumeni eziphikisayo ngokukhishwa kwezisu, umshado ofanayo (ngaphambi kokumiswa okungokomthetho ngo-202020), kanye nefa emalini. Ikhomisha yabaphathi banikeza isivumelwano esingokomthetho sokulingana kwesivumelwano sezenzwe ngasinye. Inhlangano inikeza izimvume zesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezesivumelwano sezenkolo.

Ikhomishane yokulingana ye-Northern Ireland[ yendawo esemthethweni inikeza isiqondiso semininingwane engxenyeni 75 yokulalela.

Inguquko Epholile: Kusukela E - RUC Kuya E - PSNI

Umbiko KaPatten Namaphoyisa (eNyakatho Ireland) Act 2000

I-Policy yayingenye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu phakathi neNhlupho. I-Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) yayingomaProthestani ngokumangalisayo futhi yabonwa abashisekeli besizwe abaningi njengamandla angokobuso afanayo. I-Good Wesihlanu Agreement yanikezelwa "eqala ngokusha ukuthatha inqubo yamaphoyisa eNyakatho Ireland," yaphumela eMthethweni weKhomisha ePhakathi yePolicing [uK] kaCric. Umbiko wayo, owakhishwa ngoSeptember 1999, wawunokwaziswa okuyi 175, okuningi okwasetshenziswa [e-PGallicle [e yasenyakathon Ireland] 2000 [FLT] nomthetho olandelayo.[FLT]

Inkinombho lokushintsha okungokomthetho lihlanganisiwe:

  • Ukuthola amandla [[QL:0] Inkonzo ye-Police yase-Northern Ireland (PSNI) ukunikeza uphawu olusha.
  • Ukwakha i - Northern Ireland Policing Board (NIPB), indikimba ehlanganisa abameleli bezombangazwe namalungu azimele, ukuze igcine iNkosana inecala.
  • Ukungenisa umthetho wokujoyina (kamuva othathelwe indawo izisulu zomphakathi) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umsebenzi wamaphoyisa uveza indlela yomphakathi. Lokhu kugunyaza okungokomthetho ukuthi uvume kwasekelwa izinkantolo njengokulingana nokudingekile ngaphansi komthetho wamalungelo abantu.
  • Ukumisa iPhoyisa i - Ombudsman eNyakatho Ireland njengenqubo yokukhononda ezimele ephethe imibuso yokuphenya izinsolo zamaphoyisa zokuziphatha okubi nobugebengu.

Izinguquko zaziphikisana phakathi kwabasizi bezokuhlangana ababenomuzwa wokuthi ifa le-RUC lalisuswa ngokungafanele, kodwa izinguquko zazibalulekile ukuze kuthengwe i-social epholishini. Ngo-2020, i-PSNI yase yamukelwe kabanzi emiphakathini yonke, nakuba izinselele zisalokhu zikhona lapho izikhulu zamaKatolika zijoyinwa khona futhi zigcinwa khona.

Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yePSNI ichaza uhlelo lwamanje nohlelo olunomthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukuyeka Izikhali

IKhomishane Yezizwe Zonke Ezimele Ngokuphoqelela

Lesi sivumelwano sadinga wonke amaqembu ezempi ukuba "afake izikhali" phakathi neminyaka emibili. Lokhu kwakungekona nje ukufisa kwezombangazwe kodwa kwafakwa emthethweni nge- Northern Ireland Arms Decoming Act 1997 [[FLT]] (eqedwe ngo-1998). I-Act yamisa i- iKhomishane yezizwe zonke eDecomming [ICD] , eyayihleliwe nguMphathi-mikhosi kaNadabi uJohn de Chacain, onamandla okuqondisa, imonisela, futhi iqinisekisa ukulahlwa kwezikhali. [i-ICD] umthetho ovamile wangaphandle ka-ophandle ukuvumela ukuba izikhali zisetshenziswe ngaphandle kwezikhali ngaphandle kwezikhali ngaphandle komthetho womthetho ukuba zivunyelwe ukuvinjelwa [FLT. [ithrective, [ithread Geod diviced , izikhali, i-ography fadial.

Inqubo yokuyeka ukubhangisa yayihamba kancane futhi igcwele izinhlekelele zezombangazwe. I-IRA yaqeda izikhali zayo ngokuphelele ngo-2005, yaqinisekiswa yi-IICD futhi yafaka ubufakazi ngabefundisi abazimele. Amaqembu amabutho athembekile alandela kancane kakhulu, ne-UVF neUDA iqeda ukuphothula ngo-2010. I-IRA yaqedwa ngokuphelele ngo-20, futhi igunya layo elingokomthetho laphela. Nokho, isimiso sokuthi ukuncishiswa kwezikhali kumelwe kuqiniswe futhi kuhlale kuyisibonelo sezinye izinqubo zokuthula emhlabeni wonke.

Inkonzo yeWebhu ye-CAIN eUlster University inikeza uxwebhu olugciniwe lwemibiko ye-ILCD.

Ukubambisana Kwesiphambano NoMkhandlu Wenkonzo WaseNingizimu - Nyakatho

Isivumelwano sakha uhlelo olungokomthetho lokubambisana phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland phakathi ku-North-South Serval Council (NSMC). Lendikimba ihlanganisa izikhonzi ezihlangene zombili ezihlangene ukuze ithuthukise izimiso ezihlangene ezindaweni ezinjengezolimo, ezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha, nendawo ezungezile. I-NSMC imiswe ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke we-British-Irish Aguevement, isivumelwano esiphakathi kwe-UK ne-Irrish ne-Ireland esibhalisiwe neZizwe Ezihlangene. Izinqumo zayo zibopha kokubili, futhi inemvume ehlala njalo yokusebenza kanye nemizimba eyisithupha (njenge-Ireland ne-Intertertracesssland).

Isisekelo esingokomthetho se-NSMC siqinisekisa ukuthi ukubambisana kwemingcele kuyaqhubeka kungakhathaliseki ukuqina kwezombangazwe kwezinhlangano ezikhucululayo. Ngisho naphakathi nonyaka ka-2017-2020 woMhlangano, i-NSMC yaqhubeka ihlangana, nakuba kwakuncipha. Ngemva kwe-Brexit, i-NSMC yathola ukubaluleka okwengeziwe njengendawo eyinhloko yokulawula amalungiselelo ayingqayizivele ngaphansi kwe-Northern Ireland Protocol, manje i-Windsor Framework.

Ubulungisa Nokulondeka: Ukuziphendukela Kwenguquko Kwesimiso Nobulungisa

Uhlelo Lwenguquko Lomthetho Nobulungisa Ngo - 2010

Nakuba i-Good Wear Agreement yayinombono wokuthi ekugcineni amaphoyisa namagunya obulungisa ayezoncitshiswa, lokhu akwenzekanga kwaze kwaba ngo-12 April 2010. uMthetho waseNorthern Ireland 2009 noMthetho we-Pult] noMthetho we-Dransoution 2010 wadlulisela imvume yomthetho esemthethweni ekwahluleleni komthetho, ukulwa, ukubhalisa, kanye nezinkantolo ukusuka eWestminster ukuya engqungqutheleni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkonkulumeli (emiswe yivoti yesiphambano, hhayi i-dt'ult) iye yaqondisa uMnyango we- Justice, ohlanganisa uMnyango weNcelo, i-Probitation, i-Prount.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwavumela i-Northern Ireland ukuba ivumelanise isimiso sayo sobulungisa nezidingo zendawo, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kwenhlangano ehlangene yobulungisa yabantwana nezinguquko ukuze kubambezele ukuwinwa kwezingane. Kwanikeza futhi umhlangano ukulawula indlela ifa elifelwe ngayo. Nokho, uNgqongqo Wezobulungisa uhlala enesibopho somhlangano futhi kumelwe asebenze phakathi kweziphakamiso ezifanayo zokuvota njengezikhonzi.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Noshintsho Olungokomthetho Lwangemva Kokuthola Ubunzima

Ukuqothulwa Nokungezwani Kwezombangazwe

Umthetho we-prime uvumile ukuba uvuleke kodwa awugonyelwe enkathazweni. ISishaya-Mhlangano noMqondisi wabekwa kane phakathi kuka 2000 no-2007, zibuyela ekuqondiseni umthetho oqondile eLondon. Ukubekwa kwemithetho okukodwa kwadinga umthetho oyinhloko eWestminster (uMthetho waseNyakatho Ireland ka 2000 wanikeza isisekelo sokususa intela). Ukunqanda okukhulu kwaqala ngo-January 2017 kuya ku-2020, lapho izisebenzi zomphakathi zilawulwa khona ngaphansi kwesiqondiso se-Northern Ireland Office. Ukungabikho kwezikhonzi kwakusho ukuthi izinqumo ezingokomthetho, njengokuphakamisa intela noma ukumisa umthetho omusha, kwakungenakwenzeka. Lokhu kwaqokomisa ubuthakathaka kumandla abenzi bezomthetho: ukuntula ukwenza isinqumo lapho abantu benqaba ukwakha isikhulu.

IBrexit Nemithetho Yesivumelwano YaseNyakatho Ireland

Brexit wasungula izinkimbinkimbi ezintsha ezingokomthetho abaklami be-Good Wear Agreement abangenakuzibona kusengaphambili. Imithetho elandelwayo yase-Northern Ireland , ingxenye ye-U-Eafreat Recovement, yagcina i-Northern Ireland ingenayo intengo yempahla, idala amasiko nomngcele wokuzinza e-Irish Sea. Lokhu kwakufaneleke njengokuvikela isiqinisekiso se- Good Wesihlanu Seventrence yesivumelwano saseNyakatho nezomnotho lonke lwase-South. Nokho, umthetho waholela ekuphikiseni kwezombangazwe e-EURland ngenxa ye-EU, owabona ukuthi ilulaza isimiso somthetho sokuphatha i-Northern Great Britain ngokuphatha i-Great Britain ehlukile.

Ukusabela okungokomthetho kwakuyi- I-Framemor Framework (March 2023), eyasungula izindlela ezintsha zemvume yentando yeningi nokuhleleka. Ngokuphawulekayo, umsebenzi wesakhelo wadala i-"Stormont Brake," ivumela i-MMSA ukuphakamisa ukuphikisa imithetho ye-EU emisha esetshenziswa eNyakatho ye-Ireland. Nakuba lokhu kwakuhloselwe ukubuyisela ukuqiniseka kobunye, kwanezela olunye ungqimba olungokomthetho emalungiselelweni okulawula ayinkimbinkimbi kakade.

[ Izincwadi ze-Form Province Provincesator Frames [ ziningiliza izivumelwano ezingokomthetho.

Izinkinga Zefa Nomthetho WaseNyakatho Ireland (Umbuso Nokubuyisana) 2023

Enye yentuthuko engokomthetho ephikisa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje kudlule indlela kahulumeni we-UK yokusingatha ifa lezinkinga. Ngo-2023, iNyakatho Ireland Izinkinga (Izesivumelwano ne-conciliation) Act emisa ukumangalelwa kwezembubhiso zomphakathi esikhathini esizayo kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezephulamthetho ngenxa yezinkinga ezihlobene nezivumelwano zezezeNkathi (ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe) futhi ithathe indawo yazo ngeKhomishano entsha ye-Intelligation for Reconciliation and Recoreation (ICRIIIIIIRI). Umthetho uye wabekelwa inseleleka amaqembu ezisulu, iNUniontion Commis, kanye nohulumeni wase-Ireland, ophikisa i-ECHrverse isithembiso se-Exptional Courtsments of Arvert (ist) eMithe Trust).

Lempikiswano ibonisa ukungezwani okukhulu emfuzweni engokomthetho we-Good Wear Agreement: ukulinganisela ukuthula nokuzinza kanye nokubusa komthetho namalungelo ezisulu. Abaphikisi bomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi ingubo yokuthethelela ingaphakathi kodwa igama lilulaza yonke isakhiwo esingokomthetho esakhiwe ngesivumelwano. Abasekeli bathi kudingekile ukubeka umugqa ngaphansi kwesikhathi esidlule ukuze kuvikelwe inqubo yokuthula.

Isiphetho: Isakhiwo Esingokomthetho Esiphilayo

I-Good Wear Agreement yaletha ushintsho olunzulu kakhulu ngokomthetho eNyakatho Ireland kusukela ekuhlukanisweni kwe-Rwanda. Yadala umthetho-sisekelo olawula amandla, ukulingana namalungelo abantu, umsebenzi wamaphoyisa oguquliwe, kanye nesisekelo sokubambisana okuye kwamelana nezinkinga zezombangazwe, iBrexit, nezifo eziwubhadane zomhlaba. Nakuba izinselele ezingokomthetho zikhona, kuhlanganise nethonya lomthetho-mthetho we-Bretit, umthetho wefa, kanye nokufa kwesivumelwano okuyisisekelo esingokomthetho kuyaqhubeka kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sobudlelwano nobudlelwane bomphakathi.

Isivumelwano asiyona incwadi emisiwe. Ukwakhiwa kwaso okungokomthetho kuye kwahlolwa, kwalungiswa, kwanwetshwa ngezivumelwano ezithe xaxa njenge-St Andrews (2006, Hillsborough (2010), i-Stormont House (2014, ne-New Headers, New Approach (202020). Ngasinye salezi zivumelwano siye sanezela amalungiselelo amasha angokomthetho, kusukela ekuthatheni inguquko yobulungisa kuya ekuqapheleni okusemthethweni ulimi lwase-Ireland ngo-2022. Impumelelo enkulu kakhulu engokomthetho kungaba ikhono lasokulungiseni i-(20,ukulungisa) ukuphikisana ngomthetho, kunokunikeza ubudlova.