Ukuqonda Ukuma Kwemithetho Yangaphakathi

Umthetho wangaphakathi wakha umgogodla wesinqumo sempikiswano esimisweni somthetho sanamuhla, ulawula cishe zonke izici zokusebenzelana kwabantu ngasese − kusukela ezivumelwaneni zebhizinisi nakubuhlobo obubodwa kushendezwa ukulimala komuntu siqu kanye nezingxabano zempahla. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu, ofuna ukujezisa ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni ngokumangalelwa, umthetho wesizwe unikeza isisekelo samaqembu azimele sokuxazulula izingxabano, ukufuna imbuyiselo ngenxa yokulimala, futhi ubophe isibopho esingokomthetho. Ukuqonda i-papracd yecala lamacala angokomthetho amacala omphakathi kuyadingeka kunoma ubani ongase ahileleke ekumangalelweni, kungaba njengomphathi wesigebeqeshi oqala ukuvuma noma ophendula ummangalelwa.

Inqubo ye-ligigation iklanyelwe ukuba ibe nendlela ehlelekile neqondanayo, nesakhiwo ngasinye sesiteji esiphezu kwesandulela. Nakuba imithetho eqondile nezimiso zezikhathi zihluka ngokwegunya − izinkantolo zezwe zilandela imithetho yazo siqu ye-procedal, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinamathela ku Fateral Procedure[[FLT]] Imithetho ye-Civil Procedature [[FLT]]] . [1] . . . . . .Izicingisc

Lesiqondiso sinikeza indlela ebanzi yokudlulisa inqubo yokumangalela kwesizwe, kusukela ezingxoxweni zangaphambi kokubekwa kwecala kumthetho wangemva kwezenkantolo. Isigaba ngasinye sihlolwa ngokuningiliziwe, kuhlanganise namasu asebenzayo, izihibe ezivamile, nokucabangela okufanelekile okungabangela imiphumela yokuzichaza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene necala lakho lokuqala noma ufuna ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani, lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esinegunya osidingayo.

Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kuyini Umthetho Wangaphakathi?

Umthetho wesizwe ulawula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele(izikhulu zabantu, amabhizinisi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nezinye izinhlangano) lapho elinye iqembu lisho khona ukuthi elinye liye lahluleka ukufeza umsebenzi ongokomthetho noma labangela umonakalo ngokuziphatha okungalungile. Izinhloso eziyinhloko zomthetho wesizwe zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokulinganayo ngokuhlela, ukungathathi hlangothi
  • Ukuhlela isinxephezelo ngenxa yomonakalo wehlela izenzo zomunye noma iziphakamiso
  • [ Ukuvumela amalungelo angokomthetho nezibopho okuvela ezivumelwaneni, ezimisweni, noma emthethweni ovamile
  • Ukusungula ukulimala kwesikhathi esizayo ngokukhululeka noma izahlulelo zokususa umlomo

Umthetho wezakhamuzi ubanzi kakhulu, uhlanganisa izindawo eziningi zokufundela. Izigaba ezivame kakhulu zokumangalelwa zihlanganisa:

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Ukuqamba izivumelwano kuphakama lapho elinye iqembu liveza ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano esingokomthetho. Lamacala angase ahlanganise yonke into kusukela ezivumelwaneni zenkonzo ezilula nezivumelwano zokuthengisa kuya ezinkonzweni zezentengiselwano eziyinkimbinkimbi, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, nezivumelwano zokuthenga indawo. U-Platiff ngokuvamile ufuna izindleko zemali ukuze abeke izivumelwano zemali endaweni ebeziyo ukuba isivumelwano senziwa ngayo, noma umsebenzi othile odinga ukuba iqembu lesephulwe izibopho zalo zesivumelwano.

Izinkulumo Ezishoyo

Umthetho wetort usingatha ukungezwani okulimaza umuntu noma impahla, ngaphandle kobuhlobo obungavunyelwe. Izibalo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukulimala komuntu siqu ezingozini zemoto noma emacaleni okubekwa imibandela, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha, ukunyundelwa, ukukhwabanisa, nokulimaza umkhiqizo. Amatort athena amanxeba ngokuvamile afuna izindleko zokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, ubuhlungu, kanye nokuhlupheka, kanye nemiphumela elimazayo ezimweni ezihilela ukuziphatha okungalawuleki.

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Impahla ihlanganisa izimpikiswano zomngcele, izingxabano ezithatha indawo, izingqwembe ze-oceclorence, izihlomelo, nezihloko ezithi. Lezi zimo zivame ukuhilela imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngobunikazi, amalungelo okulawula, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimfundiso zomthetho wempahla.

Umthetho Womkhaya Ubalulekile

Nakuba amacala omthetho womkhaya — kuhlanganise nesehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokusekelwa kwezingane, kulandela izinqubo ezikhethekile, kuhlala kungokwemvelo. Lamacala amisa kuqala isinqumo esingenakuguqulwa sengxabano yomkhaya futhi ngokuvamile ahilela ukucatshangelwa okusobala nokwahlulela okukhulisiwe.

Inqubo yomthetho womphakathi: Isiqondiso sokungangeni

Ucingo lwesikhathi lwe-palimetimetial lungathatha izinyanga noma ngisho iminyaka, kuye ngekhono eliyinkimbinkimbi lecala, ukuminyana kwenkantolo, kanye namasu amaqembu. Ukuqonda isiteji ngalinye kusiza abahlaziyi ukuba baqaphele ukuthi yini engaphambili futhi balungiselele ngokufanele.

I-Fase 1: Ukugundanisa inhlabathi yangaphambi kwe-Litigation", Ukuyibopha

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqulwe, izimpikiswano eziningi zidlula esigabeni sokuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba liqulwe. Lenkathi inzima ekuhloleni amandla ecala, ukulondoloza ubufakazi, nokuhlola isinqumo ngaphandle kokungenela kwenkantolo. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

Ukucwaninga Nokuhlola Icala

Ama-plaintiff angenza uphenyo oluphelele ngaphambi kokufaka isikhalo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqoqa amaphepha, ukuxoxa nofakazi, ukugcina ubufakazi obuphathekayo, nokuya kochwepheshe. Ukuhlola okungokoqobo kwemiphumela − kokubili ezomnotho nangaphandle kwezomnotho(izihelp) kunquma ukuthi ukuhlahlela kufanelekile yini ngokwezimali. Ama-Attorney avame ukuhlaziya ukuphumelela kokuhle [ kwempumelelo enzuzo [, isibalo semali engcono nezingozi zokuqhubeka.

Izincwadi ezifunwayo

Isinyathelo sokuqala esingokomthetho ezimpikiswaneni eziningi zombango yincwadi efunwayo. Lencwadi, ethunyelwa ngummeli weqembu, inikeza isisekelo esiyiqiniso nesingokomthetho salokho okushiwoyo, isho ukuthi usizo olufunwayo (ngokuvamile isilinganiso semali), futhi ibeke nohlelo lokuphendula. Incwadi efunwayo efunwayo ifeza izinjongo eziningi: idlulisela ukungathi sína kwesicelo, inikeza ithuba lokubuyisa, isungula umbhalo wemizamo yangaphambi kokubekwa kwesigaba, futhi inganelisa izicelo ezithile zomthetho zokuhlela izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho. Izenzakalo eziningi zinquma kulesigaba ngaphandle kwesenzo.

Ukuxoxisana Nezimpikiswano Ezihlukile

Izindawo zivame ukuxoxa ngokuqondile ukuze zixazulule impikiswano ngaphandle kokungenela kwenkantolo. Abaqondisi abanekhono bagxila ezithakazelweni ezithakazelweni kunokuba bafune izikhundla, bafune amakhambi okusungula asingatha izinkathazo ezicatshangelwe yibo bobabili. Uma ukuxoxisana okuqondile kuhluleka, ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula impikiswano (ADR) zinikeza izindlela ezihlelwe kahle zokuxazulula:

  • I-metation: Ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi isiza ukukhulumisana phakathi kwamaqembu kodwa ayiphoqeleli sinqumo. I-Media ayibophanga futhi ayifihli, ivumela amaqembu ukuba ahlole izinketho zezindawo zokuxazulula izikhawu ngokukhululekile. Ngokwe[5][FLT] Ingxenye ye-Melika yeSinqumo [FLT], , ifinyelela amazinga okuhlanganisa ama-70-85 uma amalungu ehlanganyela okholweni oluhle.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Imikhosi iveza udaba lwayo kumphathi ongathathi hlangothi okhipha isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabopheki. Ukuhlanganisa ngokuvamile kuyashesha futhi akuyona umthetho ongokomthetho kunenkantolo kodwa ngokuvamile kulinganiselwa kokutholwa namalungelo. Izivumelwano eziningi zezentengiselwano ziqukethe izigaba ezifuna lenqubo ngaphambi kokubekwa i-aligation.
  • [ Ingqungquthela Yokwethula:[ Ezinye izinkantolo zifuna amaqembu ukuba ahlanganyele ezingqungqutheleni zezindawo, ngokuvamile zenganyelwe umahluleli noma imantshi, ukuze kuhlolwe isinqumo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuzimisela kwangaphambi konyaka kunikeza izinzuzo eziphawulekayo: izindleko ezincishisiwe, ukunquma ngokushesha, ukungafihli, nokulawula okukhulu imiphumela. Abathathi-mali basebenzisa imali engathi sína kulengxenye [ ngaphambi kokuba bafake izindleko nokungaqiniseki kwesilinganiso esigcwele.

Ukwehlisa Isikhalo — Ukuqala KoMthetho

Uma imizamo yangaphambi kokwehluleka, ummangaleli uqala icala ngokufaka isikhalo enkantolo efanele. Le ncwajana yesisekelo kumelwe yanelise izimfuneko zomthetho eziningana futhi ibeke iqophelo lalo lonke icala.

Ukukhetha Inkantolo Enembile

Ukubekwa icala nokuhlelwa kwendawo kuyagxeka ekuqaleni. Ukulawula kwendaba yecala kunquma ukuthi inkantolo inegunya lokuzwa uhlobo lwempikiswano(-8) ngokuvamile izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elibanzi ezindabeni zomphakathi, kanti izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elilinganiselwe emacaleni ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, ukwahlukahluka kwesizwe, noma iziphakamiso eziqondile. Ukulawula komuntu siqu kudinga ukuba ummangalelwa abe nokuxhumana okulinganiselwe nesifundazwe. UVenue unquma indawo ethile lapho icala lizoxoxwa khona.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

Kuzo zonke iziphakamiso zesivumelwano zingaphansi komthetho wemingcele − owesikhathi okumelwe kubekwe ngaso icala. Lokhu kugcinwa kwezikhathi kuyahluka ngokohlobo nangezinga lomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulimala komuntu siqu ngokuvamile kunenkathi elinganiselwe yeminyaka emibili kuya kwemitha emithathu, kuyilapho ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano kungase kube iminyaka emithathu kuya kweyishumi kuye ngokuthi isivumelwano sibhalwe noma sishiwo ngomlomo. Ukubeka umthetho wokulinganiselwa kuyingozi emazwini [[, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kulungile. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi unokuthi unemvume, thintana nommeli ngokushesha ukuze ulondoloze amalungelo akho.

Izingxenye Zesikhalo

Ukukhononda okuhlelwe kahle kuhlanganisa okuthi:

  • Ukukhomba: Kuchaza inkantolo, amaqembu, kanye nenombolo yezenzakalo
  • Jouridiction and Venue Regionation: imisa igunya lenkantolo lokuzwa icala
  • Izibalo ezingokoqobo: Incazelo ecacile, elandelanayo yamaqiniso abangela ukusho ukuthi
  • Izinketho ze-Legal (amanombolo):[ Inkolelo-lwazi ngayinye engokomthetho ehlukene inxuswa njengenani elihlukile
  • [[UMTL:0] Isho ikhambi elifunwayo, kuhlanganise nokulimala, ukuqapha, noma ukwahlulela kokususa umlomo
  • [ Isicelo esidingwayo: Uma umkhangisi efuna icala lokwahlulela, lokhu kumelwe kufakwe ekumangalelweni noma kugcinwe ngokwehlukana phakathi nesikhathi esidingekayo

Ukukhononda kudinga ukwanelisa indinganiso yokuncenga esebenzayo. Enkantolo kahulumeni, [[FLT: 0] Ingubo 8 yeMiyalo Ye-Federal ye-Politiki procediture idinga "inkulumo emfushane nesobala ebonisa ukuthi ummeli unelungelo lokukhululeka." Lendinganiso, echazwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT:] [2] Bll Atlantic Corp. v. [[FLT:][2003] [2007] [[FLT]] ne [FLT:] Interst v.[FLT] I-ILT[FLT][FL: 5,20][5]), ifuna isimo esiqondileyo ukuthi leyo-" i-"iphakakhulu.[FULT]

Inkonzo Yenqubo Yesiphephelo () Ukwazisa Umvikeli

Ngemva kokukhipha isikhalo, ummangalelwa kumelwe azise ummangalelwa ngokusemthethweni ngenqubo. Lesi sinyathelo sidingeka ngokomthetho-mthetho, [1] iSimemezelo seSichibiyelo se 14 seSiphendulo seMibukiso seMibukiso ka-Claus (Inqumo ye-Classisme) ukuba abamangalelwa bathole isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala phambi kwenkantolo ingabalawula.

Inkonzo ifezwa ngokuhambisa izimemo (isaziso esihlelwe yinkantolo ukuba sivele) kanye nekhophi yesikhalo kummangalelwa. Izindlela zenkonzo ziyahluka-hluka ngokwendlela yokulawula kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa:

  • Inkonzo yeyomuntu siqu:[ Unikezelo lommangalelwa nge-heaff, isiphakeli senqubo, noma omunye umuntu ogunyaziwe
  • Inkonzo emisiwe: Ithunyelelwa kumuntu omdala ofanelekayo endlini noma endaweni yebhizinisi yommangalelwa
  • Inkonzo ngeposi:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela inkonzo ngeposi elifakazelwe nelithi lokubuyisa
  • Isicelo esivela ku-Publication: Uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala naphezu kwemizamo yenkuthalo, inkantolo ingagunyaza isaziso ngokunyathelisa amaphephandaba

Inkonzo engafanele ingaphumela ekuxoshweni kwecala noma izikhawu eziphawulekayo, ngakho abaqondisi kumelwe balandele izimfuneko ze-proceddy ngokuqondene. Abavikeli abakholelwa ukuthi inkonzo yayingafanele bangafaka ukunyakazisa inkonzo ye-ish ngaphambi kokusabela ekukhonondeni.

UPase 4: Ukuphendula kweMlweli − Ukuphendula Inselele

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphendula cishe izinsuku ezingama - 21 kuya kwezingu - 30 enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi kunezici ezingafani zezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ummangalelwa unezindlela eziningana ezisebenzayo:

Ukuphenya Impendulo

Impendulo evame kakhulu yimpendulo, ephendula ukumangalela ngakunye ekukhonondeni ngokuvuma, ukuphika, noma ukusho ulwazi olunganele ukuze akhe inkolelo. Ummangalelwa kumelwe futhi aphakamise noma yiziphi izivikelo zokwenqaba (njengomthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki, noma ukuphakamisa) noma ukuzifaka engozini. Impendulo ingahlanganisa futhi nokuphikisana nommangalelwa, ukuphambanisa nama-codendendistent, noma ukulwa nesigaba sesithathu.

Ukuzama Ukuxosha

Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa angase abangele ukuhoxa, ephikisa ngokuthi ukukhononda kuyahluleka njengendaba yomthetho ngisho nokubheka zonke izinkulumo eziyiqiniso. Izizathu ezivamile zokuxoshwa zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuntuleka kokubusa kwesihloko
  • Ukuntuleka kwegunya lomuntu siqu
  • Indawo engafanelekile
  • Umsebenzi wenqubo onganele
  • Ukwehluleka ukusho ukuthi usizo lunganikezwa kuphi (indawo evame ukuhlalwa)
  • Ukwehluleka ukuhlanganyela nomcimbi odingekile

Uma inkantolo inikeza ithuba lokuxosha, ummangalelwa unikezwa ikhefu ukuze alungise isikhalo sokulungisa ukushiyeka. Uma inkantolo iphika ukunyakaza, ummangalelwa kumelwe abhale impendulo ngesikhathi esithile esimisiwe.

Phase 5: Ukuthola I - project — Inhliziyo Yokulifunda Kwanamuhla

Ukuvubukula ngokuvamile kuyingxenye enzima kakhulu nebizayo yokuveza impikiswano yomphakathi. Kuvumela bobabili ukuba bathole ubufakazi komunye nomunye nakubantu besithathu, kuvimbele "ukuqasha ngokuqashana" nokukhuthaza izingxoxo zokubuyisana ezinolwazi. Ukwanda kokuthola izinto kubanzi: amaqembu angathola ukutholakala mayelana nanoma yiziphi izinto ezingagunyaziwe ezihlobene nesicelo sanoma yimuphi umcimbi noma isivikelo.

Amathuluzi Okuthola Okusha

  • [ Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo phakathi nesikhathi esithile esimisiwe. Imithetho ye-Federal ilinganisela ukuthi uphenyo lungaba 25 (kuhlanganise izingxenye ezingaphansi) ngaphandle kwemvume yenkantolo. Izivumelwano ziwusizo ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo, ukuhlukanisa, nokuthola ukuba khona kwezincwadi.
  • Izicelo zempumelelo: Izicelo zamabhukwana, ulwazi olugcinwe ngemishini (ESI), nezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngenkathi yezimiso, i-e-revolution iye yaba isokugxila kakhulu, ifuna amaqembu agcina nokuveza ama-imeyili, izisekelo zezokuxhumana, okuqukethwe kwezezokuxhumana, kanye namanye amarekhodi omshini. [FLT][FLT]].S.S. Isiqondiso seNkantolo yemithetho yamanje ye-ogalamu [[:] inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngokulandelana kwezimfuneko zomthetho zezembulo ngaphansi komthetho nomthetho 34 (umthetho).
  • Izimo:[ Umbuzo wobufakazi noma wamaqembu afunwe ngesifungo, owenziwa phambi kwentatheli yasenkantolo. Izikhombi zivumela abameli ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka kofakazi, isitshixo sobufakazi, futhi bahlole umlando wamaqiniso ngokujule. Amapali angase alahle ofakazi abangofakazi abangochwepheshe, nabameleli benhlangano.
  • Iziphakamiso ezilotshiwe ezibhalwe ukuthi izinkulumo eziphikiswayo okumelwe avume noma aziphike ngaphansi kwesifungo. Izicelo zokuvuma zincane kakhulu izimpikiswano zokuqulwa komthetho ngokuthola amaqiniso angaphikiswa. Ukwehluleka ukuphendula ngesikhathi esifanele kuphumela ekuvumeni ngokuzenzakalela.
  • I-Subpoenas:[ inkantolo iyala inxenye yesithathu ukuba ikhiqize imibhalo noma ifakaze ekugcinweni.

Ukusingatha Izingxabano Ezitholakalayo

Ukuthola akunakuphikiswa. Izimpikiswano zivame ukuvela ngenxa yezicelo, iziphakamiso zelungelo elibanzi (ilungelo eliyi-attoney, imfundiso yomkhiqizo, noma imfihlo), kanye nokulingana kwemithwalo yokuthola. Izinkantolo zifuna ukuba amaqembu ahlangane futhi ahlangane ngaphambi kokuthola izinto, futhi amagunya amaningi adinga icebo lokufihla elivunyelwe yinkantolo ekuqaleni kwe-ligic. Enkantolo yombuso, u-Lawulo 26(f) ugunyaza ingqungquthela yokuthola indawo lapho izinhlangano zixoxa khona ngemvelo yazo, ukulondolozwa kwe-ES, ukulinganiselwa kwe-ESI, nokuhlongozwa kokuthola okulinganiselwe.

Ukukhula kokuthola izinto zobuchwepheshe kuye kwayiguqula le ngxenye. Amadili kumelwe asebenzise i-litigation agcine i-ESI efanelekile, ikhiqize i-metameter uma ifanelekile, futhi ikhiphe izindaba zendlela yokuhlelwa nokuphenywa. Ukwehluleka ukulondoloza i-ESI kungaphumela ezivumelwaneni ezinzima, kuhlanganise neziyalezo eziqinile noma isahlulelo esingafanele.

Icala 6: Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili () Ukuvilapha Icala

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, izigaba zihlela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlela umlando ocacile, zifake izimpikiswano, noma zixazulule icala ngaphandle kokulingwa. Isihluthulelo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi komthetho sihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala lengosi: ukuphikisana ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela qiniso eliphathekayo nokuthi umkhakha onyakazayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Ukwahlulela ngokufingqa kuyithuluzi elinamandla elingaxazulula icala, noma izimpikiswano ezicacisiwe ecaleni, ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Inkantolo ibheka ubufakazi ngokukhanyayo kakhulu eqenjini elingelona elihambayo. Uma iphumelela, ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kungasusa isidingo sokuqulwa kwecala ngokuphelele noma okuncane kwendaba yokucabangela abahluleli.
  • Motion in Limine: Isicelo sokukhipha ubufakazi bokucwasa noma obungaqondakali ngaphambi kokuba bunikezwe abahluleli. Le ngxoxo yenkulumo efana nezenkolo yangaphambili, ukuhlalisana, noma ubufakazi obungochwepheshe obungase bungahlangani nezindinganiso ezicacisiwe.
  • Indinganiso elawula ukuhluleka kobufakazi obungochwepheshe. Enkantolo kahulumeni nasezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni, i-Dubert indinganiso ibusa ukuhluleka kobufakazi obungochwepheshe. I-Daubert ukunyakaza ibekela inselele ukuthembeka nokubaluleka kwendlela yochwepheshe ophikisayo, okungasusa ubufakazi obungacunuli phambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Ukuhlangana ku Compel:[ Uma umcimbi ehluleka ukuveza izimpendulo zokuthola, umceli angashukumisela ukuvuma, afune ukungenela kwenkantolo nezijeziso ezingase zivele.

Isigaba sangaphambi kokwahlulela sihlanganisa futhi umhlangano wangaphambi kokwahlulela , lapho inkantolo namalungu enza khona izinqubo zokuqulwa kwecala, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezivelele, nokuxoxa ngezinto ezingenzeka. Inkantolo inikeza uhlelo lwangaphambi kokuhlolwa olulawula ukuqulwa kwecala.

Phase 7: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Abaenzi Bezinqumo

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokulungisa noma ngokujezisa, liqhubeke liqulwa icala. Ukuqulwa kwamacala ezakhamuzi kungaba phambi kwamajaji (icala eliboshiwe) noma ijaji. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo lilondolozwa yiSichibiyelo seSebelt, kodwa amaqembu kumelwe ukuba afune ukuba ijaji lilwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho yezemithetho noma ilungelo libekwe phansi.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ekuqulweni kwejaji, isigaba sokuqala sinzima, lapho abameli nabahluleli bebuza khona ukuthi bangathola ubandlululo noma ukuhluleka ukungakhethi. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungasebenzisa izinselele (] (ngokuvamile 3-6 ezicaleni zomphakathi) ukuxosha abajaji ngaphandle kwesizathu, kanye [FLT:]] nezingakhohliswa ngenxa yembangela [ingalinganiswanga)] ukuze kuxoshwe abagcini bejaji abangakwazi ukukhonza ngokungakhethi. Ukukhetha okungagwetyelwayo kungathonya kakhulu imiphumela yokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Iqembu ngalinye linikeza inkulumo yokuqala echaza indlela eliwachaza ngayo amaqiniso, ubufakazi elizobunikeza, nesinqumo elisifunayo. izinkulumo zokuvula azizona impikiswano kodwa kunalokho ziyibalazwe elisiza abahluleli ukuba baqonde ubufakazi njengoba buqhubeka. Ummangalelwa uyaqhubeka kuqala, bese kulandelwa ummangalelwa.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umkhangisi uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ukubiza ofakazi nokufaka isiboniso. Ufakazi ngamunye uphenya ngokuzibiza ngeqembu lobizo, lilandelwa [ umhloli wecala [ ngeseluleko esiphikisayo sokuvivinya ukuthembeka nokukhipha ubufakazi obuhle. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa ekhona, ummangalelwa angahamba ngecala njengendaba yomthetho (isinqumo esiqondile) uma ubufakazi bomphathi wesonto bunganele ngokomthetho.

Khona - ke ummangalelwa uveza icala labo, elandela isakhiwo esifanayo. Ummangalelwa angaveza ubufakazi obuphikisayo ukuze amelane necala lommangalelwa. Kulo lonke icala, umahluleli uyabusa ngokuphikisa okusobala, alawule ijubane lezehlakalo, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi icala lihlala lilungile.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba bonke ubufakazi bunikezwe, umkhakha ngamunye unikeza impikiswano yokuphetha efingqa ubufakazi futhi ekhuthaza isinqumo esihle. Ummangalelwa uhamba kuqala futhi angabeka isikhathi sokuphikisa ngemva kwempikiswano yommangalelwa. Izimpikiswano zokuphetha eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa ubufakazi ekulandiseni okushukumisayo, ukunikeza incazelo ebuthaka ecaleni lombaleki ophikisayo, futhi achaze ngokucacile ukuthi kungani umthetho usekela isikhundla somphathi wabo.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Ngaphambi kokuxoxa, ijaji liyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Amajaji afaka iziyalezo ezihlongozwayo futhi angase amelane neziyalezo zokugcina zenkantolo. Amajaji abese ethatha amabomu ngasese, abheke ubufakazi ngaphansi kwesimiso esingokomthetho senkantolo. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, indinganiso yobufakazi ivame ukuphakanyiswa kobufakazi [ [i-FLT]] [ijaji] [i-jaji elivamile] [ijaji] [i-] mele ukuthola ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi i-projecter iyiqiniso kunezinto ezishiwo yi-projecttist.

Isinqumo sikaJury ezinkantolo zomphakathi ngokuvamile kumelwe sivumelane, nakuba eminye imikhandlu ivumela izinqumo ezingeziningi ezimweni ezithile. Uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo (ijaji elilengiswe enkantolo), inkantolo ingakhipha icala elingalungile, futhi icala lingase liphendulwe.

Phase 8: Izinyathelo zePost-tria

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekile lingase lithathe uhambo lwangemva kokuhlolwa kwezezimali:

  • Ukuqulwa kwesahlulelo njengendaba yoMthetho (Ivusiwe):[ ukuphikisana ngokuthi ubufakazi abunele ngokomthetho ukusekela isinqumo
  • Ukubekwa kwecala elisha: ukuveza amaphutha enqubeni yokuqulwa kwecala, njengemithetho enephutha esobala, iziyalezo ezingafanele zamajaji, noma ukuziphatha okubi
  • Ukuncitshiswa kweRemittitur noma i-additur: kubekela umklomelo inselele njengokukhulu kakhulu noma ukunganele

Le mithetho kumelwe igcinwe phakathi nesikhathi esiqinile cishe izinsuku ezingu - 28 ngemva kokungena enkantolo kahulumeni. Inkantolo ingase inikeze inkantolo entsha, ishintshe isahlulelo, noma ivumele isinqumo sime.

Izinhlelo Zangemva Kwe - Trida: Ukukhanga Nokuphoqelelwa

Isiphetho secala asisho ukuphela komthetho. Izinqubo ezimbili ezibalulekile zangemva kokuqulwa kwecala zingalandela: ukudlulisa amacala nokuphoqelela ukwahlulela.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

Iqembu elilahlekile lingase lidlulisele isahlulelo senkantolo equlweni eliphezulu. Izikhalo azizona ezokuqulwa kwecala komthetho; zilinganiselwe ekubukezeni irekhodi lokuqulwa kwamaphutha angokomthetho. Inkantolo ihlola:

  • Ukuthi inkantolo yamacala yayiwusebenzisa kahle yini umthetho
  • Ingabe amaphutha amakhulu okulandelana enzekile
  • Ukuthi lesi sinqumo sasisekelwa yini ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda

Iqembu elikhangayo (umphathi) lifaka iphimbo elifushane lokuthi iphutha elilungisekayo lenzekile, kuyilapho iqembu eliphendulayo (i-antelle) livikela isahlulelo. Ezinye izikhalo zihlanganisa impikiswano yomlomo phambi kweqembu labahluleli. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye ibuye ivume, ibuye ilungise isahlulelo. Indinganiso yokubukeza iyahluka-shintsha ngendaba: imibuzo engokomthetho iyabukezwa u-novo [[[FLT:]] (ukusha), okuthola iphutha, nokungamangaleleki ngokomthetho ngenxa yephutha elicacile, kanye nesinqumo sokusetshenziswa kabi kokuhlakanipha.

Izinhlu zezikhathi ezithathwayo ziqinile − uma kuqhathaniswa izinsuku ezingu-30 kusukela ekungeneni kwesahlulelo enkantolo kahulumeni. Ngemva kokubhucungwa kwemithi kahulumeni ekhathazayo, amaqembu angase afune ukubukezwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. nge-cretiorari egcwele, nakuba iNkantolo inikeza ukubukezwa okunjalo eqenjini elincane kakhulu lamacala.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Uma lowo olahlekelwayo engakhokheli ngokuzithandela, owinayo kumelwe aphishekele izindlela zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho, ezihlukahluka ngokwesimiso sombuso:

  • Ukuthatha ukwenziwa: kugunyaza umshicileli wesigungu ukuba abambe futhi badayise impahla yonecala engahlengiwe ukuze kwanelise ukwahlulela
  • Ukungatholi: ihlele izikweleti zenkantolo ezithathwe kumholo wobolekwayo noma kuma-akhawunti webhange
  • I-Lien e-' A nkohliso emelene nempahla yangempela yonecala okumelwe ikhokhelwe uma impahla ithengiswa
  • Ukuhlenga iProgrees: Ukuhluleka ukuvumelana nemiyalo evalekile noma izahlulelo ezithile zomsebenzi

Ezinye izimali azikhokhi eqoqweni, kuhlanganise nama-akhawunti athile omhlalaphansi, izindlu zokuhlala eziyinhloko (ezindaweni ezithile ezikude), kanye nempahla yomuntu siqu okungadingeka ilandelwe ngokwezindinganiso ezicacisiwe. Izikweleti zingafaka futhi umphandle, ongakhipha isikweleti sokwahlulela. Ukukhetha okuvame ukuba yisigaba esinzima kakhulu sokukhokha [, ikakhulukazi uma isahlulelo sinempahla ezilinganiselwe noma sinempahla ezishintshelwe phambili ukuze sigweme ukukhokha.

Ukuhlala: Ikhambi Lazo Zonke Izibhedlela

Kudingeka kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukumangalelwa kwamacala ezakhamuzi kungahlala noma kuliphi izinga ("ngaphambi kokuhlelwa kwecala, phakathi nokutholwa, ezitebhisini zasenkantolo, noma ngisho nangemva kwesinqumo lapho kuseza. Ukuhlala kunikeza izindleko ezithile, izindleko ezinciphileyo, izindleko zomuntu siqu, nokulawula imiphumela[. Abaqondisi becala bahlola ngokuqhubekayo amandla nobuthakathaka becala labo kanye nezingozi zokuqhubekela phambili engxenyeni elandelayo. Izindleko ezinhle zingaba zihlakaniphe kakhulu kunokugembula, akukho lutho oluthi udaba lubonakala lunamandla.

Izingxoxo zokuxazulula impikiswano ziyimfihlo ngokomthetho 408 we-Federal Rules of Evidence, okusho ukuthi azinakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi becala. Lokhu kukhuthaza izingxoxo ezisobala. Izingxabano zingabhala isivumelwano esibophekile esihlanganisa ukukhulula izikhangiso, amalungiselelo ayimfihlo, kanye nemibandela evumelanayo.

Ukucatshangelwa Okufanelekile Kwabemi Bangaphakathi

Ukukhipha inqubo yokumangalela kwesizwe kudinga okungaphezu kolwazi olungokwemvelo − ludinga ukucabanga okusemqoka kuzo zonke izindlela. Cabangela lezizimiso:

  • [ Ingenele ekuhlolweni kwasekuqaleni. Ukuqonda amandla nobuthakathaka besikhundla sakho kusukela ekuqaleni kukuvumela ukuba wenze izinqumo zolwazi ngokubekwa kwemali ngokumelene nokuthengiselwa, icebo lokuthola, kanye nokunika imithombo.
  • gcina ubufakazi kusukela ngosuku olulodwa. Umsebenzi wokulondoloza ubufakazi obuphathekayo − kuhlanganise nemininingwane ye-electronic(aex) iqala ngokushesha uma ilindele ngokunengqondo. Ukwehluleka ukulondoloza kungaholela ezijezisweni ezinzima.
  • Yakha irekhodi eliphelele. Yonke ibhukwana eligcinwe, yonke imibuzo ephendulwe, futhi yonke i-projekthi ivunywa iyingxenye yerekhodi. Izinkulumo eziguquguqukayo noma izinxusi ezingagunyaziwe kahle zingabangela umbuthano uma uqulwa noma udluliswa icala.
  • Ngaphansi kwengamela isitha sakho. Ulwazi lwendlela yeseluleko esiphikisayo, ingcebo yekhasimende, kanye nokukhetha komahluleli okuthandayo kungazisa izinqumo ezihlelekile.
  • Imali ekhokhwayo. Imali ebhaliwe iyabiza. Imali yokufakaza, izindleko zofakazi, izindleko zokugcina imali, kanye nezindleko zokwethula zinganqwabelana ngokushesha. Imithetho efihlwayo noma izivumelwano zingavumela iqembu elikhona ukuba lithole izindleko ezisuka ekulahlekelweni.

Isiphetho: Ukuveza Ukuqamba Amanga Ngomphakathi Ngokuqiniseka

Izinqubo zomthetho wombango ziklanyelwe ukunikeza inqubo elungile, ehlelekile yokuxazulula izingxabano. Nakuba uhambo olusukela empikiswaneni yokuqala kuya ekwahluleleni kokugcina luyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqonda amamepu anika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo endabeni yabo, ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi, nokulawula izindleko ezingokomzwelo nezingokwezimali. Isigaba ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okulungisa inqubo − ngokuxoxisana, ukuthatha izikhala, noma ukuqulwa kwecala (nendlela) futhi kudingeka ukuba kucatshangwe ngokwaso.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphishekela ukumangalela noma uvikela, isiqondiso seseluleko somthetho esinokuhlangenwe nakho sibaluleke kakhulu. Ummeli ojwayelene nemithetho ehleliwe, izindinganiso ezisobala, kanye nendawo ehleliwe yokuzichaza komphakathi kungakusiza ukuba usebenzise isigaba ngasinye ngokuphumelelayo, uvikele amalungelo akho, futhi uphishekele imiphumela engcono kakhulu. Isimiso somthetho sisebenza kangcono kakhulu uma abaphethe beqonda indima yabo, behlonipha inqubo futhi behlanganyela nabameleli abanolwazi.

Kukho esinye isiqondiso esinegunya senqubo yomphakathi, [FLT] [FLT]] Isuntswana lokwaziswa kwenqubo yomphakathi [ linikeza imithombo ebanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [FLT][5]U.S.S. isiqondiso senkantolo sokufaka icala lomphakathi[[]]