Isisekelo Esihlala Njalo: Okwenza Izinqumo Zibaluleke

I-United States Constitution, eyagunyazwa ngo-1788, yamisa uhlelo lukahulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke. Nokho abakhi bayo baqonda ukuthi akukho mbhalo ongabona kusengaphambili yonke inselele yenkululeko. Yingakho le mithetho ihlanganisa i-Athis True V, inikeza inqubo yokulungisa noma ukuhlanganisa. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, izinguquko ezingu- 27 ziye zagunyazwa, ngamunye ukusabela kokungalungi okungokomlando noma ukushintshwa kwezindinganiso zesizwe. Lezi zinguquko aziwahleli nje amalungelo; zichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwesakhamuzi nombuso, futhi zihlala zikhuluma ngempikiswano enzima ezinkantolo, amakilasi, nasemaqenjini omphakathi. Abafundi nabafundisi, baqonda okuqukethwe yi-"ne, kanye ne-asemongo-me yezwe laseMelika ngokwayo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Indlela Engashintsha Ngayo

Ukuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kunzima ngamabomu. Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngevoti yamavoti amabili-mithathu azo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu noma ngomhlangano wesizwe ocelwe ama-partio anezindlu zombuso ezimbili (okusho ukuthi lokhu kungazange kusetshenziswe). Ukuvunywa kwemiyalo emithathu kwezine yendlu yomthetho (noma ngemihlangano kahulumeni, esetshenziselwa iSiphendulo sama-21 kuphela). Lomgoqo ophakeme uqinisekisa ukuthi ufaka inguquko ezibanzi kakhulu ekubeni zibe yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Njengomphumela, i-ampementmentment ishoshosho isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sezombangazwe nesomthetho.

I - Ibheli Lamalungelo: IziNguqulo Zokuqala Eziyishumi

Ngo-1791, iBill of Rights yaba umkhiqizo we-Anti-Federalist efuna isivikelo esicacile kuphakele kukahulumeni. UJames Madison ekuqaleni wahlanganisa iziphetho eziyishumi nambili; ezokuqala ezimbili (ukuhlukaniswa kwenhlangano kanye nomholo wenhlangano) akuzange kugunyazwe ekuqaleni. (Inhlawulo yamuva yagunyazwa ngo 1992 njengeSiphendulo sama-27.) Ishumi elisele laba isisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela ukubeka noma yimuphi umthetho "ukuhlonipha ukumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukwenqabela ukuyisebenzisa ngenkululeko; noma ukunqanda inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. [[FLT:] [12], iNkantolo isekela ilungelo labafundi lokugqoka izikhali ezimnyama ekuvukeleni i-Vietnam, imemezela ukuthi abafundi abawanciphikiswani amalungelo abo eMthethweni wenkolo. [[FLT:] [FL: 0] .[2] ku-FOct:]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

"Izinqumo ezilawulwa kahle zeMilitia, njengoba zidingekile ekulondekeni kukaHulumeni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi bathwale Izikhali, ngeke lishaywe. Incazelo yesiQingisi sesibili yaphikisana isikhathi eside kwaze kwaba ngumthetho weSigebengu esiPhakamileyo ku . [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT] [5] uqinisekisa umuntu ukuba abe nesandla sokuzidubula phakathi kwekhaya, [[FLT:]] ne-D. [[FLT].[FLT] [FLT] [ict:] [ir] [indlela] i-oct:5] ibonelela imvume yokuzidubula., ifaka iziqondiso ezinhlangothini ezingenisweni ezitheneyo, futhi ikhiphe izigwegwegwegwegwe, i-o ezika kakhulu. [ivoti]

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamasosha

Lokhu kulungisa okungavamile kwenqabela ukumiswa kwengxenye yesine yesikhathi sokuthula yamasosha kunoma yimuphi umuzi ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo. Kwakuwukusabela okuqondile emikhubeni yaseBrithani eyacasula amakoloni. Nakuba idla ngokungasebenzi namuhla, igcizelela isimiso sokulawula amasosha futhi ikhonjwe ekuphikisaneni okuhlobene yimfihlo.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuhlola Nokusimama

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela "ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenywa okungacabangeki nokuquleka." isihluthulelo siwukuthi "ukucabangela""", idinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa ngokunokwenzeka. Umthetho wokuhlukanisa, osungulwe Mapp v. Ohio [1961] [1961], unqabela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakele ukuncishwa kwempikiswa kwempimo. Izinselele zanamuhla zihilela imfihlo, njengesinqumo seNkantolo . [[FLT:]] California[FLT]][FLT]][20] [20] [0]] (1961]]]), (1961), i-apopulm idinga ukuhlola ingqalathi yocingo ukuze ibo yokuboshwa.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningi: ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabasizi bamajaji ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, ukuvinjelwa kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili, ukuvikelwa ekuphoqelelweni ukuba bashaye indiva, inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, kanye nembuyiselo yempahla yomuntu siqu ethathwe ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi. "Miranda amalungelo" adumile asuka uMenda v. Arizona [196], ifuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasola ilungelo labo lokuhlala bethule futhi abe nommeli phakathi nokuphenywa kwemvume. Inqubo efanelekile ye-galelo libuye linqabe imithetho engacacile futhi livikezeleki nemithetho eminingi yamalungelo amelene nezindawo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okungenaphutha Kuqinisekisa

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi okusheshayo nokungakhethi, ijaji elingakhethi, isaziso samacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, inqubo ephoqelelwe yofakazi abalungile, nelungelo lokululeka. Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]) yasekela ukuthi imibuso kumelwe inikeze ummeli ukuba abamangalelwa abakhohlisi abangelwa ngecala abashicilelwe ngokungemthetho, futhi isinqumo esinesibopho esiholela esimisweni somphakathi sanamuhla sokuvikela. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala emacaleni obugebengu lihlala liyisivikelo ekucindezelweni nguhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kwezigwegwe Ezimweni Zomphakathi

Elungelweni elingokomthetho ovamile ongaphezu kuka - R2 000, iSichibiyelo seSeventh silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala futhi sivimbela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe amaqiniso atholwa abahluleli ngaphandle kwemithetho ethile.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

Ibheyili eshibhile, inkokhelo ephakeme, "isijeziso esinzima nengavamile" yenqatshelwe. Ukubekwa kwemithetho enzima nengavamile kuye kwaba yisisekelo sempikiswano ngesijeziso sentambo. Furman v. Georgia[[1972], iNkantolo yamuva yavala isigwebo sokufa njengesomthetho esiwumthetho owenzelwe ngokomthetho nongaqondakaliyo, eholela ekuhleleni izinguquko. [FLT:] [FLT]] gg v. [[[FLT][FLT:][3] [7] [7] isekela imithetho ebukeziwe eqondisa ukuca ukwahlulela okuqondisa ukuhlulwa kwejala.] Izigwebo zamuva nje igwebo ([FLD: 4,5]]]]R.VFF], 2005) futhi i-evos .[ft orgt]

Izinqumo Zesine Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Namandla Agciniwe Anganqandwa

ISichibiyelo seNinth sixwayisa ngokuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile akuwaphikisi amanye agcinwe ngabantu. Kuye kwacelwa ukuba kuvikelwe amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, njengaku- Griswold v.Connecticut (65), eqaphela ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo yomshado ngokuphathelene nokuvimbela inzalo. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sigcinelwe amazwe noma abantu abangaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma abanqatshelwe ezifundazweni. Siyisimiso esiyinhloko semithetho kahulumeni empikiswano emayelana nendaba yokuvimbela insangu, umthetho wemvelo, umthetho wezempilo, kanye nokunakekela impilo.

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Inkululeko Enciphisa Ukulingana

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, kwamukelwa izinguquko ezintathu ukuze kuqedwe ubugqila futhi kumiswe ukulingana ngokomthetho kwabantu baseAfrika.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu (1865)

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sinqabela ubugqila nokugqilazwa ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Sinika futhi uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela lelungiselelo ngomthetho ofanelekile. Nakuba saqeda ubugqila bengxoxo, "isijeziso" ngaphandle kwaso saholela ezimisweni zeziboshwa ezikhululayo futhi kamuva ekuboshweni inqwaba yabantu. Ukulungisa kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela izinhlobo zanamuhla zemisebenzi ephoqelelwe nokushushumbisa abantu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane (1868)

Mhlawumbe inqubo efanelekile yokulungisa, iSichibiyelo se-14th sichaza ubuzwe besizwe, sivimbela ukumiswa kwezindawo zesizwe ngokuvimbela "amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi," futhi iqinisekisa inqubo efanele nesivikelo semithetho. Inqubo efanelekile iye yasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa eziningi zeMikhathi Yamalungelo ezwe. Isivikelo esilinganayo sasiyisisekelo se [[FLT:] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [1954], eyahlasela ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, futhi izinqumo ezivikela amalungelo alinganayo abesifazane, LGTQ+ abantu ngabanye, namanye amaqembu. I-andmentmentation iqukethe futhi i-"imfuneko yesigaba sezwe".[FLT][FLT] v.[54] ngaphandle kokuba i-omgardelvelvel]

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu (1870)

Ilungelo lokuvota "ngeke linqatshwe noma livinjelwe i-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uMbuso ngenxa yobuhlanga, imibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila. ” Naphezu kwalesi sithembiso, izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zamisa ukuhlola kwabafundi, intela yokuvota, kanye nobudlova ukuze zinqande ukuvota kuze kube yi-Voting Rights Act of 1965. Ukuphoqelelwa kokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kuye kwaba yingxenye yemithetho ye-ID yevoti, ukuvota, ukuvala, kanye nendlela yokuvota yangaphambili yokukhokha eyagadla i-ngelwe County. Haverer

Ukwandisa i Franchisse: ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesine

Ingxenye yomlando waseMelika ihlanganisa umzabalazo omude wokunweba ukuvota. Izinguquko ezintathu eziyinhloko ziphawula izenzakalo ezithatha iso.

  • ISichibiyelo seNinetenth (1920): Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empikiswano, abesifazane bathola ilungelo lokuvota ngokulungisa komthetho-mthetho. Ivoti yokugcina eTennessee yanqunywa ummisi womthetho owodwa owayefake i-rose ebomvu. Inguquko yaguqula ezombangazwe nabesifazane ezindima zabo ekuphileni komphakathi.
  • Isichibiyeli seNkantolo yeSiphendulo seFourth (1964): Intela yokubheja yemposiso, esetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezizweni zaseNingizimu ukulahla abaMfiliba abampofu abavoti, yenqatshelwe kuhulumeni wokuvota. (Intela yokuvota kamuva yancishwa iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ngaphansi kwesivikelo esifanayo [ku-] Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions, 1966])
  • ISichibiyelo se-Stity-Sixth (1971: 1): Ukuphendula empikiswaneni yokuthi labo abadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba balwe eVietnam babebadala ngokwanele ukuba bavote, ukubuyiselwa kwehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu-18 okhethweni. Kwagunyazwa ngokomthetho ngesikhathi, cishe ngezinyanga ezintathu kuphela.

Izinqumiso Zokwakha: Ukuzilungisa Kukahulumeni

Akuzona zonke izinguquko ezithinta amalungelo abantu.

  • ISAKTENT [ISichibiyelo se-Exchange (1913): Wanikeza iziKhomishane amandla okukhipha intela yeholo ngaphandle kokwabela imibuso. Lokhu kwasiphula isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme futhi kwenza isimiso sentela sanamuhla sikahulumeni.
  • Sevententh Isichibiyeli (1913): Salungiselelwa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabantu abaphethe i-U.S., esikhundleni sokukhethwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwandisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi nokulawula kwemishini yeqembu.
  • Isichibiyeli esingamashumi amabili-Sihlangene (1951): Abaphathi abalinganiselwe kumagama amabili, ukusabela okuqondile kuFranklin D. Roosevelt kamongameli wezinsuku ezine.
  • Isichibiyeli se-Seventh (1992): ekuqaleni kuhlongozwa ngo-1789, lenguquko ivimbela ukukhokhwa kwenhlangano ukuba ithathe impumelelo kuze kube ngemva kokhetho olulandelayo. Yagcina yagunyaziswa ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka kamuva, ibeka irekhodi lokubambezela.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Ekwenzeni Okuthile

Ulwazi ngoshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo lunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqinisa amalungelo azo nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi. Nazi izindlela zokuzuza ukuqonda okujulile ezimisweni zemfundo nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke:

  • [[FLT: 0]] Izehlulelo zeNkantolo ezingokophawu oluphakeme. Imibono [[FLT:] ku- Marbury v. Madison, [[FLT:]] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[, [[FLT]] [[FLT]] r.[[FLT] v , [[FLT], [[FLT]] ne-obergecall v. Hodges bonisa indlela inguquko ehunyulwa ngayo isikhathi. [FLT:] iproject [FFF:]
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imithombo eyinhloko. [[FT:2] Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza izithombe zokulungisa eziphezulu zemivubukulo yokuqala nemithombo yemfundo.
  • Impikiswano yamanje. Impikiswano efana nokulawula izibhamu, ukukhulumisana kwezezindaba, imithetho ye-ovtid, namalungelo okukhipha isisu konke kuhilela ukuchazwa. Izinkulumo ezihlangene zisiza abafundi ukuba babone imibono eminingi.
  • Izokuhlanganisa ushintsho kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Ngazo zonke izikhathi lapho umuntu ekhuluma ingqondo yakhe, enza inqubo yenkolo yakhe, athintane nommeli, noma amavoti, basebenzisa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Ukwenza lokho kuxhumanisa kuqhubekisele phambili ukusebenza kobungcono.
  • Sebenzisa imidwebo eminingi. njenge Inkantolo Ephakeme [PLT], ama-podsts anjenge [ iSikhungo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe "Thina Abantu"[, futhi izikhomba-sikhathi ezihambisanayo zenza ukufunda kube namandla.

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliphilayo LeziNkambiso

Ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. akuzona izingcezu zomnyuziyamu; ziyimishini esebenzayo yobulungisa nenkululeko. Isizukulwane ngasinye siphinde sizihlole ngokubheka izinselele ezintsha − ukuqapha okungokwezimo, ubuphekula bembulunga yonke, ukungalingani kwezimiso, nezimiso ezivumelanayo zomphakathi. IBhili Lelungelo ekuqaleni lanqandelwa uhulumeni wezwe kuphela, kodwa ngeSiphendulo seGandement yeshumi nane leMinyaka Engaphezulu manje sisebenza emazweni. I-Reconsolation antententementssss ithembisa ukulingana kodwa idinga ukulwa kwekhulu leminyaka ukuqaphela. I-suffandentingments ivule imfuculces ku-fciise izigidi. Ukuqonda lezi zigwebo, umlando wazomlando, nezinhlelo zazo zamanje zisebenza ngokunelisayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezakhamuzini nasekuhlanganyeleni umsebenzi owenziwayo wentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kusukela kubafundi, futhi abafundisi banikeza izicelo kuphela, kodwa abenzi beze izime: