Table of Contents
Imithetho yasemadolobheni ingaphezulu kakhulu kokubhalwa komthetho owenziwe nge-codes kamasipala − iyimithetho elawula ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ekuphakameni kothango ongalwakha kuze kube ngamahora ongadlala ngawo umculo ngesonto, lemithetho yendawo ichaza imingcele yalokho okungenzeka emphakathini wakini. Ukuqonda imithetho yasedolobheni kukusiza ukuba usebenzise amalungelo akho, ugweme izimpahla ezihlawuliwe, futhi uthonye ngisho nendlela indawo ohlala kuyo ekhula ngayo. Lesiqondiso esikhudlwanayo siphuka lokho oyikho, kungani ibalulekile, futhi ungasebenzelana kanjani nazo ngokuphumelelayo.
Yini Eyenzeka Edolobheni?
Imithetho yedolobha iyimithetho emiswe nguhulumeni kamasipala − ngokukanjani umkhandlu wedolobha noma ibhodi yamakhomishane − ukulawula izindaba ezisebusweni bedolobha. Ziphethe ithonya eligcwele lomthetho futhi zigcinwa amaphoyisa endawo, izikhulu zokugcinwa kwemithetho ye-operal, noma izinhlangano zokuphatha. Ngokungafani nemithetho yombuso noma yombuso, imithetho ifanelana nezidingo eziqondile, ubuntu, nezinto eziza kuqala zomphakathi wendawo.
Imithetho ithola igunya layo kumthetho-mthetho wedolobha noma ukwenza umthetho onikezwe uhulumeni. Isebenza kubo bonke abangaphakathi kwemingcele yedolobha, kuhlanganise nezivakashi namabhizinisi. Nakuba imithetho ingenakuphikisana nomthetho wombuso noma wombuso, ngokuvamile ikhuluma ngamagebe angahlanganiswanga yimithetho ephakeme.
Izinga Lemibukiso Yasedolobheni
Imithetho yedolobha ibanzi.
- [[UMTH:0] Ukuzingela nenhlabathi kusetshenziswa[ – ukulawula ukuthi yini engakhiwa nokuthi ikuphi.
- impilo engcono nokuphepha – kuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa komsebenzi wokudla, izikhombo zomlilo, kanye nezimfuneko zokudayisa.
- [ Imithetho ye-Behavior[ – umsindo, ukudakwa, nezikhathi zokwehla kwemithetho.
- [ ulawulo lwe- – imithetho ye-leash, ukuvala, nokuvinjelwa kwezinhlobo ezithile.
- [[UMTH:0] Ukugcinwa nokulondolozwa - ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho, ukuvikelwa kwezihlahla, kanye nolondolozo lwamanzi.
Amadolobha amaningi anyathelisa yonke imithetho yawo ku-inthanethi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Municode stat iqoqo lezinkulungwane zemithetho kamasipala ehlolwa ngedolobha nangegama eliyi-offset.
Ukubaluleka Kwemidanti Yasedolobheni
I-ordinance ifeza okuhle emphakathini ngezindlela eziningi ezihlangene. Igcina ukuhleleka, ivikela izakhiwo, futhi ikhuthaza umuzwa wokuba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokwabelana. Ngezansi kunezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza lemithetho yendawo ibe nendaba:
Ukuphepha Komphakathi
Izindawo zokuphepha zibeka izinga elilinganiselwe lokuphepha lezakhiwo, imigwaqo, nezindawo zomphakathi.
Izinga Lokuphila
Imithetho epholile, izihlalo ezishiywe ngezimoto ezilahliwe, nemithetho yezimoto ezishiywe zithinta ngokuqondile indlela omakhelwane abazizwa ngayo. Umsindo ophoqelelwe kahle ungenza umehluko phakathi kobusuku obunokuthula nokuphazamiseka okungapheli. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yokulungisa impahla ivimbela ama-oral oral nezakhiwo ezikhumuzayo ezingase zinyathele yonke indawo.
Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho
Imithetho ecacile nenombono olindelekile iheha amabhizinisi nabatshali bezimali. Uma abakhi bazi kahle ukuthi yini engakhiwa esifundeni sezentengiselwano, basengozini kakhulu yokubhalisa inhloko- dolobha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho edidayo noma evimbela kakhulu ingavimbela ukukhula. Amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa “ukukhula okungalawuleki” imithetho yokulinganisela ukuthuthuka kwenjongo yendawo ezungezile nemigomo yomphakathi.
Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile
Imithetho yendawo ivame ukuhola ekulondolozeni igebe eliqinile. Izikhwama zepulasitiki zivinjelwa, izimfuneko zokwakha eziluhlaza, kanye nezindawo zophahla lwezihlahla zonke zikhishwe edolobheni. Ngenxa yokuthi omasipala baseduze kakhulu nezindawo zendawo, banganikeza imithetho evumelana nezindawo zabo ezithile zokuma kwezwe, cishe njengemithetho eqinile yokusebenzisa amanzi ezindaweni ezinesomiso.
Izindinganiso Zempahla
Ukugcinwa njalo kwemithetho − ikakhulukazi leyo ehlobene nokulungisa nokuhlupha imfucumfucu − inciphisa inzuzo yempahla. Abanikazi bamakhaya bayazuza ngokwazi ukuthi omakhelwane abanakuvumela izakhiwo ziphazamiseke ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Lokhu kubikezela kwenza imiphakathi ikhange kakhulu kubathengi nakubaboleki.
Izinhlobo Zokuhlanya KwaseDolobheni
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi imithetho ikuthinta kanjani, kuyasiza ukwazi izigaba eziyinhloko. Uhlobo ngalunye lukhuluma ngesici esihlukile sokuphila komphakathi.
I - Zoning Ordinances
Ukuhlukanisa idolobha libe yizifunda (ezinkulu, ezentengiselwano, ezezimboni, ezixubene) futhi kubeke izindlela ezivunyelwe phakathi kwazo. Zilawula ukuphakama, ukuphakama, izithiyo, nokupaka izimoto. Amanye amadolobha futhi asebenzisa izimiso ezisekelwe ezisezingeni eliphansi ezigxile ekwakheni izakhiwo kunokuba asebenzise nje kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, iPortland, i-Oregon, isebenzisa ukuhlanganisa ukukhuthaza izindawo ezihambayo futhi ilondoloze isimilo sembali.
Imithetho Yokwakha
Izimiso zokwakha ziyizindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zokwakha. Zihlanganisa ukuqina kokwakha, izimiso zikagesi, amapayipi amanzi, ukuphepha komlilo nokutholakala. Nakuba amadolobha amaningi ethatha ikhodi elifana ne-International Building Code, izinguquko zendawo zinganezela izimfuneko (ngokwesibonelo, ukumelana nomoya ezindaweni ezineziphepho noma amalungiselelo alungiselelwe ilanga.
Umsindo
Izimiso ze-codecibel zibeka imingcele phakathi kwamahora amisiwe. Izindawo eziningi ezihlukanisa phakathi kosuku, ebusuku, nezenzakalo ezikhethekile. Amanye amadolobha, njenge-New York, anesimiso esinemininingwane ephawulekayo esivimbela umsindo omkhulu “imishini yokuveza ekhipha umsindo” emahoreni athile futhi ilawula umsindo ngemvume.
Izinhlayiya Zempilo Nezokuhlanza
Lemithetho iqinisekisa amanzi ahlanzekile, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu efanelekile, nokunakekelwa kokudla okuphephile. Kuhlanganisa imiyalelo yokuhlola isitolo sokudla, imvume yesimiso sokuqoqa imfucumfucu nezimiso zokuqoqa imfucumfucu. Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, amadolobha angadlulisa imithetho yesikhashana − njengokugunyaza ukuvikela izifihla - buso phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVID.
Izimoto Neziphethu Zokuphaka
Kusukela ekubekeni imingcele yokupaka imigwaqo kuya ezidingweni zebhayisekili, imithetho yezimoto iyakwazi ukuhamba nokuphepha. Amadolobha amaningi aye athatha “imithetho ephelele yemigwaqo” edinga imigwaqo emisha ukuze kuhlaliswe izimoto, amabhayisikili, abantu abahamba ngezinyawo, nohambo olulinganayo. Imithetho yokupaka ivame ukuhlanganisa izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe neziphezulu zokupaka izimoto ezintsha.
Amabhizinisi Nezimvume Zokuthutha Imali
Amabhizinisi kumelwe avumelane nemithetho ehlanganisa amahora okusebenza, izihlalo zangaphandle, izimemo zezandla, nezincwadi zokuphuza. Imithetho yezebhizinisi esekelwe emakhaya ilawula ukuthi umsebenzi wezentengiselwano ongakanani ovunyelwe ezindaweni zokuhlala, ukuvikela isimo somphakathi kuyilapho yenza ukuba kube nebhizinisi.
Indlela Izakhiwo Zasedolobheni Ezidalwe Ngayo
Inqubo yokushintsha umqondo ube umthetho obophayo ihlelekile futhi iklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa ukuxhumana komphakathi.
Ukuhlongozwa Nokunxenxwa
Imithetho eminingi iqala njengesicelo esivela kumkhandlu wedolobha, umphathi-dolobha, noma umnyango wedolobha. Ngezinye izikhathi izakhamuzi zicela umkhandlu ukuba ucabangele indaba ethile − njengokushintsha komsindo — okungase kubangele isiphakamiso esingokomthetho. Emadolobheni amaningi, ummeli wedolobha udweba ulimi olungokomthetho.
Ukubukeza KweKomiti
Izimiso ezihlongozwayo zivame ukunikezwa ikomiti (isizk., i-Prese Safety, iPresence Planning, noma i-Makomiti) ukuze ihlolwe ngokuningiliziwe. Amakomiti alalela izindlebe, amema ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi angalungisa umbhalo. Lesi siteji silapho kwenziwa khona ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe.
Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini
Phambi kwevoti yokugcina, amadolobha ngokuvamile athatha icala elilodwa noma ngaphezulu. Izakhamuzi, abanikazi bamabhizinisi, namaqembu okuphatha umthetho angamelela noma amelane nomthetho. Amanye amadolobha amukela futhi ukukhulumela okubhaliwe. Ukufakwa komphakathi kungaholela ezinguquni ezinkulu, ngokwesibonelo, ukulungisa umthetho womsindo osekelwe ekunikezeni izimemezelo kwabaculi nakubaphathi beqembu.
Ukufunda Nokuzijabulisa Okugcina
Umthetho uthola ukufundwa kokuqala (ngokuvamile isihloko) kanye nokufundwa kwesibili (umbhalo ogcwele). Umkhandlu uvota. Iningi livele lanele, nakuba amanye amadolobha omthetho-mthetho edinga inzuzo enkulu yezinhlobo ezithile", njengokukhuliswa kwentela noma ushintsho oluboshiwe. Uma udluliswa, umthetho uyasayinwa umphathi wedolobha futhi ube umthetho, ngokuvamile ngemva kwesikhathi sokulinda (umz., izinsuku ezingu-30) ukuze ukhishwe.
Umphumela Wokweqisa Kwamadolobha Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke
Umsindo ovela endaweni yokwakha eseduze, amahora esitolo esisekhoneni, nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu yakho (nemithetho yendawo) kulawulwa ukuphakama kwesakhiwo sakho sokuhlala.
Izici Zokwakha Nomakhelwane
I-Zoning inquma ukuthi uphahla lwakho lunezindlu zomkhaya owodwa, i-duplexes, noma imibhoshongo yamafulethi. Imithetho ye-Renter ibekwe kahle ezimisweni zezindlu zokuqasha − imisa izindinganiso zokugcinwa kwezindawo, izimemezelo zokuxoshwa, nokuhlala. Amanye amadolobha “anemithetho elinganisela ukuqashwa kwendlu ngonyaka, kanti amanye anemithetho evimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe emthonjeni wemali.
Imisebenzi Yezamabhizinisi
Uma uqhuba ibhizinisi, kumelwe unamathele ezimisweni ezihlanganisa amahora, ukukhangisa ngaphandle, ukulahla imfucumfucu, kanye nomthamo wabathengi. Ngokwesibonelo, abanikazi bamasheya babhekene nemithetho yempilo eqinile futhi bangadinga imvume ekhethekile yokuhlala emgwaqweni noma ngasekupheleni kwenkonzo yasebusuku. Amabhizinisi asekhaya ngokuvamile kufanele abhalise futhi ahlangabezane nemingcele ekuhambeleni nakusayina.
Izindawo Zomphakathi Nokuzijabulisa
Amapaki, izindawo ezikude, kanye nemizila yemigwaqo ilawulwa yimithetho evimbela ukubhema, utshwala, noma umsindo okhulisiwe. Amanye amadolobha anemithetho evimbela ukuhlala noma ukulala emigwaqweni yezentengiselwano, kuyilapho amanye ebeka phambili ubuciko bomphakathi nemvume yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Amahora epaki abekwe ngokwemithetho.
Imikhuba Yokusizungezile
Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kabusha okuphoqelelwe kuya ekuvinjelweni kwepulasitiki eyodwa, amadolobha ayizindawo zokucwaninga zokwenza inqubo yendawo ezungezile. Abaningi baye bamisa imithetho efuna izakhiwo ezintsha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso ze-LEED noma ze-Energy Star. Imithetho yokulondolozwa kwamanzi njengemingcele yokunisela amanzi ngezomiso phakathi nesomiso.
Indlela Yokuhlala Uyazi Ngobugebengu Basedolobheni
Ukuba ngomatasa kunokuba uthathe isinyathelo kukwenza ugweme amafashini futhi kukunikeza izwi lokuthonya umphakathi wakini.
- Ukuvakashela ingosi esemthethweni yedolobha lakho[ - Amadolobha amaningi alondoloza i-mtholalwazi yezimiso ku-inthanethi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-“Minicipal Code”). Yibekele uphawu bese uhlola ukushintshwa.
- Uphawu lwezaziso - amadolobha amaningi anikeza izixwayiso ze-imeyili noma umbhalo uma imithetho emisha ihlongozwa noma yamukelwa.
- Imihlangano yemikhandlu yedolobha ebanzi cishe, lemihlangano iwumphakathi. Amadala akhishwa kusengaphambili, ukuze ubone ukuthi yiziphi izinqumo ezicatshangelwayo.
- landela imithombo yezindaba yendawo - Amaphephandaba neziteshi zomphakathi zivame ukuhlanganisa izinguquko ezinkulu zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isimemezelo semithetho ye-NPR yendawo [ izindaba zezindaba zezindaba ezithinta imingcele.
- Sebenzisa izinhlelo zomphakathi noma imithombo yezokuxhumana - Isethioput, amaqembu eFacebook, kanye nama-akhawunti ezokuxhumana edolobheni ngokuvamile ahlanganyela ulwazi oluhlobene nomthetho.
Indlela Yokuthonya Iziqubulo Zasemadolobheni
Akudingeki ube usopolitiki ukuze ushintshe imithetho yendawo.
Yiba Khona Ezindlebeni Zeningi Futhi Ukhulume
Uma umthetho ukhona ukuze uxoxiswe, ukuqulwa kwamacala kukunika ithuba lokukhuluma ngokuqondile namalungu omkhandlu. Lungisa isitatimende esifingqiwe ``Imizuzu engaphezu kwemithathu()) bese uhlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho nomthetho ohlongozwayo.
Xhumana Nelungu Lomkhandlu Wakho
I-imeyili eyodwa noma ucingo lungatshala imbewu. Ziveze ngokwakho, uchaze ukuma kwakho, futhi usikisele izinguquko ezithile. Landela ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala. Amalungu omkhandlu amaningi akulungele ngempela ukuzwa izihloko zakhona, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezingaphikiswa.
Indlela Ozokwakha Noma Ujoyine Inhlangano Yomakhelwane
Izinhlangano zomakhelwane ngokuvamile ziba nemihlangano njalo nezisebenzi zasedolobheni futhi zingaveza imithetho ngokwazo, futhi zingahlanganisa ubufakazi nemithombo yezindaba.
Sebenzisa Izinxuso Nendlela Yokubuyisela Imali
Uma umkhandlu wedolobha udlulisa umthetho owuphikisa kakhulu, ezinye izifundazwe zivumela inqubo ye-arendendium lapho izakhamuzi zingavota khona ukuba ziwuvote. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izicelo zokuqala zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifake umthetho ohlongozwayo ku-colot. La mathuluzi adinga ukuqoqa izignesha ezanele (ngokuvamile iphesenti labavoti ababhalisiwe).
Gijimela ihhovisi lendawo
Ngokuba abazinikele kakhulu, ukugijimela umkhandlu wedolobha noma isikhundla ebhodini lokuhlela kukubeka ngokuqondile esihlalweni sokubusa. Ngisho nomkhandlu wedolobha elincane ungahlela imithetho ethinta izinkulungwane zabantu.
Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukulandisa Okuphawulekayo EDolobheni
Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela imithetho eshintsha ngayo indlela abantu abaphila ngayo — uma bephila kangcono noma okubi kakhulu.
I - ordinance Encane YaseSeattle (2014)
I-Seattle yadlula ngenye yemithetho yokuqala yeholo elingaphansi kwe - R2,50. Ifakwe ngobukhulu bomqashi futhi ihlanganisa imithetho ecushiwe yokuthenga ngesikweleti. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ngemva kokusetshenziswa, iholo lenyuka ngokuphawulekayo kuyilapho ukukhula komsebenzi kuncipha kancane. Amanye amadolobha alandela isilinganiso, futhi umthetho waba yisibonelo sezihlongozo eziphezulu zikahulumeni.
I - ordinance Yase - Austin Emfushane
U-Austin, eTexas, wamisa imithetho eqinile yamapulatifomu anjenge-Airbnb ne-VRBO, wahlukanisa zonke izindawo zokuqasha nezindawo zomnikazi. Umthetho wawuhloselwe ukulondoloza izindlu ezibizayo nomphakathi. Wabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho kubaphathi bempahla kodwa wasekelwa kakhulu. Imithetho efanayo ise-New Orleans, Portland, naseSan Francisco.
I - Plastic Bag Ban yaseLos Angeles (2014
I-LA’s inqabela izikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswayo eyodwa, kanye nemali ephindwe kayishumi yezikhwama zephepha, ukuncishiswa kwezikhwama ezithengiswayo ezitolo ezihlanganyela ekuthengeni. Umthetho futhi wakhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo esisezingeni eliphezulu sikahulumeni futhi wamukelwa abasekeli bendawo ezungezile.
Izinselele Nezindawo Ezizungezile Ezizungeze Idolobha
Ngisho nemithetho egcinwe kahle ingadala ukungezwani. Ukuqonda lezingibe kukusiza ukuba ulwe nonya ngezihlongozo ezintsha.
Ukwehluka Ngokuphoqelelwa
Ezinye izimiso ziphoqelelwa ngokungafanele kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yomsindo ingasetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezithola imali encane kodwa inganakwa kwezezicebile. Lokhu kungabangela ukungathembani nokumangalelwa kokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa okungakhethi.
Ukuphikiswa Nokwethuka Komphakathi
Uma umthetho uvimbela amalungelo empahla noma imisebenzi yebhizinisi, ngokuvamile ibhekene nokukhungatheka. Abaphikisi bangase bafake icala elisho ukuthi ukwephulwa komthetho kazwelonke, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma amalungelo empahla. Ukushintsha okuthinta izinga lempahla kudlalwa kakhulu.
Ukukhathazeka Ngokulinganayo
Ukungaboni kungalimaza imiphakathi encishisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yokugcinwa kwezindlu ephoqelela ukuhoxiswa kwezindawo ezibizayo ingasusa indawo ephansi yabaqashi abathola imali. Ngokufanayo, “ukulingana kokuphila” imithetho enqabela ukungabi namakhaya − njengokuvinjelwa kokuhlala emphakathini."Izimo ezigxekwayo ngenxa yemiphumela yazo engenakulinganiswa.
Imithetho Ephelelwe Yizwe
Amadolobha amaningi asenemithetho ebhalwe emashumini eminyaka adlule. Imithetho ephathelene namakalishi adonswa amahhashi, izinto zokwakha eziphelelwe isikhathi, noma izimpawu zangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-internet ingaphazamisa ukusungulwa kwemithetho. Ukuhlola njalo nokushona kwelanga imithetho emidala kuyindlela engcono kakhulu amadolobha ambalwa alandela njalo.
Ikusasa Leziqubulo Zasedolobheni
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezimiso zomphakathi kushintsha, kumelwe kube njalo nangemithetho yendawo.
Imininingwane Nezinto Eziningi
Ubuchwepheshe basedolobheni obuhlakaniphile .Izimboni zedolobha elihlakaniphile, amakhamera, kanye nemibuzo eyimfihlo efundwa nge-layisense. Amanye amadolobha aye akhipha imithetho enqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zedolobha (umz., iSan Francisco, Oakland). Amanye adinga ukuvaleka kokukhanya kanye nezimiso zokugcinwa kwemininingwane.
Isimo Sezulu Siyavuleka
Amadolobha asogwini athuthukisa izimfuneko zokwakha ukuphakama kwesimo sezulu, kuyilapho amadolobha aphakathi nezwe ekha izakhiwo eziluhlaza zokulawula amanzi ashisayo.
Imishini Yezigebengu Nesimiso Sezindlu
Impikiswano ngezindawo zobuteji njenge-Airbnb iyaqhubeka. Amadolobha amaningi angenandawo yokuhlala, adinga ukubhaliswa, noma avimbele ngokuqondile izindawo zokuhlala ezingezona ezingekho bugebengu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithetho esemthethweni ehlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala (ADU) iyanda izakhiwo ezindaweni ezinjengeCalifornia.
Izinjini Zogesi Neziyalezo Zokuhamba Kukagesi
Njengoba ukutholwa kwe-EV kukhula, imithetho idinga ukwakhiwa okusha ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukukhokha iziteshi ezikhokhwayo. Amanye amadolobha avumela ukubopha amakhebula ngaphesheya kwemigwaqo (nezivikelo) futhi ayimithetho yokulungisa izimoto zezindawo ze-EV kuphela.
Isiphetho
Imithetho yasemadolobheni iwuhlelo olungenazici ezivamile zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ilawula ibhodi elibonakalayo nelingabonakali ngokufanayo (kusukela ekukhuleni kwebhodi ukuya ekwakhekeni kwamanzi ompompi wakho). Ngokuqonda indlela lemithetho eyenziwa ngayo, iphoqelelwe, futhi ishintshwe ngayo, uba isakhamuzi esinamandla kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulwa nokukhononda komsindo, uqala ibhizinisi lasekhaya, noma usekela isimiso sendawo ezungezile, umthetho wendawo uyisiqalisi sakho. Ungangasheshi, hlala utshelwe, futhi ukhumbule: Imithetho eklanywe idolobha lakho.