Ukukhomba ukhetho olukhululekile nolulungile kuyimfuneko eyisisekelo yanoma yisiphi isigaba sombuso wentando yeningi esisebenzayo. Nokho, indlela yokuthola i-volution igcwele izithiyo zesimiso sokhetho, ukusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe, nokuvela kwezinsongo ezivela ezindaweni ezibanzi. Nakuba inhloso yomuntu oyedwa, ukuvota ngakunye, uma kuthathwa ukubalwa ngokulinganayo, kuvunyelwa kabanzi, iqiniso elisebenzayo ngokuvamile liyafinyela. Kusukela ezindaweni eziqinile ze-operation kuya emikhankantini ephambili eqhutshwe kuyi-inthane, izinselele zihlukene njengoba zikhona. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono owembulunga yonke ngalezi zinkinga, sihlola izimbangela eziyisisekelo, imiphumela yangempela yezwe, kanye namasu asetshenziswayo ukuze kuvikelwe izinqubo zentando yentando yeningi.

Ukonakala Kwezombangazwe: Ubufakazi Bentando Yabantu

Inkohlakalo yezombangazwe mhlawumbe iwukuhlasela okuqondile kokungakhethi. Kubonakala uma labo abaphethe besebenzisa ithonya labo ekuhlobiseni isimiso, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ukonakala kungenzeka noma kuliphi izinga lomjikelezo wokhetho ("ngaphambi, phakathi, noma ngemva kwevoti, futhi imiphumela yako ilimaza umphakathi. Ukufumbathisa kwezikhulu zokhetho, ukuvota, ukuthenga nokusetshenziswa kabi kwemithombo kahulumeni ngenjongo yomkhankaso kuvamile emazweni amaningi. Ezimweni ezidlulele, zonke izimemezelo zabavoti ziyahlehliswa, kuveza imiphumela engekhona nokukhomba komphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zokonakala Ezikhethweni

  • [ Imvume yezikhulu ezikhethayo [ - - iminikelo enikezwa ombhalisi, izisebenzi zokuvota, noma izikhulu ezibuyayo ukuze zishintshe imiphumela noma ziphakamise ukukhwabanisa.
  • Ukuqondiswa komqulu wamavoti - - Faka amagama omgunyathi, ukususa abavoti abasemthethweni, noma ukushintsha amakheli ukuze kususwe abasekeli bamaqembu okuphikiswa.
  • Ukuqinisa abaphikisi [ - Usebenzisa amabutho ombuso okhuseleko, amaqembu ezempi, noma ukuqasha izigebengu ukuze zisongele, zihlasele, noma zibulale izimbangi zezombangazwe.
  • [[NT.0] Ngokubopha ukuthenga [ - - Inkokhelo yemali eqondile, ukudla, noma izimpahla ezinikwa abavoti ukuze basekele,] umkhuba ovame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu lobumpofu.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo kahulumeni – Usebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni, izimoto, ukufinyelela kwemidiya, noma izisebenzi zomphakathi ezisekela umkhankaso othile ngokungemthetho.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekhohlakalweni Kwe - Electoral

Amazwe amaningi aye abhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezihlobene nokonakala kwezombangazwe phakathi nokhetho. Ezingxenyeni ze-Afrika, njengeKenya ne-Nigeria, izimangalo zokuthengwa kwevoti nokubekwa kwentambo ye-gange ziye zabangela ukubhikisha okusakazekile futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, izimpi ezinobudlova. ELatin America, amazwe anjengeBrazil neMexico aye abhekana namahlazo ahilela umkhankaso ongekho emthethweni wokuxhasa imali nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali zomphakathi. Lezi zimo ziqokomisa indlela ukonakala okungasonti ngayo imiphumela yokukhetha kodwa futhi kujulise ukuhlukana kwezentengiselwano nokuwohloka kokholo ebubukhoneni bentando yentando yeningi. Imizimba yezizwe yonke enjenge- inikeza ukuhlola okusemthethweni kwaminyaka yonke okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwalokhu kusetshenziswa kwemithetho embululweni emhlabeni wonke.

Ukucindezelwa Kwezigebengu: Imingcele Engokomthetho Nekwengeziwe

Ukucindezelwa kwe-voter kuwumzamo wangamabomu wokunciphisa ukuncishiswa kwamaqembu athile amanani abantu, ngaleyondlela kushintsha umphumela wokukhetha. Ngokungafani nokukhwabanisa okusobala, ukucindezelwa ngokuvamile kusebenza ngaphakathi kwencwadi yomthetho, okwenza kube nzima ukukufakazela nokukulwa. Amaqhinga asukela ezidingweni zokuhlukanisa ezivimbelayo kuya ekuvalweni kweziteshi zokuhlola ezindaweni ezimbalwa. Umgomo ngaso sonke isikhathi uyefana: ukudambisa amandla okuvota amaqembu abonakala engenakusekela iqembu elizimele noma iqembu elikhulu lezombangazwe.

Amaqhinga Okucindezela Avamile

  • [ Strict Imithetho ye-iocter ye-'FLT' [ - Izimfuneko zesibonakaliso sezithombe zikahulumeni ezithinte ngokungenakulinganiswa ukuvota okuhlawulwayo okungatholakali kahle, asebekhulile, kanye neqembu elincane elingase lintule i-ID enjalo.
  • Ukunciphisa izindawo zokuhlola [ - Iziqiwi emadolobheni noma emaphandleni ezinenani lenani elincane kakhulu labantu, okuholela ekulindeni isikhathi eside nokwehla kwe-pareji.
  • [ Ukuthola okudingeke kuma-posi-latt - Ukubekela umngcele ukuvota okungekho noma ukumisa izinqubo zokusebenza ezilula ezilahla izisebenzi zeshishishi, abafundi, nabantu abakhubazekile.
  • Izicubu zomqulu wamavoti - ukukhipha abavoti ababhalisiwe emilondweni ngaphandle kwesaziso esiqondile, ngokuvamile esisekelwe emniningo enephutha efanayo.
  • [ Imithetho yokuhlukanisa [ – ivimbela abantu ukuba basolwe ngokuvota, inkambiso ethinta izigidi futhi ihlasela ngokungenakuqhathaniswa izigaba zezinhlanga ezincane.

Ithonya Lokumelela Nokwethembana

Umphumela wokucindezelwa kwevoti unamandla. Uma imiphakathi ethile ikhishwa ngokulandelana, uhulumeni okhethiwe uhluleka ukumelela inani eligcwele labantu. Lokhu kungabikho komfanekiso kungaholela ezimisweni ezibangela ukuncitshiswa kwamaqembu ampofu kakade, kudala umjikelezo onzima wokulahla nokungathembani. Ukucwaninga okungenziwa yizinhlangano ezinjenge Brennan Center yeJaji [[ ifaka imbonakaliso ukuthi ngisho nezinguquko zokuphatha ezibonakala zingathathi hlangothi ngamaqembu amakhulu ezinkulungwane zevoti emjikelezweni wokhetho owodwa.

Ithonya Lobuchwepheshe: Inkemba Enezinhlangothi Ezimbili

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuthuthukisa ukubonakala kokhetho (njengemishini yokuvota yomshini, ukuvota nge-electron, nomphumela wangempela wobika. Nokho, futhi kudala izingozi ezinkulu. Indawo ye-minustry iye yaba indawo lapho ukudukiswa kwezindaba kusakazeka ngokushesha kunabaqondisi bamaqiniso, abadlali bangaphandle bazama ukuphazamisa izimiso zokuvota, futhi ulwazi lomvoti lwebiwe noma lwenziwe ngezikhali. Amapulatifomu afanayo enza ukuba abavoti bafinyelele izigidi zabavoti futhi angasetshenziswa khona ekulawuleni umbono womphakathi futhi alulaze ukuqiniseka ngenqubo.

Ukungatholi Ulwazi Nemikhankaso Yokungaqondi

Ukwaziswa okungamanga ngabavoti, izinqubo zokuvota, noma izinsuku zokukhetha kungadida abavoti futhi kunqande ukuhlanganyela. Okhethweni abaningi bamuva nje − kuhlanganise nalabo base-United States, eFrance, naseKenya((ecomputer) kusetshenziselwa ukuveza amanga ngokukhwabanisa, ukuxhasa igebe, ngisho nesikhathi nendawo yokuvota. Amavidiyo ajulile kanye nenkulumo - ze ye-AII-gevevevevea zenezela ubunkimbinki, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuhlukanisa iqiniso namanga. IKhomisha yaseNew Zealand ithathe imikhankani yokufunda ukufunda nokubhala izinombolo ukuze ilwe lokhu, kodwa inselele.

Ukungalondeki Kusongela Ukungahleleki Kokhetho

Izinhlelo zokuvota, amavoti, nezimiso zokuvota ziyizisulu ezikhangayo zokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi. Ohulumeni bangaphandle, abaphangi, namaqembu obugebengu bangazama ukuphula lezi zimiso ukuze bebe ukwaziswa, baphazamise imisebenzi, noma bashintshe imiphumela. Ukhetho lomongameli wase-2016 lwahlola ukungeniswa kwezimiso zokukhetha zikahulumeni, okwaholela ekufunyanisweni kwesizwe ngezindlela ezingcono. Imishini yokuvota igxekwa futhi igxekwe ngokuntula izinhlelo zephepha, okwenza kube nzima ukuphindela iziphumo zenqubo yokuvota esuselwa kuhulumeni okusolwayo.

Imfihlo Yemininingwane Nokusebenzisa Ithonya

Ukuqoqwa nokusetshenziswa kokwaziswa komuntu siqu kwemikhankaso yezombangazwe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu yimfihlo. Amasu acushiwe afakwa ezinhlangothini ezincane kakhulu .Imikhankaso edume kakhulu esetshenziswa yiCambridge Analytica − yokuvumela ukuthumela imiyalezo edluliselwe kubantu abavotileyo esekelwe ezicini zabo zengqondo. Nakuba inqubo enjalo ingekhona okungekhona okungekhona okungokomthetho ngokwemvelo, ingalawula ukuziphatha ngezindlela eziphazamisa ukwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo. Amavoter angaze aqaphele ngisho nokuthi ahloselwe ukuhloselwe ukuvusa ukwesaba, intukuthelo, noma ukudidelwa kunokutshela ukukhetha kwawo.

Indima Yababukeli Bokukhetha Bomhlaba Wonke

Ukuhlola ukhetho lwezizwe zonke kuyinqubo eyinhloko yokuthuthukisa ubuqotho bokhetho. Izinhlangano ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezokuphepha Nokubambisana EYurophu ( OSCE/ODIHR), i-African Union, ne-Carter Center computer amaqembu okuhlola ukuthi amasuntswana ahlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zokhetho zomhlaba wonke. Ukuba khona kwazo kungavimbela ukukhohlisa futhi kunikeze ukuhlaziya okungacaci, okungasolwayo kwenqubo. Izazi zihlola yonke into ngokubhalisa umvoti nomkhankaso ukuze zibone ukuthi inzuzo yokuvota nokubala.

Lokho Izibukeli Ezikubhekayo

  • [ Ukuvumelana nomthetho wezwe lonke - Ukunamathela ezivumelwaneni nasemihlanganweni, njengeSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe.
  • [[[QULT:0] Isimiso somthetho nomthetho [[QL:1] - ukuthi imithetho yokhetho ilungile, itshekile, futhi isetshenziswa njalo.
  • Indawo ezungezile ye-Campaign – Inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, neyokuxhumana; ukungabikho kokwesabisa noma ubudlova.
  • Isifuba nokulondeka kwe-Ballot – izilinganiso zokuvimbela ukuphazanyiswa nokuqinisekisa amavoti ukubalwa njengokuphothiwe.
  • Ukuphikisana nokuphikisa izwi lesinqumo – ukuba khona kwezinqubo ezingakhethi ezibekela inselele.

Impumelelo Nokulinganiselwa

Kunezibonelo eziningi lapho izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke ziye zasiza ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokhetho. EGhana, imisebenzi yokuhlola isikhathi eside yanezela ekushintsheni okunokuthula kombuso. EGeorgia, i-OSCE ukutusa kwaholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo okungokomthetho. Nokho, izingqapheli zibhekana nokulinganiselwa: zingaveza izinkinga kuphela, zingazilungisi. Ohulumeni abaphethe izikhali bangase bavimbele ukufinyelela kwabo, futhi imibiko yabo inganakwa yilabo abaphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona nje kwezingqapheli akukuvimbelanga ukukhomba okunqunyiwe okunganqunyiweyo okusebenza ngemuva kweminyango.

Ubuqotho Obusemqoka Nemisebenzi Yezomthetho

Ama-alphamenti aqinile abalulekile ekulondolozeni ukhetho. Amaqumrhu alawula i-conpendent offail (EMB) awe-operal (eMB), imithetho yezezimali ecacile, kanye nezinqubo zempikiswano eziqinile zosizo zinciphisa indawo yokudlala. Nokho ngisho nemithetho ebekwe kahle ayisebenzi uma ingaphoqelelwa. Emazweni amaningi, imithetho ekhethiwe inezaba ezivumela ukonakala noma ukucindezelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, izincazelo ezingacacile ze "ukungenela kwe-Ocation" zingavumela imithombo yezindaba ephikiswayo ukuba isebenze njengezitho zenkulumo zenkulumo - zenkulumo zenkulumo zenkulumo - zecala ngaphandle komphumela. Ukwethembeka kokhetho kuxhomeke kakhulu emasikweni omthetho.

Izici Zomsebenzi Oqotho Wezomthetho

  • [[UMTH:0] Ikhomishane yokukhetha ezimele -Engaphandle kwethonya lesikhulu, enemali elondekile kanye nezinqubo ezibonisayo.
  • [ Imali yomkhankaso esobala [ – iDiscire yeminikelo, isilinganiso, nokuvinjelwa kweminikelo yangaphandle.
  • [ Imithombo yezindaba ukufinyelela - Imithetho eqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abazobhapathizwa bathola i-transfer, kuhlanganise nabasakazi bomphakathi.
  • Ukubhalisa kwevoter kuvikela[ – iqoqo elinembile, elivuselelwe njalo elinezinqubo zokulungisa.
  • [ umqondisi wenkonzo [ – izinkantolo ezingalungisa izikhalo ezicatshangelwe ngokushesha nangokungakhethi.

Izinselele Nezifundo Zesifunda Ezifundiwe

Izindawo ezihlukahlukene zibhekene nezithiyo ezikhethekile zokhetho, kodwa izimpikiswano eziningi emhlabeni wonke. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elimisiwe, ukunganaki kwabavoti nethonya lemali kwezombangazwe kuyakhula. Ebuthweni elizimele elishintshayo . njengalezo ezisezindaweni ezilandelana ngemva kuka-prest[6] conclistt, ukuntuleka kokuthembana kungalulaza ngisho nezimiso ezibekwe kahle. Imibuso yama-Autocracy isekela ngokuqhubekayo "izisekeli" ezingekhululekile noma ezingakhethi, ezizisebenzisa njengethuluzi lokuqinisa amandla kunokuba zimelele izakhamuzi. Ukuhlolwa kwalezimo-mongo zembulunga yonke kuvumela umphakathi ukuba wazi ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisebenzayo nokuthi azikho.

Izifundo Ezivela E - Afrika: Indima Yezidumbu Zesifunda

I-Afrika iye yaphumelela futhi yabuyela emuva. I-African Union ne-ECOWAS baye bafeza indima esebenzayo ekukhuthazeni izimpikiswano futhi benqaba ukuqinisekisa ukhetho olunamaphutha. Nokho, izenzakalo ezifana nokhetho lwaseKenya lwango-2017 olwachithwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme (elandelwa yi-reparun eyacekwa.) ebonisa indlela intuthuko elula ngayo. Ukuqinisa amandla okuhlola nokukhetha kwasekhaya kuhlala kuseza kuqala.

Izifundo Ezivela EMpumalanga Yurophu: Ukulwa Nosongo Lwe - Hybrid

Amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu, ikakhulukazi lawo asemamngceleni eRussia, aye abhekana namaqhinga empi axubile ahlanganisa ukuhlaselwa kwezimiso zokhetho nge - Internet nemikhankaso yokuchitha izinqubo. Izinguquko zezincwadi zase-Ukraine ngemva kwenguquko yonyaka ka - 2014 zinikeza ucwaningo lwezehlakalo ekwakheni izikhali ezisekela ukuvota kanye nokubheca okukhudlwana kwezimali. Inselele iwukuqhubeka ngaphambi kokusongelwa kobuchwepheshe.

Izifundo Ezivela KwaseMelika: Ukulwa Nokucindezelwa

Ezweni lase-United States nase-Latin America, ukucindezelwa kwabavoti kuseyindaba ehlukanisa kakhulu. Izimpi zenkantolo mayelana nemithetho ye-ID, ukuvota, nokuthola imishini yokuvota kwasekuqaleni kuvamile. Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuvota yamaelektroniki ebhalwe phansi kunconywe ngokunciphisa ukukhohlisa kuyilapho kubangela izimpikiswano zokuphepha. Lesifunda siqokomisa isidingo sokulinganisela ukulondeka nokutholakala.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zezinqumo Ezinhle

Ukubheka phambili, alikho ikhambi elingaqinisekisa ubuqotho bokhetho. Kunalokho, kudingeka indlela ebanzi ehlanganisa inguquko engokomthetho, ubuchwepheshe, imfundo yomphakathi, nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Umgomo ukwenza okhetho lube sobala kakhulu futhi luqinisekiswe ukuthi ukukhohlisa akunakwenzeka ukukufihla.

Ukuthuthukisa Izindlela Zokuhlaziya

  • Izindlela zamaphepha ezikwazi ukufinyelelwa – ngisho nangokuvota nge-electronic, isisekelo sephepha sivumela ukulandisa nokuhlola kwangemva kwe-Preecom.
  • I-RiskÍliting ministry [ - I- Statistics ukuhlola okuqinisekisa imiphumela yokukhetha ngaphandle kokulandisa okugcwele, kunikeza ukuqiniseka ngaphandle kwezindleko ezingaphezulu.
  • [ Izinhlelo zemfundo ze-voter – imikhankaso yokufunda nokubhala efundisa abavoti indlela yokubona ukwaziswa okunganembile, ukuqonda izinqubo zokuvota, nokuqinisekisa ukubhaliswa kwabo.
  • [ Izimali zomkhankaso ezisobala zibika [ – Real Time digital yeminikelo yokunciphisa ithonya lemali emnyama.
  • [ Izindinganiso ze-Cybersecurity – iziqinisekiso zokuvikela ezibotshelelweyo zezimiso zokuvota nokuhlola ukungena komkhuba.
  • I-civil processing umphakathi – Ukuxhasa amaqembu azimele okuhlola asekhaya kanye nezinhlangano ezihlolayo.

Ukubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke Kubalulekile

Akukho zwe elingaxazulula lezinselele zodwa. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke ngokwaziswa okuhlanganyelweyo, ukuhlola i-transformation presective, nosizo lwemisebenzi yokuguqula i-volution kubucayi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-' International i-IDEA[ zisebenza ekuhlanganiseni inqubo engcono kakhulu futhi zinikeze usizo lobuchwepheshe ekusunguleni idemocriation. I-United Nations’s Sustatable Development Development 16 inxusa ngokuqondile ukuba kuhlanganiswe, ukumelela okunekwenziwa kwesinqumo [ I-indectiveA] isikhumbuzo sokuthi ubuqotho bokhetho buyinzuzo yomhlaba wonke.

Isiphetho

Ukusekela ukhetho olulungile kusewumzabalazo oqhubekayo noyinkimbinkimbi. Inkohlakalo yezombangazwe, ukucindezelwa kwabavoti, nokusetshenziswa kwemishini kuyisithiyo esikhulu esidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Nokho umlando ubonisa ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka. Lapho ohulumeni befuna ukuveza obala, umphakathi ubabheka njengonecala, futhi abangane bomhlaba wonke banikeza ukusekela, ubuqotho bezinqubo zokukhetha bungathuthuka ngokuphawulekayo. Njengoba izakhamuzi, abafundisi, nabaholi, sonke sinendima ekufuneni ukuba zonke izindaba zokuvota futhi zibalwe ngokunembile.