Isingeniso

Amanzi ayingxenye yegazi yezimiso zemvelo, amasiko, nezomnotho, futhi emiphakathini yakhona, anezici ezijulile ezingokomoya, ezisebenzayo nezibalulekile. Nokho ukubusa kwemithombo yamanzi kuhlala kunezinkundla eziphikisana kakhulu ekuqondiseni izwe lakhona, lapho ukuxoshwa komlando kungqubuzana khona nezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla. Amazwe omhlaba wonke abhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ekulondolozeni ukufinyelela okungalinganiyo, ukugcina izinga lamanzi, nokusebenzisa amalungelo awo angokwemvelo emanzini. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlangana kwezimiso zamanzi nokuphathwa kwezwe okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlola izithiyo okungokomlando, izithiyo, izithiyo ezindaweni ezingokomthetho zanamuhla nokulawula okuqinile. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubambi bezimiso, abasekeli bendawo ezungezile, abasekeli besebenza ekuphakameleni ukubusa kobukhosi kanye nolwazi lwemvelo.

Umlando Wemivubukulo Yamanzi

Ukungahlangani Nekoloni Nokuphikwa Kwamalungelo Amanzi Esizwe

Imisuka yesimiso sanamuhla samanzi iqala ukuphakama. Ohulumeni bamakoloni eNyakatho Melika, e-Australia, eNew Zealand, nakwezinye izindawo bamisa imithetho yamanzi ehlelekile enganakiwe izimiso zokubusa kwezakhamuzi. E-United States, iPricine of Discovery nezivumelwano ezilandelayo ngokuvamile zigcinelwe izizwe kodwa zisho okuncane ngamanzi zenza izizwe zilwele amalungelo angaqondakali kamuva. ISimemezelo seZizwe Ezihlangene eMalungelweni e-IORROUMED manje] sigunyaza ilungelo lokugcina futhi siqinise izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezihlukeneyo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuhlala kungafaneleki. [[FLT:]

Imfundiso Egciniwe Yamalungelo Nokulinganiselwa Kwawo

Kumthetho wase-U.S., i-Winters Doctrine (1908) yathola ukuthi lapho kusungulwa amathikithi, amanzi anele ayebekwe ukuba afeze injongo yalendawo. Nokho, ukuchaza lawomalungelo , okwaziwayo ngokuthi i-Indian Leadern Water Rights (izizwe eziye zathola ukuthi kunzima kakhulu. Izizwe zibhekene namashumi eminyaka ezifundo ezibizayo, ukuhlola okubizayo kwezezezentengiselwano, nokumelana kwezombangazwe ezizweni eziphansi. Ngokufanayo, eCanada, iCandelo lama-35 loMthetho-Constitution Activery Act liqaphela amalungelo abomdabuni kanye nezivumelwano, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela amalungelo achaza amalungelo amanzi, zishiya izizwe eziningi zokuqala ezingenazo ezingokomthetho. Isinqumo sase-Australia sase-Ostrea (1992) siqashe isiqu somphakathi samanzi, kodwa sinomthetho sisamukela izakhiwo zamanzi ezisezimbonini ezisezimbonini ezisezindaweni zomphakathi ezisenakele.

Ukusakazwa Kolwazi Lwesiko Nemikhuba Engokwesiko

Imiphakathi yezakhamuzi, kusukela e-Māori waseNew Zealand kuya e-Anishimabe of the Great Lakes, yasungula izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphatha amanzi ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezizukulwane eziphakathi konyaka nasemkhakheni ongokomoya. Izimiso zobukoloni zayicindezela ngokuzikhandla le misebenzi, zithathe indawo yayo ngezithombe eziqoshiwe. Umphumela waba ukulahlekelwa okubili: Ukubusa kwesizwe kwancishwa, futhi ukuhlakanipha kwendawo ezungezile okusemfashinini kufakwe kulawomasiko kuseceleni. Namuhla, indikimba ekhulayo yezincwadi zokucwaninga indlela i-Ivory ehlanganisa ngayo ulwazi olungathuthukisa ngayo ukugcinwa kwamanzi, kodwa izakhiwo zezimiso zokulawula ngokuvamile zihlala zingasabeli.

Izinselele Zokusetshenziswa Kwamanzi Kwamanje

Emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokususwa kwamanzi ngokusemthethweni, ukubusa kwamanzi kwabendabuko kusalokhu kusezicuphweni ezingokomthetho, ezingokomthetho, nasemvelweni. Lezi zinselele azizona ezazodwa noma ezibangelwa yi-otherthic; ziyahlukahluka ngokwendawo, ukuma kwesivumelwano, kanye nokuthola imithombo yemali. Kodwa kuvela izindlela ezivamile.

Izingxabano Ezingokomthetho Nezingosi

Izimpi mayelana nokwabiwa kwamanzi, izindinganiso zokubaluleka, kanye negunya lokwenza izinqumo zigcwele i-Inold-pane. E-United States, i- i-Colorado River Basin iyindawo eshayelelayo: izizwe ziphethe amanye amalungelo amadala kakhulu, kodwa eziningi azinazo isisekelo sokusebenzisa amanzi abekelwe indawo yazo, kuyilapho abasebenzisi abangabodwa base-Indiyan bephambuka. I-Juridictionaral expoints phakathi kombuso, umbuso, nohulumeni besizwe benza izikhala ezibambekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-clean Water Acts Actssss njengohlelo lwezwe (TAS) luvumela izizwe ukuba zihlele izinga lamanzi, kodwa ingxeshanyana kuphela yezizwe ezifanelekayo ezithokoziwe. Ngaphandle kokungcoliswa kwemithombo ezindaweni ezihlala kuyo ngokuvamile ayamukele.

ECanada, i-Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia (2014 Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme saqinisekisa isiqu saboMdabu base-Australia ukuba bahlale ezweni, kodwa amalungelo amanzi ahlangene nalelosihloko ahlala esemthethweni. Izizwe zokuqala zizithola zisenkantolo ukuze zivimbele noma zikhokhele ukuwela kwemibhobho yemibho, izakhiwo zamadamu, kanye nokuhoxa kwezemboni okusongela amanzi azo. Lempi engokomthetho ikhipha imithombo yomphakathi, ibambezele izakhiwo ezidingekayo, futhi ishiye imibuso yezenzwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kokuthola Izimiso Ezithile

Mhlawumbe uphawu olubi kakhulu lokuhluleka kwenqubo yamanzi ukuhlukana kwamanzi ayisisekelo nezinkonzo zokukhucululwa kwendle. E-Navajo, indawo enkulu kakhulu e-United States, cishe amaphesenti angu-30 ezakhamuzi awanawo amanzi empompi (isilinganiso esiphakeme kunasemazweni amaningi asathuthuka. Imikhaya idonsa amanzi emithonjeni ehlangene noma ithenge amanzi ngamabhodlela ngezindleko ezinkulu. Inkinga ayiyona kuphela eNingizimuntshona: Izizwe Zokuqala eCanada ziye zathola izibilisi ezihlala iminyaka eminingi zihamba emanzini. E-Australia, imiphakathi yama - Abomdabu bomdabu ibhekene nokungalondeki kwamanzi okungapheli, ezinye ezithembele emadwani asemadwa noma emithonjeni angalaphi.

Izimbangela eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa izinhlelo zezesisekelo ezingathandeki kakhulu, izithiyo zezakhiwo, kanye nokuqhelile kwemiphakathi eminingi. Imithwalo yemfanelo ye-Federal ayivamile ukufinyelelwa; imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa izakhiwo zamanzi ase-Indian Health Service ayisweleki kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhambi avamile okwelapha amanzi aklanyelwe ukuhla kwezindawo zasemadolobheni angase asebenze kahle endaweni eyomile noma eqhelile. Imiklamo yomphakathi ehlanganisa ukukhiwa kwamanzi avamile noma ukugcinwa kwemali ephansi ayivamile ngezinhlangano zezezimali.

Ukudilizwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Amazwe ahlala khona namanzi athinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa ngokumbiwa, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ezolimo, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. I-Dakota Access Pirline e-Signal Rock yabonisa indlela umsebenzi owodwa wezesisekelo osongela ngayo wonke umthombo wamanzi wesizwe, kodwa izingxabano ezinjalo zenzeka nsuku zonke embulungeni yonke. I-Mercury esuka emigodini yegolide ingcolisa imifula ePeruvian Amazon esetshenziswa abantu abahlala e-Indiya. Imisebenzi yokuhlenga i-North Dakota iye yahlobana ukuchitha izakhiwo ezingcolisa izakhiwo eziseduze nezindawo. I-avercity egcwele izinambuzane nenkanyezi ingcolisa izinga lamanzi eGreat Lakes, ithinta i-mageocroballs namanzi angcwele.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunciphisa iqhwa elinyakazayo ehlobo eligelezayo emifuleni encikene ne-Andes. I-Dornot yandisa ukuncintisana kwamanzi e-American Southwest, lapho izizwe ezinamalungelo aphezulu zicindezelwa ukuba ziwathathele ukwandisa amadolobha. Amazinga olwandle afaka engozini izakhiwo ezihlala ogwini eLouisiana nase-Arctic, acindezela ukuthutha okuphazamisa ubuhlobo obudala namanzi. Ukuncintisana komthetho kuyaqhubeka kuncipha futhi kuqhekeka; amazwe amaningi antula izakhiwo zokuvikela imithombo yamanzi ekhuphukile ezindaweni ezichumayo.

Izikhala Zemithetho Nokuqedwa Kwezakhiwo

Ngisho noma imithetho ikhona ephepheni ukuze ivikele amalungelo amanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kuvame ukuba buthakathaka. Inkululeko, iMinist, ne Inbignifig Conise Conise (FPIC), isimiso esiyinhloko se-UNDRIP, akuvamile ukuphoqelelwa ekunikezeni izinqumo. Ezenzweni, ohulumeni nezinhlangano ziqhubeka nemisebenzi yokuvimbela izinhlanga, bethemba ukuthi izinkantolo zizonika abantu imbuyiselo esemthethweni kunayalezeluleko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho wamanzi emazweni amaningi uhlala uboshelwe ezinwini ezisempangosweni ezizimele kanye nokulawulwa kwezwe, ushiyela igumbi elincane lezithombe ze-Ivocance ezibustry ezibheka amanzi njengethemba umphakathi noma njengelungu eliphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Whanuni River yaseNew Zealand uthola ubukhonzi bomthetho ku-201717, kudunyiswa njengokukhiswa kwempumelelo yesimo esinciphile, futhi neminye imifula elwa ukulwa iMilanisa iMilane.

Izinqubo Zokusingatha Izinselele Zokusetshenziswa Kwamanzi

Ukuguqula inqubo yamanje kudinga indlela ebanzi ekhuluma ngokuqashelwa okungokomthetho, inkampani yomphakathi, ukutshala izakhiwo, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, kanye nokulawula okubambisana. Lamacebo alandelayo awaphelele, kodwa amelela izindlela eziqinile nezithembisayo.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Nokubaluleka Kwamalungelo Amanzi Omdabu

Kuyacaca, amalungelo amanzi agunyaziswayo ayisisekelo. E-United States, uhlelo lwamanzi e-WaterSMART[ lwe-Bureau of Reclamenation lusekele izindawo ezinamalungelo angokohlanga ezihlanganisa izakhiwo zokwabiwa kwamanzi, izisekelo zezimali, nokusungula izakhiwo zokubusa. Phakathi kuka-1978 no-2023, indawo zamanzi esizwe ezingaphezu kwezingu-30 zamiswa yi-Congress, ukunikeza isiqinisekiso nemithombo yemali. Nokho, izizwanabe i-mthetho wesizwe ehlanganisa ukuhlanganisa inqubo yokuhlanganisa i-interlinegconetic, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zihlanganisa amalungiselelo okuthuthukisa isimo sezulu nezindawo zamanzi kuyizinyathelo elibucayi. ECanada, ukuqashelwa kwelungelo lamanziwomdabukweni nasemabusweni enkantolo yanamuhla kumelwe kuchukuqulwe.

Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Alayishwe Umphakathi Nokuhlanganiswa Kolwazi

Izindawo ezihlala kuzo azizona nje izibambi-mali nabagcini bolwazi. Uma izizwe zilawula ukuphatha kwazo amanzi, imiphumela iyathuthuka. I-White Earth Band yase-Ojibwe eMinnesota, ngokwesibonelo, isungule ipulani yamanzi ebanzi esekelwe e-Anishimaabe ye- UNibi Gigami[ [iMachibi] [Amakhulu] [i-Akachibi] njengesihlobo) futhi isebenzise umthetho wesizwe ukulawula ukuhoxa komfuka amanzi. Ngokufanayo, i-Kamayoq ye-Anchoa yasePeru ivuse ubuchwepheshe bokuvuselela izakhiwo zakhona. Abenzi be-Prigoriccom kufanele baxhase izinhlangano zezindawo, futhi bathuthukise ukulawulwa kolwazi lwendawo ezungezile.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezezimali Zokutshala Ngemiklamo Yomdabu

Ukuvala igebe lokungena emanzini kudinga ukusekelwa okuqinile, okuvumelanayo. I-U.S. Congress’s 2021 I-Indiya Health Service Act ihlanganisa imali entsha ephawulekayo emisebenzini yezempilo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwathatha kancane. Ngaphezu kwenani, izihloko eziphambili: izisekelo kufanele ziklanywe ngokufakwa komphakathi, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanele obufana nempompi zamandla elanga, ukuvunwa kwamanzi emvula, kanye nezimiso zokwelapha ezihloniphekile. Ukuqeqesha abasebenzisi bendawo nokuqinisekisa izimali zokulondolozwa kwamathuba amade kudingekile. Izinhlelo ezifana ne- EPA’S Tribaltic Water Infraclactive Program[FLD [FLD:1]] zinikeza uhlelo lobuchwepheshe nolunikeza usizo lwe-I-IAntaline, kodwa kufanele zikhuliswe futhi zikhuliswe.

Izivikelo Zendawo Ezungezile Eziqinisiwe Ne - covernence Ecwiliswe Ngamanzi

Imiphakathi yezakhamuzi kumelwe ibe negunya elibalulekile lokuvikela amanzi ayo ekungcoleni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ikhono lokumisa izinga lamanzi phezulu kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni −a amandla uhlelo lwe-TAS oluwanikezayo kodwa angaphansi ngenxa yokungalawuleki. Amalungiselelo e-co-governance angaguqula futhi ukuphikisana kube yi-internet. Ngokwesibonelo, iKlamath River Basin eCalifornia nase Oregon yabona ukususwa kwedamu elikhulu kakhulu e-U.S. umlando ngo-2024, uqhutshwa amashumi eminyaka e-i-yurok, i-Karuk, nezinye izizwe ezaziyi-mastersssss. Ukulungisa ithembisa izinzuzo zezinhlanzi, izinga lamanzi, nemikhuba engokwesiko. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zidinga ukusekela ukuphatha, ukuthembana kwegunya, nokuphathana kwegunya.

Ukwenza Izimiso Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nengxenye Yomphakathi

Inkambiso yamanzi ayinakwenziwa yemiphakathi yesizwe ngaphandle kokuhileleka kwayo ngokuqondile. Ukubambisana okunempumelelo kusho okungaphezu kokuhlola okungokomthetho; kudinga umthetho ohlangeneyo, izindikimba ezihlangeneyo, nokumelelwa okulinganayo emabhodini amanzi. Izingxoxo zeNational Water Policy yeCanada zihlanganise ukuhola kokuqala kwezizwe, kodwa ithonya langempela lihlala lingoguquguquka. Izwe laseHawaii’s Commission on Water Resource Management ihlanganisa i-way Management, futhi i-omfontss amaqembu asebenza nge-omswonds e-Australia azuza isihlalo etafileniat nge-National Water Incoative. Le mizamo kufanele ikhuliswe futhi ikhuliswe.

Ukuhlola Izifo Ekuqondisweni Kwamanzi Kwezakhamuzi

Isizwe SamaNavajo: Umshikashika Wokugijima Ngamanzi

INavajo Nation, ehlanganisa i-Arizona, iNew Mexico, ne-Utah, ibonisa amandla amakhulu ezindawo zesisekelo. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi yamanzi esabelweni sezwe kuye kwancipha. Umthetho wezakhiwo ezingu-2021 wanikeza inzuzo ekhethekile eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R3,8 yamanzi enkonzo yaseNdiya kanye nemisebenzi yokukhuculula indle kuzo zonke izizwe, kodwa iNavajo kuphela ilinganisela ukuthi idinga imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4 zamaRandi ukuxhumanisa yonke imizi. Okwamanje, izakhamuzi zithembele kubathuthi bamanzi abangalawuleki, zisebenzisa ingxenye engaphezulu kakhulu yemali yazo edonswayo emanzini. Amaqembu anjenge-Navajo Die Project afake i-gstation yamanzi eNavajod angamakhulu emikhaya, kodwa ifuna ushintsho lwezimiso zezombangazwe oluqhubekayo.

IMāori noMfula iWhangui: Ukuba Umuntu Ongokomthetho njengethuluzi

Ngo-2017, i-New Zealand yadlula i-Te Awa Tupua Act, iqaphela ngokomthetho ukuthi uMfula iWhangui uyinto ephilayo enamalungelo awo. Umthetho wamisa ibhodi elinamapulangwe alinganayo eMāori ne-Hunbor ukuze liqondise umfula, futhi yavuma ukuhlobana okujulile okungokomoya phakathi kweWhanganii iwi (isizwe) nomfula. Nakuba isenzo siye sanconywa njengesiqalo, ukumiswa kwaso kwembula izinselele: ibhodi lisebenza phakathi kwezimiso zemisebenzi yemisebenzi yemisebenzi ye-oral comme, futhi amalungu e-iwi abika ukukhungathekiswa kancane kwentuthuko yamanzi. Ngakho, isibonelo esingokomthetho siye sakhuthaza imizamo efanayo eCanada (ngenxa yoMfuleni we-Magpie) naseNdiya, ebonisa ukuthi imiqondo yalomthetho ingaveza izinselele lapho kusekelwa umthetho.

Ukulwela Ukwakha Amachibi Amakhulu Esizwe

I-Anishimaabe ezungeze iGreat Lakes iye yathuthukisa indlela yokuphatha izivumelwano. Isivumelwano saseWashington sonyaka ka-1836 sanikeza amalungu esizwe amalungelo okudoba eMazini amakhulu nasemanzini aphakathi, futhi ngo-2002, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yasekela lawomalungelo [eGreat Lakes] United States] v. Michigan. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izizwe ziye zahlanganyela ekuphatheni izinhlanzi nge-Chippea Ottawa Igunya Lezenyuksi (CORA). Nakuba lenkambiso yamanzi ingenayo ngokuphelele, lenkambiso ichithe imiphumela engaphandle: izizwe zinezwi elisezingeni lokuvikela amanzi, izinhlu ezihlangene, nezinqunywe ngokuhlela amapulani. Isivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano se-CPropea Opera Oce Accement Ad.

Isiphetho

Isimiso samanzi siwumphumela wokuthathelwa imingcele engokomlando, ukungaqondakali okungokomthetho, ukunganaki kwezakhiwo, nokucindezela kwendawo ezungezile − kodwa intuthuko idinga ukuqaphela ukuthi amalungelo amanzi ezakhamuzi akuwona nje amagugu empahla; ayizimpawu zobukhosi, amasiko, nomthwalo wemfanelo ezisizukulwaneni ezizayo. Kusukela kwiSiko Lemfundiso se-Winters ukuya ku-UNDRIP, izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zikhona, kodwa kumelwe zihlanganiswe ngokugcwele futhi zandiswe. Izehliswa ezisemzingeni lokusebenza kumelwe zihlobana nezakhiwo zemvelo kumelwe zihloniswe inhlonipho ngentando ye-Ivolution futhi zihlanganiswe nesakhiwo sekhono. Isivikelo semvelo kumelwe siqiniswe ngezizukulwane ezizayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kolwazi olungokwesiko. Futhi ukubambisana kwezimiso kumelwe kushintshelwe ekuthintaneni komphakathi wezwe.

Indlela engaphambili iyokubuyisana nokubuyisela, ngokuqaphela amaphutha adlule ngesikhathi izinhlelo zokwakha ezisekela amalungelo amanzi abantu abahlala khona njengesisekelo samazwe anempilo, imiphakathi eqinile, namanzi aqinile kubo bonke. Ukuphuthuma kukhulu, kodwa futhi linjalo ithuba. Ngokuqhubekayo ukuqapha, intando yezombangazwe, kanye nokuzimisela ukufunda ngokuhlakanipha okusemikhubeni yamanzi ehlala ekhona, umhlaba ungaqhubekela ezimisweni zamanzi ezifeza ubulungisa nokulingana kwemvelo ngokufanayo.