Usizo lwangaphandle luye lwaba isisekelo sentuthuko yomhlaba wonke, lunikeza imithombo ebalulekile emazweni asweleyo. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwayo ngokuvamile kuyalulazwa lapho isebenza ngokuzehlukanisa nezindawo eziphambili zesizwe. Ukuhlanganisa phakathi kosizo lwangaphandle namalungiselelo entuthuko yesizwe akuyona nje imfuneko eyisisekelo yokulawula intuthuko eqinile. Nakuba kunjalo, naphezu kokuvumelana okukhulu ngokubaluleka kwayo, ukuhleleka kuhlala kuyinto enzima. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuyinkimbinkimbi okubangelwa yilenselele futhi sinikeza izindlela ezisebenzayo zokubambisana okungokwentuthuko.

Ukuchaza Indawo Ebukeka Ngayo: Izinhloso Zokusiza Amazwe Angaphandle Nezentuthuko Yesizwe

Ukuze siqonde inkinga yokuhleleka, kudingekile ukucacisa kuqala okuxoxwayo. Usizo lwangaphandle lwaziwa futhi njengosizo lwezentuthuko esemthethweni (ODA).(encompasses) lunikeza, ukuboleka imali, usizo lobuchwepheshe, neminikelo ephakathi yohulumeni abanikelayo, izinhlangano eziningi, nezisekelo ezizimele zokusekela izomnotho, umphakathi, kanye nokuthuthuka kwezombangazwe kwamazwe aqashwayo. Ingqikithi ehilelekile ikhona ikhona; ngokwe-OECD, i-ODA evela emazweni angamalungu ifinyelela cishe ku-20222,000 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zama-20.

Amasu entuthuko kazwelonke abanzi, aphakathi kwezinqubo ezithatha isikhathi eside eziklanywe ohulumeni abamukelayo. Bachaza umbono wezwe wokukhula, ukuncitshiswa kobumpofu, izakhiwo, impilo, imfundo, indawo ezungezile, kanye nokulawulwa. Lamaphepha ngokuvamile awumphumela wokuhlola okukhulu futhi amelele izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe. Uma usizo lwangaphandle luvumelana nalamacebo, luqinisa ukuba nendawo, ukunciphisa umkhiqizo, nokwandisa ithonya lamali yonke echithwayo. Uma lungekho, lungahlukanisa imizamo yesizwe, izinto eziza kuqala, futhi lungadala ukuthembela okuhlala njalo.

Umqondo wokulungisa waqashelwa ngokusemthethweni nge-Paris Declaration on Effectiveness (2005), ezisebenzi ezizinikele nabangani bakhona ukuba "sebenzise izimiso zezwe futhi bavumelane namasu okuthuthukisa isizwe" izivumelwano `Accra Agenda for Action (2008) neBusan Partivaship for Effective Development Cooperation (20) (20) (20) (29) igcizelela isidingo sokulandisana nokuhlonipha ubuholi besizwe. Nokho, naphezu kwalezi zinqubo zembulunga yonke, imingcele ephikelelayo iyaqhubeka isithiyo ekuvimbeleni ukuhleleka ekusebenzeni.

Izithiyo Ezihlukahlukene Ezingalungiswa

Izinselele zokuhlela usizo lwakwamanye amazwe namalungiselelo okuthuthukisa izwe azinawo amandla okwakha, ezombangazwe, kanye nezimiso ezingafani phakathi komnikezi nowamukelayo. Ukuqonda lezi zithiyo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokunqoba.

Ukuhlukanisa Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nezici Eziwusizo

Mhlawumbe inselele eyisisekelo ukuthi abanikeli nabamukeli abahlanganyeli njalo ezimisweni ezifanayo. Amazwe anika usizo kumelwe anelise ezawo izinzuzo zasekhaya, izithakazelo zezezombangazwe, kanye nemigomo yezomthetho yangaphandle. Umniniyo angahlela ukulondeka, ukuhwebelana, noma ukulawulwa kwezindawo, kuyilapho izwe elamukelayo lingase libheke impilo noma ukuzisiza ngokwalo ngokwezolimo njengokubaluleke kakhulu. Uma lezi zithakazelo zincipha, imisebenzi yosizo ingagcina imisebenzi esekela ukuhleleka kwezwe, noma okubi kakhulu, elulaza izinto eziza kuqala.

Ngokwesibonelo, umnini-gazi ogxile ekunqandeni izidakamizwa angaxhasa izakhiwo zokuphepha ezisemngceleni, aphambukise izimali zemali yemfundo yomniniyo. Ngisho noma imigomo yebanga eliphezulu ivumelana, izibalo ezingase zixabane. Icebo lesizwe lingafuna ukunakekelwa kwempilo okuyinhloko okuhloniphekile, kodwa umklamo wohlelo lomniniyo owenziwe ngokusemthethweni ungasekela ukwakhiwa kwesibhedlela, ngoba kulula ukubhekisa futhi ubike endlunkulu. Lokhu kuphambuka akuvamile ukuba kube nonya; kuvela ngezibopho ezihlukahlukene, izakhiwo eziziphendulelayo, kanye nezikhathi.

Izikhulu Eziqeqeshelwe Ukuziphilisa Emazweni Ayizakhamuzi

Ikhono lokulawula elibuthakathaka nezobuchwepheshe lingomunye wesithiyo esikhulu sokulungisa. Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka abhekene nokuswelakala okukhulu kwezisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe, izimiso zemininingwane ezinganele, kanye nokulawulwa komphakathi okungaqinile. Amaqhinga esizwe angase athathwe kahle kodwa afezeke kabi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano eziphethe ukugcwalisa ziswele amakhono adingekayo, imithombo, noma igunya. Kulezozindawo, abanikeli ngokuvamile abahlulekayo ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa ngaphandle kwezimiso zikahulumeni (PIUs) basebenzisa lokho, nakuba kuphumelela esikhathini esifushane, kulula ukuba nokwakhiwa kwesizwe kanye nesakhiwo semisebenzi emide.

Umbiko wokuhlola ngo-OECD ka-2022 ngokuphumelela kokusebenza ngokuthuthukisa kwamazwe akanye wathola ukuthi u-53% kuphela wosizo lwamazwe ayesebenza nawo wawusetshenziswa izinhlelo zezwe. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi cishe ingxenye yayo yonke imishini yosizo idlula izimpawu zokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwendawo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya nokugcina. Izimiso zokunqanda ukuhlelwa komzimba akuyona nje inkinga yokuthola; izisebenzi ezinikelayo ensimini zivame ukujikeleziswa kaningi, zilinganisela ikhono lazo lokuthuthukisa ukuqonda okujulileyo amasu nezimiso zendawo.

Ukungavumelani Nesimiso Sezombangazwe

Amalungiselelo entuthuko kazwelonke awawona amabhukwana azimele. Azishintshwa nanoma yimuphi uhulumeni omusha, inhlekelele yezombangazwe, noma ukushintsha kwezimo zezomnotho. Uma izinguquko zikahulumeni, izikhulu ezisanda kukhethwa zingalahla amasu angaphambili, zimise umjikelezo wokuguqula okungaqiniseki ukuthi iziphi izinto eziza kuqala ezingasekelwa. Ngisho nakubaphathi ababodwa, inqubo inganqandwa. Icebo elivunyelwe ngoNyaka 1 lingase lixazululwe ngenkinga yemali noma ngenhlekelele engokwemvelo ngonyaka wesithathu, idinga ukubuyiselwa okusheshayo.

Ohlangothini lomphako, ukuguquguquka kwezimiso nakho kuyakhathaza. Umnini-gazi angamemezela isibopho saminyaka eminingi engxenyeni yemfundo yezwe, kodwa anciphise imali uma kumiswa izinyathelo zokunikeza. Ngokufanayo, amasu osizo aklanywa endlunkulu enomfakela omncane ovela ensimini noma kubantu abayamukelayo, okuphumela ekutheni izinto eziza kuqala ezingavumelani necebo lamanje lesizwe. Ukungaqiniseki, isikhathi eside kungezinye zezithiyo ezivame ukuvezwa kakhulu zokuhleleka okuphumelelayo.

Izinkinga Zokubambisana Phakathi Kwabenzi Bezenzo Eziningi

Kunoma yiliphi izwe elinikezwayo, kungaba khona abaningi abanikela ngeminikelo, izinhlangano eziningi, imali yembulunga yonke, nezisekelo zangasese ezisebenza kanyekanye. Umdlali ngamunye uletha izinqubo zakhe siqu, abika izimfuneko, kanye nezinto azithandayo. Lokhu kuveza umthwalo ohlanganisayo kuhulumeni ogunyazwayo, okumelwe ulawule ubuhlobo obuningi, ube khona emihlanganweni eminingi, futhi uvumelanise imifula eminingi yosizo ngomjikelezo wawo wemali.

Inkinga ikhuliswa iqiniso lokuthi abantu abaningi abanikela ngezimali abahambisani ngokugcwele. Kuvame ukusekelwa abantu abathathu abanikela ngezolimo, ukuncintisana, nokuphikisana kwemibono ngokuthi ikuphi okuhlanganisa "intuthuko". Umphumela ukwahlukana: imisebenzi emincane, engaxhunyanisiwe enikeza izimpawu kunezimbangela eziyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, icebo lesizwe lokuguqula ezolimo lingase lithole ukusekelwa yizimbewu ezintathu (ukuthi umuntu ugxile ezinkomeni, enye enkampaneni, kanti eyesithathu ekungeneni kwezentengiso, kodwa ngaphandle kwesisekelo esihlangene, izingcezu ezingawenezenezeleli ekushintsheni kwesimiso somhlaba.

Ukuhlola Nokuhlola Amaphutha

Ukulungisa kudinga ukuhlelwa ngakunye. Amalungiselelo entuthuko kazwelonke ahlanganisa izikhombo zentuthuko, kodwa abanikelayo bavame ukuphikelela ngokuhlukene, ngokuningiliziwe ukuze banikeze izici ezizokwanelisa izidingo zabo siqu. Lamandla amabili asebenzayo ohulumeni abamukela izinhlelo zokwaziswa ukuze agcine amaqoqo amabili: elinye lokuhlola kwawo siqu elinye ilodwa kumniniyo. Umthwalo wokuqondisa unzima, futhi ukuntula imiphumela efanayo kwenza kube nzima ukuveza imiphumela ekunikezeleni izimali ezithile noma ukulungisa amasu angempela ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisekelo zesisekelo nezinga lokwaziswa emazweni asathuthuka zivame ukuba buthakathaka. Amahhovisi ezibalo esizwe angaveza ukwaziswa okungaguquguquki noma okungathembekile, kushiye abanikeleyo bethembele ekuhlolweni kwangaphandle noma eqoqweni kokwaziswa okungaqondile okuphathelene neprojekthi. Nakuba lezizindlela zingaveza ukwaziswa okungalinganiyo, kuyabiza futhi akudli ngaso sonke isikhathi ezimisweni zezwe. Umphumela uba ukuhleleka kokwaziswa okungahleleki okuphazamisa ukufunda nokulandisa kwabo bobabili abahilelekile.

Amasu Okuqinisa Ukuhleleka

Nokho, inhlanganisela yentando yezombangazwe, inguquko yezinhlangano, namathuluzi asebenzayo ingathuthukisa ukuhleleka okukhulu. Amasu alandelayo atholakala ezifundweni ezifundweni amashumi amaningi eminyaka zokuthuthukisa.

Ukuba Umnikazi Wezwe Kwangempela Kusukela Ekuqaleni

Ukulungisa kuqala ngokuba khona. Amazwe agunyaziwe kumelwe anikwe amandla okuhola izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa, hhayi nje njengabakhi kodwa njengabaklami. Lokhu kudinga abanikeli ukumelana nesilingo sokuklama imisebenzi bekude futhi kunalokho bahileleke engxoxweni yangempela ngokuphathelene nezinto eziza kuqala ezweni. Isimiso sobunikazi sihlala siyitshena lembombo: abangane kumelwe basebenzise ukuhola okuphumelelayo ezimisweni zabo zokuthuthukisa intuthuko namacebo, futhi baxhumanise izenzo zokuthuthukisa.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi usizo kufanele luphumele ezimisweni zemali zesizwe noma kuphi lapho kungenzeka khona. Ukusekela kwemali kusetshenziswa kwemali enqolobaneni kahulumeni, kunikeza umamukeli amandla okuhlela ingcebo ngokwecebo lakhe. Nakuba ukusekela kwemali kungafanelekile kuwo wonke amongo (kudinga ukulawulwa okuhle nokulawulwa kwezimali okungakhanya) kuhlala kungokunye kokuhleleka okukhulu uma izimo zivuma. Lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zengxenye, kufanele zifakwe elungiselelweni lesizwe lengxenye kunokusetshenziswa kuyo.

Isakhiwo Esiyinkimbinkimbi Sokutshala Imali

Kunokuba bashaye indiva izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, abanikelayo kufanele bafake imali eqinisekisiwe. Lokhu kuhilela okungaphezu nje kokuqeqeshelwa amashabhu; kudinga ukusekela okuthatha isikhathi eside ezimisweni zokuphatha ngokwezimali zomphakathi, amahhovisi okulinganisela, izinhlangano zokuthola izimali, kanye nezindikimba zokwengamela. Ukwakha kuthatha kancane futhi kunamabhande, kodwa kuwukuphela kwendlela eqinile yokulungisa. Uma izinhlangano ezithola usizo zikwazi, zingaphumelela ukuphatha konke ukugeleza nokubika kwabanikela ngemiphumela engxenyeni eyodwa.

Izibonelo eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa ukusekela kweBhange lezwe lokuqinisa abaphathi bezimali emazweni anjenge-Ethiopia ne-Rwanda, okuye kwenza labohulumeni bakwazi ukuzuza ukusekela okwengeziwe kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali futhi babike ngokucace kakhulu ngemiphumela. Ngokufanayo, ukutshala izimali ezimisweni zezibalo zezwe, kusekelwe yi- uhlelo lwe-UN Statical Commission oluthuthukisa amandla [[, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemininingwane yemininingwane edingekayo ye-data edinga ukuhlelwa.

Ukukhulumisana Okuthuthukisiwe Nokuhlela Kwabo Bonke Abangane

Ingxoxo evamile, ehlelwe kahle phakathi kwabo bonke abaphethe ibalulekile. Lokhu akuhlanganisi nje kuphela imihlangano kahulumeni kodwa futhi nokuhlangana nomphakathi, isigaba esizimele, nemiphakathi yendawo. Ukuhlola kwezindawo, ukuxoxa kwabantu abazokwakha kanye ngonyaka, kanye namakomiti aqondisa ababambi abahlukahlukene konke kusiza ekuhleleni ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uqonda icebo lesizwe nokuthi ukusekela kwangaphandle kungena kanjani kulo.

Inqubo ye-UNDFOM (UNDAF) yeZizwe Ezihlangene ekuhleleni ndawonye ezweni. Ihlanganisa izinhlangano zeUN, ohulumeni bezwe, nabanye abantu ukuze bavumelane imisebenzi yezinhlelo nentuthuko yezwe. Nakuba zingaphelele, lezi zinqubo zithuthukisa uhlobo lokuxhumana oluqhubekayo oluvimbela ukungazinzi.

Dala uHlelo-Hlaziyo lweFrameQuery

Bonke abanikelayo kufanele bavume ukusebenzisa iqoqo elivamile lezikhombi ezithathwe kuhlelo lwesizwe. Lokhu kudinga ukuxoxisana nokuvumelana kwe-"abanikelayo" kungadingeka balahle i-metric yabo ethandekayo bekhetha leyo ehlobene nendawo. Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukwenza umbiko lula, izinga lokwaziswa eliphakeme (njengoba abadlali abaningi banikela esimisweni esifanayo), kanye nomfanekiso ocacile wentuthuko kabanzi. Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza: amabhodi angempela nezimiso zokuqondisa ulwazi ezihambisanayo zivumela wonke amaqembu ukuba anikezele ngezindlela futhi aphumele ngendlela ekhanyayo.

Global panneship for Effect Development Co-operation (GPEDC) inikeza uhlelo oluwusizo lokuhlola olulinganisa ukuhleleka nezinye izimiso ezisebenzayo. Amazwe nabanikeli bahlanganyela ekuhloleni intuthuko yasikhathi sonke, okusiza ukuveza izikhala futhi kugcine abadlali belandisa ezibophweni zabo.

Ukuhloniphisa Nemikhuba Yokunikela Ngenguquko

Ekugcineni, ukuhleleka kuhlala kunzima uma izimiso zomnikelo zihlelwa kahle ngethuba lesikhashana, imiphumela ebonakalayo. Abanikazi kumele balungise izisusa zabo zangaphakathi: ukuhlola izisebenzi kufanele zikhokhe isineke, ukubambisana, nemiphumela ethatha isikhathi eside, futhi imiphumela ekhona enqubweni. Izibopho zemali ezixhasa iminikelo yemali, izimali eziguquguqukayo, kanye namalungiselelo okubambisana (lapho umuntu ephatha izimali kwabanye) konke kunciphisa ukuhlukana kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi zokwamukela.

Imizamo ye-Asiyan Development Bank ivumelanisa ukuthengwa nokulawulwa kwezimali nenqubo yokulawula. Ngokunciphisa izindleko zentengiselwano nokuhlela izimiso zezwe, izinguquko ezinjalo zenza kube lula kohulumeni abamukela usizo lwangaphandle ukuhlanganisa izinqubo zabo zokuhlela.

Imibono Yesifunda Neyehlelo

Izinselele zokulungisa ziyahluka ngokwesifunda nangokwengxenye. E-Afrika, lapho amazwe amaningi ebhekene nokuncika kakhulu kosizo kanye nokulinganiselwa kwezwe, ukuhleleka kubucayi kakhulu. I-Agenda 2063 ye-Afrikaan Union inikeza uhlelo lwezwekazi, kodwa ukuyihumushela emapulanini ezwe lonke kudinga isibopho esiqhubekayo sokunikela. Engxenyeni yezempilo, imizamo yembulunga yonke enjenge Gavi ne-Global Fund iye yenza i-status ngokuhambisana namasuntswana empilo esizwe, kodwa izinselele ezikhona zikhona cishe zisezingeni elilingana nemifudla yosizo edlula nempilo.

Engxenyeni yemfundo, ukuhlelwa kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwesikole esiphakeleyo, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokusekelwa kwezifundo kufanelana necebo lezwe lemfundo. I-Fast-Track Initiatiatiatiative (manje i-Global Parnership for Education) iklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuhleleka, kodwa ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa imiphumela ehlukene, ngokuvamile ngoba abanikeli bayaqhubeka bexhasa imisebenzi yabo siqu yekhethelo ngaphandle kwecebo. Ngokufanayo, ezisekelweni zemfundo, iminikelo emikhulu njenge-Belt ne-Grattlection esebenza ngezindlela zabo siqu ezihlelekile, ngokuvamile iveza ukuhlelwa ngezindlela ezingalungile zamazwe ahlala ekhona.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Nokwaziswa

Amathuluzi emishini asetshenziswa kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukuhleleka. Izimiso zokwaziswa kwezezimali ezihlangene (IFMIS) zingasiza ohulumeni ukuba balandele yonke izimali zangaphandle kanye nenzuzo yasekhaya. Izindawo zobukhonya zivumela izakhamuzi nezinhlangano eziphethe ukuba zibone ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi exhasweyo, kuphi, futhi i-. Ukukhishwa kwamapulatifomu asekelwe ekusizeni kukhiqizwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukubonakala bhabhuka okungaphandle futhi kuncishiswe izindleko zentengiselwano.

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe abusona isici. Ngaphandle kwentando yezombangazwe yokuhlanganisa ukwaziswa nezimiso ezivumelanayo, ama-digitation compact digital angamane afake izingxenyana. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi kuqala simise izindinganiso ezivamile bese sakhela ubuchwepheshe phezu kwazo. I-International Aid Transparency Itiative (IATA) iye yenza intuthuko ekubekeni izindinganiso ezinjalo, kodwa ukuhlanganyela kuhlala kungokokuzithandela futhi kuhambisana akulingani.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuhlanganyela

Ukulawula usizo lwangaphandle oluhloselwe ukuthuthukisa izwe akuyona inqubo ethatha isikhathi esisodwa kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yokuxoxisana, ukufunda, nokulungisa. Kudinga kokubili abanikeleyo nabamukelayo ukuba badlule ngalé kolimi futhi bamukele izinguquko ezingathandeki: abanikelayo kumelwe bashiye ukulawula futhi bamukele isikhathi eside; abamukela izakhiwo eziqinile futhi basebenzise ubuholi bangempela; futhi bobabili kumelwe bazibophe ekuboneni obala nokwenza ukulandisa.

Uma kufinyelelwa ukuhleleka, ithonya likhulu. Usizo luqinisa kunokuthatha indawo yezimiso zendawo, amakhono akhiwa kunokuba adlule, futhi ukuthuthuka kuba uhambo lwesizwe kunokuba kube umsebenzi wokusiza owenziwe ngeminikelo. Izinselele zingokoqobo, kodwa amasu abekwe phezulu ngenhla asekelwe ezimisweni ze-Paris Declaration futhi acwengisiswe amashumi eminyaka okuziqeqesha. Izindleko zokuqhubeka ngemidaba eqinile, usizo olungaqondile ziphakeme kakhulu: imfucumfucumfucu, intuthuko ebhucuthekile, futhi aphuthelwa amathuba ezigidi zabantu. Isikhathi sokulungisa ngobuqotho sesikhona manje.