I-Political Action Committee (ama-PAC) anendima ebalulekile ekuxhaseni nasekusekeleni imikhankaso yezombangazwe. Nokho, uma ama-PAC amaningi esebenza ngokuzimele ngaphandle kobudlelwane obungokomthetho kuma-pacs noma emaqenjini − aziwa ngokuthi ama-PACs angenazo izintambo eziphambili kuwumncintiswano wobulungisa isuke iyinselele eyinkimbinkimbi nencintisana kakhulu. Ukuphakama kwalaba basebenzisi abazimele kuye kwaguqula ukukhetha kwaseMelika, ukuphakamisa amazwi kuyilapho kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile mayelana nokulingana, ukubonakala, nokulandisa.

Ukuqonda Inkulumo Engaxhunyiwe Nokukhula Kwayo

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe yizinhlangano eziphakamisa futhi zisebenzise imali ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umbhalisa, umbutho wezombangazwe, noma ikomiti yomkhankaso. Ngaphansi komthetho wokhetho kahulumeni, "u-"mxhumaniso" uhlangene nenhlangano yezisebenzi, inhlangano yezohwebo, noma inhlangano yamalungu. Ngokuphambene, ama-PAC angenawo umzali onjalo. Amelela iqembu elithile lenzalo, isu, imboni, noma imbangela, futhi acela iminikelo evela emphakathini jikelele noma eqenjini elichazwe njengezisebenzi ezinikelayo.

Izwe lanamuhla le-PACs elingaxhunyiwe lashintshwa ngokuphawulekayo ngezinqumo ezimbili ezingokomthetho eziphawulekayo: i-FEC Cocizens United v. FEC ibusa ne D.C. i-FLT Speich]. .org v isinqumo. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] CINUNUNUMVUNXIS BON [[ ukuvumela izinhlangano nezinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise izilinganiso ngokungenamkhawulo, kuyilapho [FLD:6] manje.[FLT] org [FLT] ihost projects "upC] kudala uhlobo oluhlukile lwe-PC_accc] olungax-osenethiwenumsss, futhi zinganyulwa kanye, izinhlangano ezinikezwa yizimboni ezingaphezulu zezindawo ezingaphezulu zezindawo ezingaphezulu, ezingaphezulu kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwama-PACs aphakeme, amanye ama-PAC anezici zenkambiso zezombangazwe zihlanganisa amakomiti angokwesiko (abhekene nemingcele yomnikelo) kanye "ne-Hybrid PACs" (ogcina kokubili i-akhawunti elinganiselwe yomnikelo kanye ne-akhawunti yokuzimela engenakulinganiswa). Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlangano ngaphansi "kwezingaxhunyiwe" kwenza imizamo yokuqinisekisa izinga lokudlala i-paredi.

Ukwanda kuye kwaba okushaqisayo. Ngokwemininingwane evela eFederal Evolution Commission (FEC), engekho ekuxhumaneni ne-PACs − kuhlanganise nePACIPS − nezinkulungwane ezingaphezulu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-4,9 phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho wama-2020 kuphela. Lokhu kuthutheleka kwemali ezizimele kuye kwadlula ukuchithwa amakomiti eqembu nemikhankaso yabafundi ezizweni eziningi, kunikeza ama-PAC angezwani angaphandle kwethonya elingaphezu komnyakazo, ukukhankasi, kanye nevota.

Izinselele Ekukhuthazeleni Umncintiswano Ofanele

Ukuwa Kwendlela Ebonisa Ngalé Kwesimo

Enye yezinselele eziphikelelayo ukuswela isikhathi sangempela, ukubona ngawethu. Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni ufuna ama-PAC amaningi ukuba abhale imibiko yezembulo njalo ne-FEC, imibiko ivame ukufakwa ezinyangeni eziningi ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi yembula okuncane ngomthombo wokuqala wezimali ezimweni eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, "imali ewubala" amaqembu" asebenzisa imali ekhangisa ngezombangazwe kodwa angazembuli iminikelo yawo ngokuyinhloko ngaphansi kwengxenye 501(c) (4) ne 501 (c)(6) (izivumelwano zezentengo) zemithetho yentela. La zinhlangano zingathola iminikelo engapheli futhi zichithe kakhulu ekukhetheni okuhlangene ngaphandle kwembuleze ezosizo ezinikela kuyo.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe avame ukwamukela iminikelo evela kulamaqembu emali amnyama, akha indwangu ebolekiswa kaningi emalini ehamba ngomkhankaso. I-PAC Enkulu ingabika ukuthi ithola ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kusuka ku-501(c),(4), kodwa abasunguli beqiniso .abantu abanezinkokhelo, izinhlangano, noma izithakazelo zakwamanye amazwe zihlala zifihliwe. Lokhu kufiphaza ikhono labavoti ukuhlola ukuthi ubani ozama ukuthonya amavoti abo nokuthi kungani.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso se-FEC se-electronic stem sesaphelelwe yisikhathi. Amakomiti amaningi asemafayilini asayibika imibiko yephepha, eholela ekubambezeleni, amaphutha, nakomniningo ongaphelele. Ukuntula kwe-modum yezikhathi eziningi kuphazamise ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokudalula. Ngisho nalapho imibiko ibekwa, ikwethula ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-PAC amaningi, ukudlula entweni ezizimele, nezinhlangano eziphethe ama-paclette zidinga umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi abavoti abaningi abangakwazi ukuwenza. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- zivule iziteshi [ zisebenza ukuze zilandele futhi zikhiphe le mininingwane, kodwa izinhlangano ezisekhona zisekhona.

Ukwehluka Kwemithombo Yengcebo Nokutholakala Kwayo

Akuwona wonke ama-PAC angenazo izintambo akhiwa ngokulingana. Abanikeli abacebile kanye nezinkampani ezinemivuzo enganikela izigidi kuma-Super PAC, kuyilapho amaqembu amancane amelela izimpande zotshani ezibangela noma izimboni zezindawo ezilwela ukuphakamisa ngisho nezilinganiso ezilinganiselwe. Leligebe lemali liguqulela ngokuqondile ezinzuzo zokuncintisana: izimali eziningi zivumela ama-PAC amaningi ukuba athenge izikhangiso zesikhathi esiphambili sethelevishini, agunyaze ukuvota nokuthatha imicwana, aqashe abafundisi abanolwazi, kanye nezikhukhula zezenhlalo ezinezinto ezikhangayo. I-CespeCs ngokuvamile ilinganiselwe ekuthengiseleni i-ingingccootaywe noma imizamo yezisebenzi zokuzithandela.

Ukungalingani kukhulu kakhulu kunezishayabhuqe zeSigele esiphezulu nezinhlanga zomongameli, lapho idlanzana lezinhlangano ezisekela amabhiliyoni noma izinhlangano zezemboni − kungalingana khona nezikhulu zezikhulu zekhulu noma ezedlula ukuchithwa kwamakomiti eqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, okhethweni oluphezulu lwama 2020, amaPac aphezulu achitha imali engaphezu kukaR2, ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezihlangene, enciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakomiti amaningi ayizisulu ezingeneli. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwemali kungaminyanisa namazwi ahlukile futhi kunciphe impikiswano yezombangazwe ngokuphathelene nezinto eziphambili zezezithakazelo ezicebile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhluka kwemithombo yezincwadi akuthinti nje kuphela isikhathi sokuhamba emoyeni; kulawula ikhono lokuhlola ukuphikiswa, ukuhlanganisa izinselele zomthetho nokulawula imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-PAC amakhulu ngokuvamile anikeze amaqembu angokomthetho, kuyilapho amakomiti amancane ethembele osizweni lokuvuma. Lokhu kubuye kuhlanekezele amandla okuncintisana kwezimali zomkhankaso.

Izithiyo Nemigodi Ephazanyiswayo

Umthetho wezezimali weFederal EFomment Campaign Act (FECA) ngokuyinhloko njengoba ilungiswe yiBipartisan Champaign Reform Act (BCRA), waklanyelwa izwe lapho amakomiti ezombangazwe ayelawulwa khona noma exhunywe kakhulu ezinhlanganweni eziqhubekayo. Ukuqhuma kwe-PACs − ngokwengxenye ngemva Citizens United[

  • Imithetho yokumisa: Nakuba ama-PAC aphezulu enqatshelwe "kuhlanganisa" nabazohlolwa, izimiso ezichaza ukuxhumanisana kuncane futhi kunzima ukukwenza kuqikelelwe. Amakhansi angavela eSuper PAC contars, amavidiyo athumela i-PAC injongo, noma athintane nochwepheshe abasebenza kamuva emaqenjini azimele. [1] Zonke i-FEC izama njalo ukuletha izenzo zokugcinwa kwemithetho kulendawo, ishiye umugqa phakathi kwe-paC efuna inkululeko nokubambisana.
  • Imali yangaphandle futhi: Nakuba i-BCRA inqatshelwe ngokungenamkhawulo "imali" iminikelo kumakomiti esizwe, i-PACs , ikakhulukazi i-Super PACs kanye nama-501(c)(4) amaqembu (------aseasethi manje asebenza njengeminduza emikhulu, engenamkhawulo esetshenziselwa ukuthonya ukhetho lukahulumeni. Lokhu kubuye kukhiqize isimiso semali esithambile u-BCRA ayehlosekusiphule ukuqeda, kodwa ngaphandle kwemfuneko efanayo yokuveza.
  • Ukuhluka-kusimo: I-PACs engaxhunyiwe isebenza futhi ngaphansi kwemithetho kazwelonke ehluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifunda zivimbela iminikelo engenamkhawulo emaqenjini azimeleyo, kanti amanye akanawo. Lo msebenzi wakha amathuba okubuyisela i-averbitge, lapho i-PAC isusa noma i-org imali nge-ethene ye-operator.
  • Izinkinga zemali zangaphandle: umthetho weFederal wenqabela izizwe zangaphandle ukuba zinikele kunoma yiziphi imali ehlobene nokhetho, kodwa ukufiphala kwemali ephumayo emnyama kwenza ukugcinwa kube nzima. Izinhlu zenkokhelo yemali ekhahliswayo ephuma kwamanye amazwe ezinkampanini zamagobolondo noma 501(c)(4) amaqembu aye abhaliwe, anyusa ukulondeka kombuso nobuqotho.

I-FEC ngokwayo ivame ukuchazwa njengenhlangano eboshwe ngesondo. (i-odosal) eyisithupha (isithathu kwelungu ngalinye) eliyinhloko iyadingeka ukuze kuqashelwe ukuvota, kodwa i-offiners eningi iyakuvimbela ukuphenya. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nalapho ukwephulwa okucacile kwenzeka, imiphumela iyivelakancane. Umbiko ka-2022 ovela eBrennan Center wathola ukuthi i-FEC ayizange ibeke isigwebo esiphawulekayo ePUPC ephezulu ngenxa yokusebenza okungekho emthethweni phakathi neminyaka eyishumi.

Umphumela Wokuncintisana Kwezombangazwe Nokuthenjwa Komphakathi

Umphumela ogcwele walezi zinselele yisimo sezombangazwe lapho imali cishe isuka ethafeni elincane elicebile elinikelayo − i-Picends, ngenxa yokuzimela nokuvumelana kwazo, ingagcwalisa imakethe yezokuxhumana ngezikhangiso ezimbi, ikhuthaze umbono womfundi oneziqu ezimbalwa, futhi ishintshele ingxoxo ezindabeni ezithandwa abaxhasi bayo. Lokhu kungadlula ngisho nomkhankaso womphikisi ophansi.

Ukwethembela komphakathi enqubweni yokuvota kubangelwa yimiphumela. Izinhlolo ezikhona njalo zibonisa ukuthi abantu abayinhloko baseMelika bakholelwa ukuthi umkhankaso weSishaya-mthetho kufanele ulinganisele futhi imali inethonya elikhulu kwezombangazwe. Lapho abavoti bebona ukuthi imiphumela iqhutshwa yizisebenzi ezinikela ngemali enkulu ngasese kunokuba zisekelwe yizimpande zotshani, baba abagxeki futhi bangayiphathi. I-Frindout ingancipha, ikakhulukazi kulabo abanomuzwa wokuthi izwi labo alinandaba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyuka kwama-PAC okungaxhunyiwe kusikhinyabeze isibopho sokulandisa. Ama-Candida angaqhelela ekukhangiseni kokuhlasela okukhishwa umoya yi-Super PACs, ethi awanakho ukulawula okuqukethwe. Lokhu kwaziswa okulindelekile kungavikela abezombangazwe enqabeni yokuphuma emhlane kuyilapho kuvumela umkhankaso ophambene ukuba uchume. AmaVoter angashiywa engaqiniseki ukuthi ubani ngempela osekela umyalezo nokuthi iziphi izithakazelo ezingase zisebenzele esikhundleni.

Amakhambi Angase Atholakale: Indlela Ehlukahlukene Eklanywe Kaningi

Ukusingatha izinselele zokuncintisana okulungile phakathi kwama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kuyodinga izinguquko phakathi kwezimpi eziningi($(i-galegal, i-galed, i-athoring, nempucuko.) Akukho nhlamvu yesiliva, kodwa zingabuyisela ukulingana nobuqotho ndawonye.

Ivala isoli sokubona ngale kwesikhathi sangempela

Isinyathelo esiyisisekelo ukuvala izikhala zezembulo. UKhongolo lungadinga zonke izinhlangano ezichitha imali emalini esele ekukhetheni ngokwazo − kuhlanganise 501(c)(4) na (c)(6)(6) ukuveza iminikelo yazo ngendlela efike ngesikhathi, ehlolwayo. Ukugunyaza okufana ne-DSCLOSE Act kuhlolwe ngokuphindaphindiwe kodwa kungadluliswa. Ukuqinisa isimiso somshini sokuhlela nokubika ngokushesha kweminikelo emikhulu (ngezikhathi ezingamahora angu-4) kungasiza futhi. Ukufinyelela komphakathi engxenyeni ye-DSCLOSE, abacwaningi, no-volunterces trans (amahora angu-48) kunganikeza usizo. Ukungena komphakathi ekutholeni i-data yomphakathi, i-oplogist, abacwaningi, no-cconsotion ukuze balandele imali.

Ukushintsha Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemithetho

I-FEC kufanele ikhiphe isiqondiso esicacile, esihlelwe kahle ngokuphathelene nokuthi kuyini ukubambisana. Isimo singahlanganisa abathengisi abahlanganyelayo, umsebenzi wezisebenzi zomkhankaso wangaphambili, nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezicatshangelwe ngokuqondile ngisho noma zingacelwa ngokuqondile. Abanye abashisekeli benguquko baye basekela ukuvinjelwa okubanzi: noma iziphi izinto "ezihloselwe ukuthonya" ukukhetha okungokomthetho othile kungahlelwa njengokuxhumanisa ngaphandle kokuba i-PAC kanye no-mgasti ibonise ukuzimela.

Ukucabangela Imingcele Yemithelela Ephakeme

Ochwepheshe abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi umnikelo ongenamkhawulo we-PACIs uyisisekelo sokwehluka kwemicebo. Nakuba i-Citizens United ivikele izindleko ezizimele njengenkulumo, akuzange kufuneki ukuba iminikelo ezindaweni ezenza lezo zindleko zibe ezingenamkhawulo. Izindlela eziningana zikhona: Umkhandlu ungaphoqa isikhonkwane eminikelweni ephakeme i-PACs (umz. $50 000 umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka), noma izifunda zingazama imingcele. INkantolo Ephakeme ayizange ikhulume ngokuphelele imingcele yomnikelo ehlela imingcele yekomiti eyenza izindleko ezizimele kuphela, ishiye ikamelo lokusebenza ngokusemthethweni.

Ukunika Umnyango Osebenza Ngemishini

I-FEC idinga inguquko yokwakha ukuze inqanyule ukukhubazeka kwayo. Ukukhetha kuhlanganisa ukunciphisa inani lamakhomishane abe bathathu (kungekho noyedwa kunoma yiliphi iqembu), ukwakha umqondisi ozimele ongaletha amacala ngaphandle komgomo, noma amise enye indlela yokuphoqelela ukuphoqelelwa kwezezimali (njengeqembu lezezimali elinikezelwe ngaphakathi koMnyango woMahluleli. U-regural angavimbela ukuphulwa nokucacisa kwamakomiti azama ukuhambisana nomthetho.

Ukufana Komphakathi Nokusebenza Okuncane

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuhlobisa indawo yokudlala ukunwebisa ithonya labaphikisi abancane ngezimiso ezihambelanayo zomphakathi. Izifundazwe eziningi nezindawo ziye zasungula uhlelo lapho iminikelo emincane (umz., u-R250 noma ngaphansi) ihambisana nezimali zomphakathi eziphindaphindiwe (umz., 6:1). Lokhu kwenza ukuba izinyusi zotshani ezizotshani zincintisane nabaphikisi abakhulu be-PAC. Kulelozwe, isimiso sabancintiswayo abadela iminikelo emikhulu yanganciphisa izisusa zamaqembu angaphandle ukuba afakwe imali engenakulinganiswa. INkantolo Ephakeme isekele izimiso ezinjalo ezifana nemithetho esemthethweni, njengoba kubonwe ku-FL: 0] Freeprise Crea.[FLD [FF:]

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqapha Komphakathi Nemfundo Yesibalo

Ekugcineni, abavoti ngokwabo badinga amathuluzi atholakalayo nemfundo ukuze baqonde izimali zomkhankaso. Izinhlangano ze-media, izinja ezingabheki inzuzo, namaqembu obuchwepheshe bomphakathi kungaqhubeka ukwakha amapulatifomu alandelela ukugeleza kwemali kusukela emthonjeni ukuya ekukhetheni. Ukwanda kwezokubhala ezingeni eliphezulu ezikhangisweni zezombangazwe − ikakhulukazi kuyi-inthambi ye-internat. Isidingo somphakathi senguquko siqina kakhulu uma abavoti beqonda ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani futhi sizuzisa bani.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe manje aseyinto ehlala njalo okhethweni lwase-U.S. ukuzimela kwawo kuwenza abe nokuvumelana futhi akhululeke ethonyeni lomkhakha, kodwa futhi kwakha isimo sokulawula nokuncintisana esihambisana kakhulu namazwi angcono kakhulu. Umncintiswano omkhulu phakathi kwala -PAC awufinyeleleki ngaphandle kwenguquko yamabomu: ukuvuleka okunamandla, imithetho ecacile, imikhawulo elinganiselwe, iminikelo elinganiselwe, nendikimba esebenzayo esebenzayo. Ubuqotho bokhetho lwentando yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izwi ngalinye [1][FFOL], hhayi nje izimali ezixhaswe kakhulu. Njengoba ukusondela kwemizuzu engu-2024 nemijikelezo elandelayo, ukuphuthuma kokusingatha lezinseleleko kuphela kukhula. [FLD:] [FLD] [FF1], [5]