Ukuqonda Inkulumo Engaxhunyiwe

I-Pitholitical Action Committee (PACs) iyitshe lemali yomkhankaso e-United States, isiza abantu ngabanye namaqembu ukuba bahlanganise imithombo yabo futhi bandise ithonya labo lezombangazwe. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-PAC, ama-CC azimele ngokuzimela kwawo. Ngokungafani nama-PAC, ahlangene ngokusemthethweni nezinhlangano zezezimali, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, noma izinhlangano zamalungu, i-PACs ezingasebenzi ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izibopho ezihlangene. Ziphakamisa imali evela emphakathini jikelele futhi zichitha imali ukuze zisekele noma ziphikise abangenisi benhlangano, amaqembu, nomthetho, ikakhulukazi ehlangeneni ethile yomqondo othile, impikiswano, noma izimiso zezimiso zezimiso.

Igama elithi "alunakuxhumeka" livela ngokuqondile kumthetho we-Federal EFomment Campaignment (FECA) ne-Federal Envotion Commission (FEC). Lezinhlangano azixhaswe noma zilawulwe yinye enye into futhi kumelwe zinamathele enqubeni ehlukile elawula ukuqoqa imali yazo, imali, ukuyisebenzisa, nokubika. Zimelela indalo ehlukene, kuhlanganise nemibono, i-PACssueasss Commission Commission (umz., amalungelo emvelo, izibhamu, noma amalungelo okukhipha izisu, kanye nobuholi obusunguli obusungulwe yi-PaC emiswe ngokungekho emkhankanyeni uma ingekho emkhankanyeni ekomitini yomkhankaso. Inkululeko yazo inikeza kokubili ukukhululeka nokuzinziswa okusebenza kwayo.

Izakhiwo Ezibusayo Eziqondisayo

I-FEC iyinhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni enomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho yezezimali nokunikeza izimfuneko zokwembula. Isimiso sokuqondisa wonke ama-PAC, kuhlanganise nalawo angaxhunyiwe, sisekelwe kuMthetho we-Federal Evolution Campainsel kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo. Izici eziyinhloko zaloluhlelo zihlanganisa imingcele yomnikelo, imikhawulo yemithombo, kanye nokubika izimiso.

Imingcele Nemingcele Evela Kuwo

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yomnikelo ovela kubantu ngabanye, kwamanye ama-PAC, kanye namakomiti eqembu. Ngaphansi komthetho wamanje, umuntu anganikela u-R25 000 ngonyaka e-PAC e-khalendani engaxhumene no-PAC. I-PAC inganikela ku-R35 000 ku-C e-overtive ekomitini yokhetho. Lemikhawulo, nakuba ihloselwe ukuvimbela ukonakala noma ukubukeka kwayo, ingacindezela kakhulu ukukhokha imali ye-PACs engaxhunyiwe, ikakhulukazi labo abangenaso isisekelo esikhulu noma isisekelo senhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abangaxhumaniwa-mkhandlu yezandla, imibuthano yezisebenzi, noma izizwe, ngokungafani namanye amakomiti ezombangazwe anjenge-PCCC noma i-PC ezinhlobonhlobo, lawo anemithetho ehlukene.

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Ugesi Nokubika

Ukubona ngaphaya komgomo wezezimali oyinhloko womthetho wezezimali. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe ibhalise ngemibiko evamile ye-FEC ne-factive ithumela ama-stars ayo, ukulahla ama-discinsi, izikweletu, nezinye imisebenzi engokwezimali. Imibiko ibotshwa ngokwengxenye eyodwa ngeminyaka engathathwanga phambili nanyanga phakathi neminyaka yokukhetha, noma ngokunye ngesimiso se-antanu sohlelo esine nemibiko edluliselweyo. Izingalo ezidingekayo zihlanganisa ukufakwa kweminikelo yeR5200,000 noma ngaphezulu nezindleko ze-R620 000 noma ngaphezulu, kuhlanganise negama, umsebenzi, nomqashi weminikelo, kanye nomqaphi weminikelo yezezimali. Lokhu kwaziswa kutholakala obala obala ewe engosini se-FOC, abaphinikazini, nabaphinikeli, nakuningi. Nakuba lezi zidingeka kakhulu, lezi zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokuphatha nokuzibopha nokuzibopha okungasibophele.

Ukubhekana Nezinselele Eziyinhloko Ezibhekene Neziphakamiso Ezingaxhunyiwe

Ukumisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ye-FEC kungenye yezithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-PACs ezingezona ezixhumeneyo. Ngokungafani ne-PACs ehlangene kahle evame ukuba namaqembu omthetho endlini noma izisebenzi ezilalelayo, ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe alawulwa yizisebenzi zokuzithandela ezimbalwa noma izisebenzi ezincane ezikhokhelwayo. Icala lephutha lincane, futhi imiphumela yezephula ngisho nangahlosiwe ingaba mikhulu.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwemithetho Yesifunda

Izimiso ze-FEC zinemininingwane edumile. Ukuhlela ukuthi yini eyenza umnikelo udibane nezindleko ezizimele, ukuqonda imithetho yezokuxhumana okuhlangene, nokuhlukanisa ngokunembile kungaba yisithiyo. Isiqondiso se-FEC ngokwaso, iziqondiso ezigunyazayo, izigebengu zokuqondisa, inikeza ukucaca okuthile, kodwa ubukhulu bemithetho kanye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho njalo kwenza kube nzima kubantu abangezona izazi ukuhlala bekhona. Amaphutha amancane (jeans) ngokufaka umbiko wezindleko zosuku oluphelile, ukubhikisha, noma ukuhluleka ukubika izindleko zomthengisi, ukudweba izikhangiso, amasheke, noma ngisho nesenzo esingokomthetho esivela ku-FESC. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi okuvamile okungasetshenziswa kwemali ephansi yezentengo yabo engokomthetho, ukukhokhwaza imali engokomthetho, ukungayikhokhisa.

Abaqeqeshi Abasekela Imali Abasemigomweni Yomnikelo

U-R1 500 ngonyaka ngomngcele womnikelo ngamunye uyisithiyo esikhulu. Ukwakha i-'paC' eqinile' kuyimfuneko kunoma yimuphi i-PAC, kodwa ama-PAC angekho kuxhumana kumelwe enze kanjalo ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile senhlangano noma isomkhakha wezisebenzi zenhlangano. Bathembela kakhulu eposini eqondile, e-imeyilini, ekhankathiweyo, nezenzakalo. Nokho, izindleko zokuthola umnikelo zingaphakama, futhi i-PAC ifake i-astrientry kulelo nani. I-PAC ifuna ukunyusa isigidi sika-R3, ingadinga okungenani ukunikela ngenani elikhulu, kanye nezilinganiso eziningi eziphansi. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufinyelela izinga lezomnotho ezingahlanganiselwayo, izinhlangano ezingcono, futhi isilinganiso esingaphezulu, ikhalenda, futhi ingasebenzisi isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sokhetho, futhi ingasakhindiswa ngokuhlelwa ngokuhlelwa.

Izindaba Eziyimfihlo Nomphumela Obuhlungu Womshukela

Ukwambulwa komphakathi kwabanikeli, kuhlanganise namagama abo nabaqashi, kungaba nomphumela ohlasimulisayo ekuhlanganyeleni. Esikhathini sokudlondlobala kwezombangazwe, abanikela ngezimbangela eziphikisanayo noma ezingathandwayo bangase babhekane nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuxhashazwa umphakathi, noma ukuvuselelwa kobuchwepheshe. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukugcinwa komthetho-mthethweni kwezimfuneko ezinjengathi u-United v. FEC[FLT] ] [2010] [2010] [2010] [MCCcheon.]. FECCCCCCheon [20] [inzuzo engokoqobo entweni engaphandle kwe-PacCC]. Abanye abanikelayo abangeni ngokomthetho phakathi kwezombangazwe kanye nezinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Izinguquko Zesilinganiso Sikahulumeni Nemithwalo Eyengeziwe

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza ezingeni lombuso abhekene nendawo ehlukene kakhulu ehlelekile. Izwe ngalinye linemithetho yalo yezezimali, imingcele yomnikelo, ukubika izikhathi ezimisiwe, nemigoqo yokudalula. I-PAC esebenzayo ezifundeni eziningi kumelwe ilandele futhi ihambisane nezinhlelo eziningi ezihlukene, ngalinye elinezimo zalo siqu kanye nezimiso zokuhlela. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi okuhlukahlukene kuphoqelela izindleko zokulawula futhi kuyisithiyo esikhulu sezinhlangano ezifuna ukulinganisa imizamo yazo yokulawula utshani. Imithetho ye-Federal inikeza iyunithi ethile efanayo, kodwa izimfuneko zikahulumeni zivame ukwenezela izingqimba zokulalela okungahlula ama-PACC.

Umphumela Ekusebenzeni Nasekusebenzeni

Umphumela okhungethe izinselele zokulawula umkhulu. Ama-PAC angazihlanganisi ngokuvamile asebenza ngezimali ezincane futhi angaguquguquki kakhulu kunabanye abahlangene. Ikhanda eliphetheyo lidla ezinye izinhlobo zemali esetshenziswayo, futhi ukwesaba ukwephula imithetho ye-acane ngokungaqondi kungaholela ekuzifakeni engozini. Abanye abantu bangakhetha ukwamukela amasu aqinile, ukugwema izinhlobo ezithile zezindleko noma ukuxhumana okungabangela izimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi. Abanye bangase bakhethe ukwakha ezinye izinhlobo zamakomiti ezombangazwe, njenge-PACs enkulu, okungenayo imikhawulo yomnikelo kodwa okumelwe kuvumelane nemithetho ehlukene yokuveza. Lokhu kusebenza ngokusemthethweni kungaguqula indawo yezombangazwe engazihlela ezimigomo ezingase zihlongoniswa nenqubo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo othotshwayo ungavimbela abasanda kumiswa ekusunguleni ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe. Abasebenzi abanolwazi olulinganiselwe olungokomthetho bangathola ukuthi isithiyo sokuqondisa siphakeme kakhulu ukuba singasuswa, ukunciphisa ukwahlukahluka kwamazwi enqubeni yezombangazwe. Lokhu kuphathelene nokunikezwa indima yamaPaC angaxhunyiwe ekumeleleni imibono engaqondakali futhi ibekela inselele isimo. Ngokufushana, nakuba imithetho ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala nokwethembeka, kungavimbela futhi ngokunganaki ukuthathisana nokusungula.

Izibonelo Nendima Yezwe Engokoqobo

Izinselele aziqashelwa nje. Cabangela i-PAC encane yendawo ezungezile eyakhiwe abashisekeli bendawo endaweni yempi. Ukuphakamisa i-$50 000 ukuze ixhase inzuzo yokuzisebenzela, i-PAC kumelwe ifake i-FEC, imise umgcini-mali, imise isimiso sokulalela, futhi imibiko eningiliziwe. Kumele iqinisekise ukuthi ukuxhumana kwayo okukhona okungokwezimali kuhlanganisa amadiski afanele futhi yonke iminikelo isuka emithonjeni evunyelwe. Inkinga eyodwa (i-PAC) njengokwamukela umnikelo osuka ku-$6 000 osekela lowo ngephutha ukholelwa ukuthi umngcele ungowodwa kunokunye unyaka ngamunye. Inqubo yokulawula yezehlolo-FORC ivame ukucotha nokukhipha izimpahla, ihlanganisa izimali nemali yemali yezinyanga noma izinyanga.

Omunye umfanekiso: umholi ohlangene nelungu leSishaya-Mkhandlu kodwa ongahlangene ngokusemthethweni nomkhankaso wabo kumelwe asebenzise imithetho elawula ukubambisana. Nakuba umholi u-PAC engaxhunyiwe, uvame ukusetshenziswa ukusekela imisebenzi yesazi esithile sezombangazwe. I-FEC inemithetho eminingi echaza ukuthi imali ingasetshenziswa nini futhi kanjani, futhi noma isiphi isiphambeko singabonwa njengesingaqondakali. Lokhu kwakha isidingo sasikhathi sonke sesiqondiso esingokomthetho futhi kubeke imingcele engcono amaqembu azimele abe nayo.

Imithombo yangaphandle enjenge [[QULT:0] FEC's inikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile kwe-PACS kodwa ubunkimbinkimbi buhlala bunzima. I-Campaign Legin Center nezinye izinhlangano zinezehlakalo eziningi lapho amaPacco angahlanganisiwe abhekana khona nenhlawulo ngamaphutha amancane okubika. Lokhu kugcizelela isidingo sokuguqula komqondo.

Ukuhlongozwa Kwezinguquko Nezikhambi

Abenzi bemithetho, izifundiswa nabasekeli baye basikisela izinguquko eziningana ukuze babhekane nezinselele amaPaC angezona ezixhumana nabo ngaphandle kokululaza izindinganiso zokuba sobala nokungakhethi.

Ukwenza Inqubo Yokuqondisa Yenze Ibe Lula

Enye inguquko evame ukusikiselwa ukunikeza izimfuneko ze-FEC ezilandelanayo, ikakhulukazi kuma-PAC amancane. I-Ideas ihlanganisa ukuphakamisa umnyango wokufaka izinto zeminikelo nezindleko zokunciphisa amaphepha, ukuvumela imishini ifakwe ngemishini elula, nokunikeza iziyalezo ezicacile, zolimi olucacile ukuze zitholwe. I-FEC iye yenza intuthuko nezimiso zayo zokuhlela i-intanethi, kodwa intuthuko eyengeziwe ekusebenziseni nokusebenza nemishini inganciphisa amaphutha angekho.

Ukubuyiselwa Okuboshiwe Okusekelwe Ebukhulwini Noma Emsebenzini

Enye indlela ukwenza isimiso esinemigqa lapho ama-PAC amancane angaxhunyiwe ebhekene nemithwalo emincane yokuqondisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-PAC aphakamisa noma asebenzise imali engaphansi kwenye (umz., ama-$50 000 umjikelezo ngamunye) angafaka imibiko engapheli futhi abekwe phansi kwemithetho elula. Lokhu kunganciphisa umthwalo onzima kakhulu owenziwa ezinhlanganweni zotshani kuyilapho kugcinwa ukubonakala okugcwele kwamakomiti amakhulu, anethonya elikhulu. Isimiso esinjalo sikhona kwezinye izizwe futhi siye sagunyazwa abasekeli benguquko abahlukahlukene.

Ukulungiselela Imithombo Engokomthetho Newusizo

Ku-PAC eningi engaxhunyiwe, igebe elikhulu kakhulu ukufinyelela iseluleko somthetho esithengwayo. Ukwakha umthola-mthola-khaya ophansi noma we-probobo utho, noma indawo yesiteji ephakathi ku-inthanethi efakwe amathuluzi okubika asetshenziswa imishini kanye namasheke esikhathi sangempela, kungasiza ekulinganiseni indawo yokudlala. I-FEC kakade inikeza imithombo ethile yemfundo, kodwa yandisa le mithola - zincwadi ezikhokhelayo, izibanina, kanye nokusekela okuqondile kwabaqondiswe kuma-hele okuqala kungaba yintuthuko ephawulekayo.

Ukulinganisela Ukubona Ikusasa Nezindaba Zomuntu Ongazethembi

Ukukhuluma nomniniyo okhathalela imfihlo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa ezinye iziphakamiso zisikisela ukuhlola izindlela ezinjengokwephuza ukuthunyelelwa komphakathi iminikelo ethile ephansi noma ukuvumela abanikelayo ababhekene nezinsongo ezinamandla ukuba bacele ukuba bathunyelelwe inqubo eqinisekisiwe. Nokho, izinyathelo ezinjalo kumelwe zihlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe izikhala zemali emnyama. Umgomo kufanele kube ukuvikela abantu ekuhlukunyezweni kuyilapho ulondoloza inani lokwaziswa lokudalulwa kwemiyalulo empofisweni nakulawulayo. Ukuqiniswa okukhulu kwemithetho emelene ne-arased projective kunganciphisa umphumela ocansileyo ngaphandle kokushintsha imithetho eyisi.

Isiphetho

I-PAC ayixhunyiwe yizimoto ezibalulekile zokuzimela ngokwezombangazwe, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele futhi zisekele izinkolelo zazo ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zezinhlangano nezinyunyana. Kodwa indawo ezungezile elawulwayo igcwele ubunkimbinkimbi, izindleko, nemiphumela engaqondakali. Ukulinganisela izifiso ezingokomthetho zokukhanya, ukungalungi, nobuqotho nesidingo sokuthuthukisa indawo yezombangazwe eqinile nefinyelelekayo kuyinselele eqhubekayo. Njengoba imithetho yezezimali iqhubeka izama ukuguqula, ikakhulukazi ekuvuseni izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakemende nezindlela zezombangazwe ezishintshayo, kubalulekile ukucabangela imithwalo enzima kakhulu kula makomiti azimele. Ngokulula ukusekela, ukusekela, ukusekela, nokunakekela izinkathazo zomuntu siqu, futhi ngokucabangela, abenzi bezimiso zokuzinakekela, bangasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-PAC engazinziwayo, ikakhulukazi ukufeza indima yabo yeze yentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi ngaphandle kwemithetho eklayelwe ukuba inqubo yezombangazwe. I-Probian encitmoduke ngokuziswe ngokuziswe ngokuncithamela i-yo.