Isisekelo Sobuqalo EMthethweni Wasekhaya Womthetho - sisekelo

Ubufandanda buye bavela njengempendulo kulokho abasekeli babo ababekubona njengokungagwegwesi encameni yomthetho-sisekelo. Ekujuleni kwayo, i-moslem isekela ukuthi umbhalo ongokomthetho (hhayi ukuthi ngumthetho-sisekelo, umthetho, noma isivumelwano) kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo ngesikhathi sokumukelwa kwayo. Lefilosofi ifuna ukunqanda amajaji ukuba angabeki izinqumo zawo siqu zenqubo futhi asekele ukuqiniswa okungokomthetho okunenjongo, amaqiniso angokomlando kunokuba ahlukaniswe nezindinganiso zezenhlalo.

Amagatsha amabili ayinhloko obuFLT abusa impikiswano. Engakholekiyo injongo yokuqala ye-ism ifuna ukubuyisa izinhloso eziyisisekelo ze-frames @] noma yini bona ngokwabo abayiqonde ukuthi umbhalo usho ukuthini. incazelo yasobala ye-list [[, manje umcu oyinhloko wemfundiso ye-listom eMelika, esikhundleni sokubuza ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokumiswa wayeyoqonda ukuthi usho ukuthini, ngokusekelwe kulimi oluvamile, emihlanganweni yezomthetho, nenkulumo yomphakathi. UJaji Antonin Sccalia, mhlawumbe umsekeli odumile kakhulu wencazelo yasekuqaleni, uveza ukuthi le ndlela yokulawula inqubo yentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi ngokusebenzisa i-alctivession exption.

Kumthetho wasekhaya, ubuKhosi bokuqala buye basetshenziswa kaningi kakhulu kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., nezinqumo eziphawulekayo eziseSichibiyelweni Sesibili (] iDialificity of Columbia v. Heller), iSichibiyelo seAndeminth ([Alden v. Maine), kanye nobukhulu bamandla ombuso. Ithonya laso linwebela kwezinye izikhulu ezivamile, kuhlanganise neCanada, ne-Australia, ne-Israelrael, lapho izinkantolo zivame ukubiza khona izicingo zesiqalo esisodwa phakathi kwencazelo yomthetho.

Nokho, ngisho nasemongweni wasekhaya, ubuSulumane bubhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína: ubufakazi obungokomlando bungase bungagcwali, incazelo yokuqala ingase ingaqondakali kahle emibuzweni yanamuhla, futhi kamuva izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule kungenzeka ukuthi zalungisa izindlela zemfundiso ezisuka ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni. Lezizinkinga zikhula ngokuphawulekayo lapho ubuShona bususwa endaweni esendaweni eyodwa esendaweni ezungezile yesizwe esendaweni eyodwa enziwa umthetho wesizwe, ehloniphekile, neyamukelekile, kanye neyasezilimini lwezizwe zonke zomthetho nezivumelwano.

Umehluko Okhona Womthetho Nezinkulumo Zezizwe Zonke

Umthetho wezwe lonke usebenza ngokuyisisekelo ezindaweni ezihlukene nomthetho-sisekelo wasekhaya. Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe uvela emphakathini owodwa ophethe wezombangazwe, ngokuvamile ngenqubo echazwayo yokwahlukanisa, futhi uphoqelelwa yisigaba somthetho wokwahlulela esiphakathi. Umthetho wezizwe zonke, ngokuphambene, uvela ekuvumeni okuthe ngqo kwemibuso ephethe, ungenaso isishaya-mthetho wendlu ehlangene, futhi uncike ezimisweni zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa. Izivumelwano zidingidwa imibhalo eveza ukuhlehlela phakathi kwamaqembu amaqembu anezinkolo ezihlukene, izithakazelo ezingokomthetho, nezinhloso ezihlelekile, kanye nezinkambiso zempucuko.

Akayena Umbusi Oyedwa Noma Uyintandokazi

Kumthetho wokuqala wasekhaya, "ukwenza kube nonyaka" unikeza i-ankile yesikhashana ecacile: umbhalo wahlongozwa, waphikiswa, futhi wathathwa ngeqophelo elingokomlando elicacile. Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, le nqubo ayilungile. Isivumelwano singasayinwa iminyaka eminingi, sivulwe ukuze sisayinwe, sinikezwe izivumelwano, sibekwe inselele, futhi sifakwe amandla ngemva komnyango wenani lokuthola izivumelwano. Amanye amaqembu angasebenzisa amashumi eminyaka ngemva kwesiphetho sesivumelwano. Incazelo "yakuqala" ngesikhathi sokusayinwa kungahluka ngokwencazelo ngesikhathi sokufika kwezwe lamuva, futhi amazwe angase abe nokuqonda okuhlukile kwesibopho sawo kusukela ekuqaleni.

Imibhalo Nezilimi Eziningi

Izivumelwano eziningi zamuva ziboshelwa ngezilimi eziningi − ngokuvamile isiNgisi, isiFulentshi, isiRashiya, isi-Arabhu, nesiShayina, i-Arabian, ne-athon ebizwa ngokufanayo. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 33 seVienna Convention on the Law of Trectives (VCLT), uma ukuqhathaniswa kwemibhalo ethembekile kwembula umehluko wencazelo ongeke uxazululwe ngezindlela ezivamile zokuchaza, incazelo yokuthi imibhalo ivumelana kangcono ngokukhanyiselwa kwenjongo yesivumelwano nenjongo yayo. Umfundi wokuqala ubheka amalungelo okuthi inguqulo eyodwa yolimi noma ukuqonda kombangomunye udweba lungaphula lomthetho oyinhloko.

Indima Yento Nenjongo

ISiphakamiso 31(1) se-VCLT sidinga ukuba isivumelwano sichazwe "ngokholo oluhle ngokuvumelana nencazelo evamile ukuba sinikezwe imibandela yesivumelwano emongweni naso nangokomongo wento yaso nenjongo." Le nqubo ye-teleology" ngokubhekisele ezimisweni zesivumelwano ezilawula ngokweqile, "zingenzi-kakhulu kumthetho wezizwe zonke futhi zihlale ngaphandle komthetho we-oralism. Nakuba abaqali bekwazi ukubheka injongo njengokuqondwa embhalweni nasembhalweni ongokomlando, i-VCLT ichaza ngempumelelo engathi inamandla kakhulu, ithonya elihambisana namalungelo, ikakhulukazi emalungelweni abantu, indawo ezungezile, nezivumelwano zezinhlangano.

Izinselele Zokusebenzisa Ubuqaba Emihlanganweni Yomhlaba Wonke

Ukwehluka phakathi komthetho wasekhaya nowamazwe ngamazwe kuveza uchungechunge lwezithiyo ezikhethekile ukuze umuntu okholelwa ekutheni izinto zikhona aqonde izivumelwano.

Ukubambisana Kwawo Wonke Amazwe

Ukwethula kudinga inhloso ethile esobala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inhloso esekelwe noma enhloso. Kodwa ezivumelwaneni eziningi namaqembu amaningi, akukho "kuqonda okukodwa kwakuqala" ukubuyisa. Amarekhodi (traváux préparatoires) angaveza imibono yamanxusa aphambili, kodwa lena akuyona ngempela ehlanganyelwa yiyo yonke incazelo. Amazwe amancane angase athathe imvume ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuhleleni izinhlelo, futhi ukuqonda kwawo kungahluka. INkantolo yezizwe zonke zeJaviaux réparaires ishoshoshosho into ekhona, hhayi umthombo oyinhloko wencazelo yencazelo − i-slected quemstion eveza ubunzima bokuthatha inhloso ehlangene.

Izithiyo Zolimi Nezithiyo Zokuhumusha

Ngisho noma abakhi bamabhodi bevumelana ngelungiselelo elithile, ukuhunyushelwa kwezilimi eziqotho ngokufanayo kungaveza ukungalingani okucashile. Ngokwesibonelo, igama lesiNgisi "i-arbitrary" esivumelwaneni samalungelo abantu lingase lingaphathi kahle izincazelo ezifana ne "arbitraire" noma "i-abitrorio" yeSipanishi. Umsunguli ogcizelela incazelo yokuqala yombhalo wesiNgisi ungaba unganaki isikhundla esinegunya esifanayo semibhalo yolimi kanye nesimiso sokuchaza ukuthi imibhalo ethembekile kufanele ivumelaniswe.

Inkinga Yenkululeko Yesilisa

Mhlawumbe inselele eyisisekelo iwukuthi ubuFakela obuyisisekelo, uma busetshenziswa ngokuqinile, bungaqinisa izibopho zesivumelwano ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwazo. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uguqula ngokulandelana kwenqubo yesizwe, ukuphuhliswa komthetho wesiko, nokuvela kwemithetho emisha (jus cogens[[FLT1]]). Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ngokwezinga elithile, njenge-European Convention on Human Rights, ziye zachazwa ngokuthi "amathuluzi okuphila" okushoyo okumelwe kuchazwe ukuthi incazelo yayo ibonakale ngokwesikhathi esithile ishintsha izimo zezenhlalo. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo obuntu iye yakwenqaba ngokucacile ukusondela kwendlela yokuqala yokusondela, ibambe [FLTLD:] isivikelo [2]. [12FLT:] [7] [7] [7] [7] i-1988] i-Convention "injini ephilayo echaza izimo ze-usuku lokuqala" ezikhona." iyakulahla izivumelwano samanje.

Umkhuba Olandelayo Ne - VCL

ISiphakamiso 31(3)(b) se-VCLT sifuna ukuba lapho kuchazwa isivumelwano, kuthathwe i- "umkhuba olandelayo wokusebenza kwesivumelwano esimisa isivumelwano samaqembu ngokuphathelene nencazelo yaso." lesi lungiselelo sihlanganisa ngokucacile ukuziphatha kwangemva kokuchazwa kwenqubo. Ngokuvamile amazwe acacisa noma alungise ngisho nokuguqula ukuqonda kwawo izibopho zesivumelwano ngokuzijwayeza ngokungaguquki. Isimiso sakuqala esiqinile esiwushaya indiva ukuvumelana nomthetho olandelayo wokuchaza isivumelwano.

Umthetho Wesikhashana Ohlangene Noshintsho Olungaqondakali

Imfundiso yomthetho wesikhashana, eshicilelwe yi-International Court of Justice i-Island of Palmas i-arbitation (1928), iphethe ukuthi ukuthengiselana okungokomthetho kumelwe kwahlulelwe ngokukhanyiselwa komthetho ohambisana nokudalwa kwawo. Nokho, icala elifanayo liqapheleka futhi ukuthi ukuqhubeka kwelungelo elingokomthetho kuxhomeke ekuvumelaneni kwalo nomthetho ojikelezayo. Lesi sici esimba esibili sidala ukuqina okungenakuxazululwa kalula: kufanele kube nesivumelwano esifana "ne ne-partum" noma "isigqila" esichazwa ngokwencazelo yaso ngo-1950, noma sihlanganisa ukuqonda okuhambisana naleyo miqondo yezizwe zonke? Izinhlangano zomhlaba eziningi ziye zamukela umbono olandelayo, njengoba kungathi kulungile.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukukholelwa Endulo Ekudalweni Kwezizwe Zonke

Ubunzima obungokoqobo bendlela yokubhala ngemvelaphi bucaca lapho sihlola umongo oqondile lapho uye wazanywa noma waphikiswana khona.

Umhlangano Wabantu Abahlukene Ngezinhlanga Nokuzimisela

I-Genocide Convention ka-1949 ichaza ukuqothulwa kohlanga njengezenzo ezithile "ezihloselwe ukubhubhisa, ziphelele noma ngokwengxenye, ubuzwe, ubuzwe noma ubuzwe, njengeqembu lenkolo, njengalokho." iNkantolo yezizwe zonke yoMthetho, Bosnia v. iSerbia[ icala, elichazwa ngokuthi "i-"2007), elichazwayo" nangokubhekisele ekuhleleni kwengqungqungquthela umlando, umsebenzi we-International Law Commission, kanye nokusebenza ngokulandela. Nakuba iNkantolo i-traviorforce [[irparaire], ayizange ibonise ukuqonda kwemidalo njenge-oki. Kunalokho, yathuthukisa indlela egcizelela ukudinga okukhethekile, umsebenzi we-International Law Commental Comssionsionergian ay ezimisele ukuveza indlela yokuqala yezenzo zobugro, ebanzi, ebanzi, ebanzi leze i-Anvolunt.

Ukuchaza Incwadi Ye - UN Nokushintsha Kwezinhlelo

I-UN Charter ibichazwe kusukela ngo-1945 ngezindlela ezisuka ezinhlosoni zokuqala zabakhiqizi bayo. Ukwanda kwe-Security Council kwamandla ayo ngaphansi kwesahluko VII, ukwamukela kwe-"Unigate for Peace" yesinqumo, nokuthuthukisa kwemisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula konke kusuka embhalweni oqinile nasekuqondeni kokuqala kweTshado. Indlela yokuqala yokuhlola iyokwenza ukuba umthetho we-CM uvumele ukuba uvumela ukuvumela u-UN ukujwayela ezinsongweni ezintsha nakwezehlakalo zezezimali. INkantolo yezizwe zonke zobulungisa, Certain Contations isuka kumbono wombono wokuqala. [1962], inqaba ngokuphelele ukukholelwa ekuboneni ukuthi amandla e-UN kumelwe ivumelane nemisebenzi ebumbene yenhlangano yenhlangano ye-UN.

Izenzo Zokunikezwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Njengezinto Eziphilayo

Izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu ziye zaba yizena ezicace kakhulu ekulahleni ubuQondisél. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungelo abantu ivame ukuhlaziya ukuchazwa kwamalungelo eNgqungquthela ukuze ibonise ushintsho lwezenhlalakahle, njengoba kuboniswa emacaleni ahlobene ngokuxubile ( Schalk noKopf v. ]), isiza ekuvezeni inzaliseni ([].S.H. v. i-Austria[FLT]], kanye nemininingwane. INkantolo yanganiso yamaMelika-American ka-Constitualtion of Human Rights ishown ngokufanayo ukuthi i-Convention of Human Rights kumelwe ichazwe ngesikhalo sezifunda nesizwe. Ukusondelana kwala lakuqala kulezi zinkonzo ezihlangene ezihlangene namaqembu ahlukene kodwa futhi kuphikisanayokuhlulwayokuhlanga zabantu kuphela, futhi kuveza amalungelo amanani angoko angoko omthetho omthetho wokwahlulela.

Izimpikiswano Ezisekela Izici Ezisekela Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ekuchazeni Isivumelwano

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele ezisabekayo, izici zokucabanga kwasekuqaleni zifeza indima emthethweni wezizwe zonke, futhi abanye abahlaziyi baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zokuqala zazisetshenziswa ngokuhleleka ngokwengeziwe.

Ukuqina Kwemibhalo Nokuvunyelwa UHulumeni

Isimiso sokuvuma kwezwe sisekelwe kumthetho wezwe lonke: izigodlo ziboshelwe kuphela ngezibopho eziye zathathwa ngokuzithandela. Ukuguqulwa okuqinile kobusunguli kungaba okukhangayo ngoba kusekela izibopho zesivumelwano embhalweni othi ngempela ugunyaziwe, kulinganisela ikhono lenkantolo lokubeka izibopho ezingahlosile. Lokhu kukhathalela kukhulu kakhulu kakhulu esivumelwaneni sokutshala imali, lapho izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zandisa khona incazelo yobulungisa nokuphiwa noma ukuxoxiswa okungaqondakali kakhulu kunalokho okuqondwa amazwe lapho emisa izivumelwano ezihlobene. Kulomongo, ukugcizelelwa okukhulu embhalweni wokuqala nomlando kungaqinisa isisekelo sokulawula umthetho wezizwe zonke.

Incazelo Evamile Njengesiqalo

I-VCLT iqala nge-"eqhelekileyo" emongweni, efana nemithetho yomphakathi yasekuqaleni. Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke zivame ukubheka izichazamazwi, imibhalo yamanje, kanye nokubhala imilando yokuhlola incazelo yesivumelwano ngesikhathi sokudweba. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zezobuchwepheshe . . labo abalawula ukubekwa phambili, intela, noma imingcele yasolwandle, lapho ukuhleleka nokuzinza kwezwe kuhamba phambili khona nalapho ukuchaza okunamandla kungenza ukungaqiniseki. Izincwadi zeMithetho yoMthetho nge VCLT zigcizelela ukuthi iphuzu lokuqala lokuchaza umbhalo ngokwawo, hhayi izinhloso ezicatshangelwayo zeqembu. Ngokusebenza, izikhulu zezizwe eziningi ziphatha umbhalo njengomqondisi oyinhloko nokwenezelayo kuphela lapho umbhalo uveza imiphumela engabonakali ngokungenangqondo.

Incazelo Yokuqala Njengokunqandwa Kwesenzo Sokwahlulela

Abagxeki bencazelo ye-evolutive baphikisa ngokuthi idlulisela amandla engeziwe kubahluleli futhi ikude ezifundazweni. Uma iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu "inikeza incazelo" yelungelo leNhlangano, ifaka izibopho ezintsha ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile yezifundazwe, “‘ uhlobo lomthetho wokwahlulela. Umnqandeli wokuqala angafuna ukuba noma iziphi izincazelo ezintsha zilandelelwe incazelo yokuqala yombhalo noma ukuqhuba isifundazwe esikwenza kucace ukuthi imvume entsha. Le mpikiswano iveza izibophono ezintsha ekutshaleni intengo, lapho amazwe ehlubuke embusweni ngokwengxenye ecatshangelwayo ngemiyakuqala. Indlela yokuqala yokuchaza ingabuyisela ngokusemthethweni ngokubonisa ukuthi izivumelwano zithatha izibopho ezingaphansi, azizenzanga zivumelani izibo ezise zivumelwe ezise zivumelwane.

Ukugxekwa Nokusabela: Icala Lokumelana Nokuqala Komthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Izimpikiswano ezimelene nokufakelwa komthetho wezizwe zonke umthetho wokuqala azizona nje eziwusizo kodwa zisezisekelweni ezivamile zalesi simiso.

Ukungalingani Engamandla Ashukumisayo

Imibono yamalungelo okusungula yalabo ababopha imikhumbi, abathi ezingxoxweni eziningi zomhlaba wonke bamele amazwe anamandla namaqembu enzalo. Amazwe asathuthuka ngokuvamile ayavumelana nezivumelwano ezaxoxwa ngaphambi kokuba athole ukukhululeka noma ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela okunenjongo enqubweni yokuhlela. Ukuchaza izivumelwano ezinjalo ngokwenhloso yokuqala yabadwebi bezodweba izivumelwano, okungawadlulisi amandla angokomlando futhi angawanaki amasu ezifunda zamuva, ezingase zibe nokuqonda okuhlukile kwenjongo yethuluzi. Lokhu kuyindaba eyinhloko yokuthi inqubo yokuqala, ngokubheka kwayo emuva, ayinakho ukuxoxa kalula.

Inkinga Yomthetho Wezizwe Zonke Ongokwesiko

Ingxenye ebalulekile yomthetho wezizwe zonke ayisekelwe esivumelwaneni kodwa isemthethweni: imikhuba evamile eyamukelwa njengomthetho. Umthetho wezizwe zonke unamandla ngokwemvelo, usekelwe ngokusebenza kombuso kanye no-opinio juris[ ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. UbuShumo abunakho ukusebenza okunenjongo emithethweni engokwesiko, engenaso isisekelo esimisiwe sombhalo noma isikhashana esisodwa sokudala. Uma uqobo lwamukelwa njengenkolelo evamile yokuchaza umthetho wezizwe zonke, kungadingeka ukuba lungavumelani namasiko amasiko avamile noma ukuzama ukuwenza abe yindawo engokomlando, okungasizi futhi okungathandeki.

Intuthuko Engalawuleki Namalungelo Abantu

Mhlawumbe ukugxeka okunamandla kakhulu kuwukuthi ukuqamba ukuthuthukisa komthetho wamalungelo abantu. Ukwenqatshelwa kokuhlushwa, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, kanye nesivikelo sokumelana nobandlululo konke kwanwetshwa ngencazelo ethathelwa phambili. Indlela yokuqala ingadinga ukuba lemiqondo iqondwe njengoba yayinjalo ngo-1948, 1950, noma ngo 1966, okungasho ukulawulwa kwezindinganiso manje ezibhekwa njengezingafanelekile noma ngisho nezinyanyekayo. Isibonelo, i-European Convention on Human Rights ichazwa ekuqaleni ngokuthi imvumela isijeziso sezezeze izikole ([FLT: 0]] [FLT]] ] [ezehlakazelela], futhi ezinye izinhlelo zifundelwe ukukhipha ezinye izinhlobo zokukhethana. Ithuluzi elivamile lokugcina imvume yokuzi. Inqubo yokuziko ichazwa futhi ibonise ukuqaphela amalungelo engoko.

Ukusondela Emncintiswaneni Omangalisayo: Incazelo Yokuqala Njengesiqalo, Hhayi Indawo Yokuphelela

Uma kucatshangelwa izinselele zokwakha nezomthetho, ukuthatha izivumelwano zezizwe ngezindawo njengendlela esemthethweni yekhaya akunakwenzeka futhi akufiseleki. Nokho, izici zombono wokuqala zingafeza indima ekuchazeni ngokuningiliziwe.

Umbono Onamandla Wokuqala

Isivumelwano kufanele siqale ngencazelo evamile yombhalo ngesikhathi sokuphetha kwayo, ecatshangelwa ngokomongo futhi ngokucabangela injongo yesivumelwano. Lokhu kuchaza kusebenza izindinganiso ezibalulekile zokubikezela, ukuzinza, nokuhlonipha imvume kahulumeni. Uma umbhalo ucacile futhi ucacile, inkantolo kufanele imelane nesilingo sokusuka kuwona ngokwezimiso ezicatshangelwayo. I-Extraryism, okungenani ngokwendlela elinganiselwe, inikeza ukuqondisa okuwusizo ekuchazeni izisulu.

Incazelo Enamandla Yombhalo Ovulekile

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amalungiselelo amaningi esivumelwano abhalwe ngamabomu, asebenzisa amagama afana "nokucabangela," "isithunzi somuntu," noma "isihloniphi"". Amagama anjalo amema ukuchazwa kwe-evritura ngokunembile ngoba ayehloselwe ukuvumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Indlela yakuqala eyagcizelela ukushiswa kwala magama ngencazelo yawo ka-1950 ingasinqoba isici nenjongo yesivumelwano. Inselele iwukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemigomo esekelwe ngempela esikhona kanye naleyo enencazelo ecacile engokomlando okufanele ichazwe ngokunqandayo.

Umkhuba Olandelayo Njengomthombo Wokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomthetho

Ukufakwa kwe-VCLT's komkhuba olandelayo kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile. Uma imibuso ilokhu yenza ngokuvumelana nokuqonda okusha kwezibopho zayo zesivumelwano, lokho kungenza inqubo yokuchaza isakhiwo ivuselelwe ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokufuna ukubuyiselwa okungokomthetho. Lendlela ihlonipha kokubili umbhalo wokuqala (ongalahlwanga) nemvume eqhubekayo yemibuso njengoba iboniswa ngokuziphatha kwayo. Igwema ukweqisa kobukhomanisi obuyiqhwa ohlangothini olulodwa nobuciko bokwahlulela obungabekezeleleki.

Isiphetho

Ukusetshenziswa kobuStatu kumthetho wezizwe zonke nezivumelwano kuveza ukungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi kokuzinza okungokwesiko nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, phakathi kokuvuma kwezwe nokuvumelana kwenhlangano, naphakathi kwesimiso esivaliwe somthetho-mthetho wesizwe nomthetho wezizwe zonke ovulekile nobanzi. Ukugxila kombhalo nencazelo engokomlando kunikeza isiyalo esiwusizo ekuchazeni isimo esingasheshisi esingenza isimiso somthetho sibekwe kalula. Kodwa abantu bomhlaba wonke, abangowezizwe zonke, abanezilimi eziningi, nababenemisebenzi emikhulu bomthetho wezizwe zonke kwenza ukuba izivumelwano eziqinile zingangenisisekeli.

Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke kufanele zibheke incazelo yokuqala njengendawo yokuqala edingekile kodwa hhayi isiphetho esiphelele. Kufanele zihlole umlando nemithombo yamanje ukuze ziqonde ukuthi yini okungenzeka ukuthi lezi zigameko zaziyisho, kuyilapho zihlala zivulekile ekuchazeni lapho umbhalo, into, nenjongo yesivumelwano kuyisekela khona. Ngokulandela umkhuba wombuso, ukuvela kwezimiso ezintsha zokuzikhohlisa, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho wezizwe zonke okungokwesiko konke kunikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuguqula incazelo yesivumelwano. Umgomo uhlanganisa ukuthembeka kombhalo nokuthobeka kwenhlangano, ngokuqondene nokwenza umbango wokuqala ohlatshwe yizindawo ezingokomthetho nemfanelo ekhona emhlabeni wonke ezishintshayo.

I - synthesis evumelana nezimiso ezivamile, ebhekisela emazingeni okuqala kuyilapho igwema ukulinganiselwa kwayo phakathi kwesimiso somthetho somhlaba wonke, inikeza abahumushi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola ukuhleleka nokushintsha, ukufaneleka nokuvumelana nezimo.