Izinselele Zokusebenzisa Ukuhlobana Nemithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso

Imfundiso yokufakwa kwesivumelwano ngokuyisisekelo iye yalungisa ukuhlobana phakathi koMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. kanye nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe ngokwenza amalungiselelo amaningi eSigqebhezana samaLungelo esiphoqelelwe ngokumelene nombuso nohulumeni bendawo ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane leminyaka. Le nqubo isungule izivikelo zikahulumeni zenkululeko yabantu ngabanye kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Kodwa ukufakwa kwemithetho-mthetho kuhlala kugcwele umthetho, ukwakheka, nezinselele zezombangazwe. Umehluko phakathi kwezincwadi zezwe nezincwadi zikahulumeni, ukuchasana kwemithetho yezinkantolo, ukumelana nohulumeni, nokungavumelani kweNkantolo ephakeme kudala inqaba yonke indawo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele zibalulekile kunoma yimuphi umthetho womthetho womthetho, amalungelo omphakathi, noma impikiswano yezombangazwe.

Ukuthuthuka Komlando Kokuvumelana

Ukusheshisa akwenzekanga ngesiquphe. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuphawula ithuba lokuphumelela [ku- Ghithiw v. New York[FLT:] (1925), lapho yacabanga ukuthi iSiphazamiso Sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma sisebenza ezizweni ngaphansi kweSivumelwano se-145 seSigqizeko sika-Mouse Claus. Ngaphakathi kwamashumi eminyaka alandelayo, iNkanto ekhethayo ayihlanganisi kakhulu cishe zonke (*) iSigqize iSigqizo Samalungelo. Inqubo ishesha kakhulu phakathi neNkantolo yeSikhathi (1953-19669), ehlanganisa i-D5, i-65, ne-63) ngokwezikhawulo yemigomo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokonyaka ka-'unyaka ka-194, ngokwezinhlanu, futhi i-19444) [uhlungwengwengwe nezinhlansi ze-19,[19] i-19, ngokwezihlusokuncane, ngokwezi: [19, i-19,4], ngokwezinye, i

Kodwa iNkantolo ayizange yamukele indlela “yokuhlanganisa ingqikithi”, lapho iBill of Rights ingasebenza khona yonke indawo. Kunalokho, yasebenzisa i-computer ekhethayo, inquma ukuthi ilungelo“ elisekelwe enqubeni yobulungisa baseMelika.” Lendlela ebanzi kancane kancane yadala kokubili ukuvumelana kwemfundiso kanye nokungaqondakali okungaguquguquki kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezingaphansi kwezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zikahulumeni.

Izinselele Zokubhala Nezokwakha

Ukungafani Phakathi Kwezincwadi Zamalungelo Ezihlangene NoMbuso

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni umisa iSigqizo seSimiso samalungelo aphezulu futhi ngokuvamile unesivikelo esikhethekile noma esibanzi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingana iqinisekisa ngokucacile ilungelo lemfundo, izinga lendawo ezungezile, noma ilungelo lokuzimela. (Umthetho-sisekelo weTexas uhlanganisa ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali ezihluke kwiSichibiyelo sesibili.) Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ifaka ilungelo likahulumeni, imisa iphansi . Izifunda zezwe azikwazi ukuthatha indawo engaphansi kwaleyondinganiso. Kodwa izinkantolo zivame ukuchaza izivumelwano ezifanayo zezwe zokunikeza rraft

Lokhu kudala inselele: izinkantolo zikahulumeni kufanele zichaze amalungiselelo azo siqu omthetho-sisekelo ekufakeni i-locket ngemfundiso kahulumeni, noma zingawandisa ngokwazo amasivikelo? Izindawo eziningi ziye zamukela “izizathu zikahulumeni ezizimele” zokucabanga, zivumela izinkantolo zazo eziphakeme ukuba zifinyelele iziphetho zokuthi zihlukaniswe nencazelo kahulumeni. Nakuba izindawo ezizimele zikahulumeni zingamalungiselelo abalulekile ohulumeni, zingadala isivikelo esingahlangene [[ ezigabeni. Ilungelo eliphoqelelwe eCalifornia lingase lingatholi indawo efanayo e-Alabamagellans, ngisho nalapho zombili izigaba zineziqinisekiso ezifanayo.

Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ohlukahlukene: Umsebenzi Oyinhloko Wamalungelo

Ngokungafani ne-Bill of Rights kahulumeni yeyunifomu, imithetho-mthetho yezwe iyahlukahluka ngobude, ngokwezincazelo, nangendaba. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-Alabama uhlanganisa izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-900, ukhuluma ngazo zonke izinto kusukela ekukhokheleni intela yendawo kuya ekuzingeleni nasekudobeni. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kukwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa indinganiso eyodwa kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe McDonald v. City of Chicago [[FLTY] [[FLY] [2010] [2010] iSibe sesibili sisebenza ezinhlwini zezindawo ngeSimende se-Mithelimitha Engu-5]. Kodwa imithetho yemithetho iqukethe izinhlelo zabo siqu, ezinye izikozomthetho zeSimende seSibili, ezinye izimendo ezihlukene (ig., “idolobha lakwesokudla] lesizwe lokugcina nokuzivikela izikhali nezokuvikela iNkalelo”. uma kudinga ukunquma engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, noma ngaphansi kwemithetho, noma inqulunyiwe, noma inqu

Izinselele Zemvelo Nezasemzimbeni

Inkomba ekhethayo vs. Ingqikithi I-Icorporation

Ukukhetha kweNkantolo ePhakeme ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokusebenza kuye kwagxekwa ngenxa yokungabi nazimiso. IJaji iHugo Black laphikisa ngokuthi isiHlanzi seshumi nane sasihloselwe ukusebenzisa wonke uBushiba Lwamalungelo ezwe. INkantolo yalahla lowo mbono, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa lawo malungelo kuphela abhekwa njengayisisekelo. Kodwa iziqondiso ze- “singletirythrial” ziye zashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zadala ukungaqiniseki. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali lalingabhekwa njengesisekelo kwaze kwaba ngu-2010, naphezu kokuba zihlelwe ngokucacile kuBill of Rights. Lesi sikhathi esiguquguqukayo sisho ukuthi isivikelo semithetho ebhekwa njengesodwa njengefaneleyo emashumini eminyaka kamuva.

Isinyathelo Sokubukeza

Ngisho nangemva kokuba ilungelo lifakiwe, indinganiso yokubukeza esetshenziswa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ingaphikisana nezindinganiso ezisetshenziswa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho - sisekelo wazo. Inkantolo kahulumeni ehlola umthetho wezwe ngaphansi kwelungiselelo lenkululeko ehlangeneyo isebenzisa imisho eqinile [] ye-Smith [ uvivinyo (imithetho ehlangeneyo yokuvumelana kwemithetho kahulumeni isemthethweni), kanti inkantolo ehlola umthetho ofanayo ngaphansi kwenkululeko kahulumeni ingasebenzisa inqubo eqinile. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthatheni imiphumela ephikisanayo: umthetho ungasinda enseleleni kahulumeni kodwa uhlaselwe phansi ngaphansi komthetho. Nakuba lokhu kuvumelekile ngaphansi kwezimiso zomthetho, kunezela ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho ehlukene ehlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlangene neyo.

Izinselele Zezombangazwe Neziwusizo

Ubukhosi BukaHulumeni Nokungenela Ngokweqile Kwamazwe

Izifunda eziningi nezindawo zinqaba ukufakwa njengendawo yokungenela ubukhosi bazo. Phakathi nenkathi yokuncishiswa kwesikole, ezinye izifunda zaseNingizimu zathi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zeqisa ngokusebenzisa i-Uncimel Protection Clause ezinyatheloni zikahulumeni. Muva nje, izifundazwe ziye zahlehlisa imingcele yokufakwa kweSichibiyelo Sesibili, ziphikisa ukuthi imithetho yezibhamu yendawo akufanele ihlolwe kakhulu uhulumeni. Ukumelana nezombangazwe kungabonakala ekungahlangani kwemithetho, imizamo yemithetho yokulinganisela inkantolo, noma “imithetho emelela amalungelo”. Lokhu kubangelwa isimiso sikahulumeni lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza khona njengendlela yokugcina yezinhloso zomthetho.

Ithonya Endleleni Yesigebengu

Ukuhlangana kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho wezwe. Amalungelo anjengesiHlanzo sesine sokususa umthetho ( Mapp v.Ohio], ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nozimele ngokwakho (] [i-Mordada [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]] [[FLT]]]]), kanye neSinyuko seSivulo seSivulo se-Magrangezo sokuyala ([]] Gideon[FLT]) yasetshenziswa ezizweni ngemiphumela enzima. Nakuba kunjalo, izinkantolo zigcina igunya eliphawulekayo ngenqubo yobugebengu ngemithetho yazo. Ngokokunye ukusho okuncishiswe kweminye isilinganiso kuveza ubufakazi obubanzi kulokhu kudinga ukuvusene lemivuvu: [Flightristrison:] Interrencesssssssssssssss

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izinqumo Zokuhamba Ngezwe

INew York (1925)

Icala lokuqala eliyinhloko elihlanganisa inqubo, Gitlow v. New York, ihilela umsoshayeli owaboshwa ngaphansi komthetho wesiphithiphithi somthetho wezwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yacabanga ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sisebenza ezizweni ngenqubo yeSimemezelo seNguqulo se 147. Nokho, iNkantolo yasekela ukuqiniseka kukaGitlow ngenxa yokuthi inkulumo yakhe yaveza “ingozi enkulu nekhona.”” Lesinqumo samisa isimiso sokuhlanganisa kodwa futhi inselele: iNkantolo yabukeza umthetho kaNew York ngaphansi kwendinganiso kahulumeni, kodwa yavumela umthetho ovinjelwe umthetho owe.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

Cishe ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, uMcDonald v. iDolobha laseChicago lafaka iSichibiyelo sesibili sokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. Icala lavela ngemva kwenselele yokuvinjelwa kwe-Chicago ngevolyumu, iNgqudulo Yesikhombisa eyayisekelwe esibonelweni sokuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili asisebenzanga ezizweni. Esinqumweni sesihlanu-4, iNkanto ePhakathi ihle, ithola ukuthi ilungelo lokuzimela ngeyedwa liyisisekelo futhi lisebenza kuyo yonke indawo. Umthetho kaSamuel Alito uLesabel ukwenqaba umbono okuthi kufanele ukhululwe inkululeko yokuhlela izindinganiso zawo siqu zokulwa kwesibhamu. Lesinqumo saqala ukuphikisana nge-buzwelo, ikakhulukazi njengenkantolo ephansi, ikakhulukazi njengezenzo ezihambisana nemithetho ye-PNURN.[2][5]

Timbs v. Indiana (2029)

ku-Timbs v. Indiana, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi iziphakamiso zeSichibiyelo seNguqulo sesishiyagalombili zisebenza ezizweni. Lelicala labonisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwecala kuyaqhubeka kuyimpikiswano ephilayo. INkantolo ibiyekile ukufaka izimemo ezithiya ukuhlelwa kwemithetho elahlekileyo engaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni, nakuba izisho zayo eziningi zivikela ekuhlolweni okuthengwa yimithetho yemithetho yesizwe. [1999]], kodwa yaguqula inqubo esekelwe emlandweni nasenqubeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zadingeka zibukeze imithetho encitshisiwe ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zomphakathi, ngisho noma zisho ukuthi eziningi zinendawo yazo ezimele ukuvikela ukuncitshiswa okuthe kakhulu.

Impikiswano Nemibuzo Engaxazululwanga

Ukuhlanganisa Ngemuva [[QUL: 0] AmaDobbs

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme siphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngenqubo efanele. IJackson’s Health Organization [202], eyagumbuqela Roe v. [, yaphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngenqubo efanelekile yokukhipha isisu. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi ilungelo lokukhipha isisu alibalulekile ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se 145, ibuyisela lempikiswano ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kunquma ngokuphumelelayo “ukufaka i-ilungelo elisetshenziswa ezweni lonke iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-50. Yaqokomisa into enzima: ukuhlanganisa: ukuhlangana okungahlala njalo. [v5] [5] [f] [f]

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu Namalungiselelo KaHulumeni Angasasetshenziswa Kakhulu

Amanye amalungiselelo e-Bill of Rights awavamile ukubekwa ngokwezinga likahulumeni, okwenza ukuba angabi nasiqinisekiso. ISichibiyelo sesithathu, esivimbela ukufakwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha emakhaya ngaphandle kwemvume, asizange sifakwe ngokomthetho yiNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba izinkantolo eziphansi ziwathatha njengesebenzayo. Ngokufanayo, ukukhishwa kwe-pagergrance yeSimende Sezinyu elingu-8 akukangeniselwangaqondile, nakuba iNkantolo ikhuluma ngokungaqondile ngokungeyikho [FLT: 0] kuseUnited States v. Sallerno (1987). Imithetho-mthetho engokomthetho ivame ukuba nezimiso ezihambelanayo, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingawachaza ngendlela ehlukile kunoma isilinganiso somthetho. Lokhu kungabikho ukucwenga okucacile kwegumbi lokuhlelwa kwemithetho kodwa futhi kufaka izingozi.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zabafundi Nabenzi Bomthetho

Kubameli abamangalela amalungelo omphakathi, ukudlala phakathi kwamalungelo ombuso ahlanganisiwe namalungelo ombuso ozimele kudinga icebo elicophelelayo. Ummeli angase aphikisane nakho kokubili ukusho kombuso nombuso, efuna indinganiso engcono kakhulu. Abahluleli kumelwe banqume ukuthi bazobusa ezimisweni zikahulumeni noma bathembele emthethweni kahulumeni ukuze bagweme umbuzo kahulumeni. Izishayamthetho nombusi, isitezi esimiswe ngokufaka imithetho kahulumeni engenakumelana namalungelo ayisisekelo njengoba echazwe iNkanto ePhakathi yeNkathi Ephakeme, kodwa banganikeza isivikelo esikhulu. Abaphathi beNkantolo Ephakeme kufanele baqaphele izinqumo zenguquko emfundisweni, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukuqanjwa kweNkantolo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva uMcDonald, izifunda eziningi ezimisiwe “zithwala imithetho ye-propatitution” evumela ukuba kufihlwe imithetho engenakuvunyelwa ukuba ithwalwe, iqede imingcele yendawo. Ngokuphambene, zisho ukuthi ifuna imithetho yezibhamu eqinile ukuba isebenze ngaphakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni, ilinganise ukuvinjelwa kwezibhamu eziqinile ezindaweni ezibucayi. Ezinye izifunda ziye zandisa isivikelo esingaphezu kwezindinganiso zikahulumeni, njengangokongeza ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali zonke izikhala zomphakathi, hhayi nje kuphela ngokuzilawula. Lo msebenzi wokwenza izivikelo umphumela oqondile, ophakathi.

Isiphetho: Inselele Ehlala Njalo Yokulinganisela Ubunye Nokuhlukahluka

Ukusebenzisa imithetho-sisekelo yombuso kuyohlala kuyisici esinamandla nesiphikiswayo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Lemfundiso ifeza injongo ebalulekile: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo ayinikelwa ngenxa yobandlululo lwendawo noma ukuphamba okukhulu. Nokho futhi umsebenzi oqhubekayo, ngezinye izikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme iyanda futhi ngezinye izikhathi ithola ububanzi bamalungelo. Ukuhlukahlukahluka kwemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, ukuzimela kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni, nokumelana kwezombangazwe okuqhubekayo nemithetho elawulayo konke kunengxenye enkundleni.

Ekugcineni, ukuhlanganisa kumelwe kulinganisele izindinganiso ezimbili ezincintisanayo: isilinganiso esiyisisekelo samalungelo afanayo aqinisekiswe kuMelika wonke, nenkululeko yemibuso yokuzama nokunikeza isivikelo esengeziwe ngendlela ezibona kufanele ngayo. Ukufinyelela lesisilinganiselo kudinga ukucusumbula kokwahlulela okucophelelayo, ukuhlonipha ubuhulumeni, nokuzimisela ukuphinda ukulinganisa okudala. Njengoba izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ziqala, odokotela nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe bahlale bezazisiwe ngentuthuko yamuva ehlanganisa imfundiso kanye nezici eziyingqayizivele zomthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[QULT: 0] i-Cornell Legional Information - Incorporation, i-[FLT] project - I-Inquetporation project [, kanye [[FLT]SCOUSBOM – Dobbbs [. Lemithombo inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwamacala nezimfundiso ezixoxiwe ngenhla.